Indlela neyobuntu: Izici eziyinhloko

Umphakathi uya amehlo abantu yokudala, uyakwazi ukumelana mncintiswano futhi ube ukuhamba, ukuhlakanipha kanye nekhono lokuzinqumela actualization futhi okuqhubekayo kwemvelo zokudala.

Bayalithakasela Isasasa Esinalo okunhlobonhlobo ukuphila kwabantu kanye nethuba kumiswa ubuntu lubonakala ikakhulu isiqondiso neyobuntu kwengqondo kanye pedagogy. Siyabonga kuye, umuntu ubhekwa kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa ehlukile yayo, ubuqotho nokuzinikela okuqhubekayo sithuthuke. Ngaphansi kwesithombe senqaba isiqondiso wathi umbono we elibiza abantu bonke abantu kanye nenhlonipho isibopho sokuba ukuzimela ngabanye.

imiqondo Jikelele zobuntu

"Humanism" ngesiLatini kusho "ubuntu". Futhi njengoba isiqondiso indlela neyobuntu ifilosofi eladabuka Yempucuko. Wayelethwa isebangeni ngaphansi kwegama "Renaissance zobuntu." Leli zwe, umcondvo lobalulekile okuyinto ukugomela okuthi isintu - Inani ngenhla zonke izimpahla yasemhlabeni, futhi uqhubeke kusukela kule postulate, kubalulekile ukwakha maqondana nalo.

Ngokuvamile, nobuntu - a yalelozwe okusho ukubaluleka nobuntu, ilungelo lakhe lenkululeko, ukuphila okujabulisayo, ekuthuthukiseni kanye ithuba lokubonisa amakhono abo. Ngalesikhatsi kuguculwa luhlelo lenani orientation namuhla kwathatha simise iqoqo imibono nemagugu lokugcizelela ukubaluleka jikelele kwezinga lokuphila kwabantu e jikelele futhi ikakhulukazi (ngomuntu).

Ngaphambi kokufika nomqondo "Indlela neyobuntu ngokuba umuntu "Kwavela welithi" ubuntu ", okuyinto sibonisa ubuntu imfanelo esibaluleke kangaka kuyinto nokuzimisela nesifiso ukusiza abanye, bonisa inhlonipho, ukunakekelwa kanye iqhaza. Ngaphandle esintwini, isimiso, alikwazi khona kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu.

Lokhu izinga lomuntu, okuyinto ikhono lokwenza uzwela bayazi komunye umuntu. Emphakathini wanamuhla, nobuntu - a enhle nomphakathi, kodwa indoda - umgomo eliphakeme yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, lapho kufanele izimo wadala bengakuqapheli ngokugcwele ekuthuthukeni kwayo ukufeza nobunye, sphere kwezenhlalo nezomnotho nengokomoya kanye ukuthuthukiswa esiphezulu ngabanye.

Izisekelo eyinhloko indlela neyobuntu kunendoda

Namuhla isintu ukuhumusha ligxile ukuthuthukiswa avumelanayo amakhono kwezobuhlakani ngabanye, kanye ingxenye yayo ngokomoya nangokuziphatha, futhi ngenxa yobuhle. Ngenxa yalesi kubalulekile owabona umuntu imininingwane yakhona ezingaba khona.

Umgomo zobuntu - isihloko agcwele umsebenzi, cognition nokuxhumana, okuyinto free, oludonsa futhi unesibopho okwenzekayo emphakathini. Kala, okuyinto ngaleyo ndlela eqala indlela ngenhlonipho It kuchazwa izimfanelo for iSilekeleli Sokwazisa futhi enikeziwe amandla okwenza kanjalo. Into esemqoka - ukudalula ukuthi ubani futhi alisize ukuba ukhululeke futhi unesibopho imisebenzi.

Umfuziselo kumiswa umuntu onjalo, ngokuya Psychology neyobuntu, waqala ukuthuthukiswa yayo e-United States (1950-1960 GG.). Yayibizwa echazwe imisebenzi A. Maslow, Frank S., K. Rogers, Kelly J., A. Combs, futhi abanye ososayensi.

ubuntu

Kuchazwe lo mbono indlela neyobuntu ukuba endodeni Psychology ubuntu ubelokhu ngokujulile ihlaziye ososayensi ososayensi nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo. Yiqiniso, ngeke sikwazi ukusho ukuthi le ndawo amaphoyisa ayaphenya ngalolo daba ngokuphelele, kodwa wenza ucwaningo abalulekile theory.

Lokhu isiqondiso kwengqondo kwavela njengoba uhlobo umqondo ehlukile ukugeleza, ngokugcwele noma ingxenye ezikhonjwe womuntu kwengqondo indlela yokuziphatha yezilwane. Theory ka ubuntu, ibhekwa ngokombono amasiko neyobuntu, kungokwalabo psychodynamic (ngesikhathi esifanayo, interactionist). Lena akuyona zokuhlola legatsha kwengqondo, has inhlangano kwesakhiwo ashukumisayo elithatha yonke inkathi yokuphila komuntu. Yena limchaza ngokuthi umuntu, usebenzisa imigomo izakhiwo yangaphakathi kanye nezici, nemigomo yokuziphatha.

Abagqugquzeli imfundiso yokuthi ibheka ungubani e indlela neyobuntu, ngokuyinhloko unesithakazelo bezibona, ukuqonda kanye incazelo yomuntu nezenzakalo zangempela zokuphila kwakhe. Kukhethwa ikakhulu lo phenomenology yomuntu kunokuba search ukuze uthole izincazelo. Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo theory uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi phenomenological. kakhulu incazelo yomuntu kanye ngezehlakalo empilweni yakhe, ngokuyinhloko sigxila samanje futhi kuchazwa migomo: "imigomo ekuphileni", "injongo yokuphila", "amanani", njll ...

Humanism kwengqondo Rogers Maslow

Ngo kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela Rogers wencike yokuthi umuntu uyafisa futhi ikhono siqu self-ngcono, njengoba sinikezwe ukwazi. Ngokusho Rogers, umuntu - isidalwa kungaba ndaba yena ijaji ophakeme.

Theory indlela neyobuntu ebuntwini Psychology Rogers kuletha yokuthi umqondo emaphakathi yomuntu - "I," nazo zonke imiqondo, imibono, imigomo kanye namanani. Ngokuya, uJehova angakunika ngokwakho impendulo futhi zilandisa amathemba okwanda siqu kanye nentuthuko. Umuntu kufanele sizibeka umbuzo othi, "Ngingubani mina? I Yini ufuna nami bangaba? "Ngokuqinisekile, ukuyixazulula.

Umfanekiso "Mina" ngenxa yokuphila siqu isipiliyoni kuthinta ukuzethemba kanye nombono wonke futhi imvelo. Kungenzeka liphansi, emihle noma eziphikisanayo. Abantu ne ezahlukene "Mina" -Concept bazibona ngenye indlela izwe. umqondo okunjalo ingahlanekezeka, kodwa ukuthi kungahlali wakhe, ukwazi dengwane. Izinga lokwaneliseka ngokuphila - ngezinga elithile ukugcwala injabulo. He is encike ngqo kwi efanayo phakathi yangempela futhi enhle "Mina".

Phakathi nezidingo indlela neyobuntu kwengqondo lagcamile ubuntu:

• self-actualization;
• isifiso sokuziphakamisa imizwa;
• isifiso sokuziphakamisa sithuthuke.

I ehamba phambili phakathi kwabo - kuba self-actualization. It esihlanganisa nomunye zonke theorists kulo mkhakha, ngisho ne umehluko eside kwemibono. Kodwa lo esivame kakhulu umqondo ukucabangela imibono ka Maslow A.

Waphawula ukuthi bonke abantu self-actualizing zinengxenye yiliphi ibhizinisi. Ziyakwazi sithembekile kuye, futhi kunjalo into eyigugu kakhulu kumuntu (uhlobo ubizo). Abantu lolu hlobo bathambekele ukuhlonipha, ubuhle, ukuqonda, ukulunga kanye nokuphelela. La magugu yizidingo ezibalulekile futhi umuzwa wokuzihlonipha actualization. Kumuntu onjalo libonakala khona inqubo oluthandwa njalo: ukuya phambili noma emuva phansi hhayi ukulwa. Self-actualization - kuyindlela yentuthuko okuqhubekayo kanye nokwenqaba inkohliso ukususa imiphi imibono eyiphutha.

Yini luwumgogodla indlela neyobuntu kwengqondo

Ngokwesiko, indlela neyobuntu zihlanganisa G. Allport imfundiso yokuziphendukela izici zobuntu, self-actualization ka Maslow A., K. Rogers indirektivnoy mayelana kwengqondo, mayelana nokuphila komuntu S. Buhler nemibono Meyya R. Izinhlinzeko eyinhloko nomqondo nobuntu Psychology okulandelayo:

• Ekuqaleni umuntu amandla bangempela ezakhayo;
• kumiswa mabutho abhubhisayo kwenzeka njengoba ukuthuthukiswa;
• umuntu sinesisusa self-actualization;
• endleleni yokuzibona actualization kunezithiyo ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwe-ngamunye.

Amagama angukhiye umqondo:

• congruence;
• Ukwamukela okuhle futhi ngaphandle kwemibandela self nabanye;
• ukulalela empathic nokuqonda.

Yezinjongo eziyinhloko indlela:

• ukunikezela ukuphelela ukusebenza ngamunye;
• ukudalwa izimo self-actualization;
• ukuqeqeshwa iletha, okukhululekile, ubuqiniso, abanobungane ukwamukelwa;
• imfundo wozwela (uzwela iyathinteka);
• ukuthuthukiswa ikhono kokuhlaziywa yangaphakathi;
• nokuvuleka entsha.

Le ndlela has zihibe isicelo. It psychotics nezingane. Ithuba yalokho engemihle oqondile ukuchayeka yokwelapha endaweni enobudlova nomphakathi.

On izimiso yokusondela neyobuntu

Izimiso eziyisisekelo indlela neyobuntu kungenziwa ngokufingqiwe kafushane:

• nazo zonke ukulinganiselwa wokuba indoda ine zenkululeko nokuzibusa nekuwusebentisa;
• wolwazi obalulekile - isipiliyoni ekuphileni futhi subjective yomuntu;
• ubunjalo babantu ihlala ekuthuthukiseni okuqhubekayo;
• indoda obumbene lephelele;
• ubuntu uhlukile, idinga ukuzithiba actualization;
• Abantu icabanga ngekusasa futhi uMuntu asebenzayo wokudala.

Siqukethe izimiso obhekene izenzo. Man - ithuluzi hhayi lutho futhi hhayi isigqila imikhuba kwakhiwa. Ekuqaleni, isimo sawo uhilela izenzo ezinhle. Maslow futhi Rogers babekholelwa ukuthi ukukhula siqu ngokuvamile thiya izinqubo zokuvikela kanye nokwesaba. Phela, ukuzethemba ngokuvamile singase sihluke kwesanikezwa indoda emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, lapho ubhekene uxakekile - lokukhetha phakathi ukwamukelwa nokuhlola isifiso ukuhlala at wakhe.

Existentialism nobuntu

Odokotela bengqondo emelela existential- indlela ngenhlonipho kukhona Binswanger L., Frankl V, R. Mei, Bugental, Yalom. Le ndlela echazwe yasungulwa engxenyeni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wesibili. Sibala amalungiselelo esemqoka yalolu umqondo:

• umuntu kubhekwa kusukela ngokombono khona ngempela;
• Kumelwe silwele self-actualization futhi iSilekeleli Sokwazisa;
• indoda unesibopho ngesincumo sakhe, ukuba khona kanye nokuqaliswa amakhono abo siqu;
• umuntu imahhala futhi has eziningi izinqumo. Inkinga liqukethe zizama ukugwema ke;
• Alamu - lokhu is phetho yokuntula kwabo ukuqaliswa umthamo;
• Ngokuvamile umuntu ingabe ukuthi uyisigqila emaphethini imikhuba akuyona umuntu iyiqiniso futhi uhlala zamanga. Ukushintsha lesi isimo kumele kube ukuqaphela yesikhundla sabo kweqiniso;
• Abantu abaphethwe isizungu, noma nguye yedwa ekuqaleni, njengoba kuza ezweni futhi awuyeka wedwa.

Yezinjongo eziyinhloko bezingelwa indlela ekuphileni-neyobuntu kuyinto:

• imfundo yemfanelo, ikhono imisebenzi futhi ukuzixazulula;
• Ukufunda ukuze azigcine ekhuthele futhi ukunqoba ubunzima;
• Umsebenzi wosesho, lapho ukwazi ukuveza imizwa ngokukhululekile ngokwabo;
• the yokunqoba zokuhlupheka futhi sihlushwa "isiqongo" zikhathi;
• ukukhetha ukuqeqeshwa okuhlushwa;
• ukucinga kwaba nenjongo yangempela.

Mahhala ukukhetha, nokuvuleka ngentuthuko omusha ozayo - kutjhiwo umuntu. umqondo okunjalo ophika conformism. Lezi izimfanelo esivela ukwakheka komuntu.

Humanism kwezemfundo

Izinkambiso kanye nezimiso okukhuthaza indlela neyobuntu kwezemfundo, It sigxile yokuthi lesi simiso ubudlelwano, "lo mfundisi wanikeza / umfundi ka" sasisekelwe nenhlonipho nobulungisa.

Ngakho, ngo-pedagogy Rogers uthisha kufanele lusenze ngamandla abo umfundi ukuxazulula izinkinga zakhe, kunokuba ukuzinqumela kuye. Akunakwenzeka ukuba sigcizelele isixazululo ngomumo eyenziwe. Injongo - ukukhuthazwa umsebenzi siqu ukushintsha nokukhula futhi ayipheli. Into esemqoka akuyona setha amaqiniso nemibono, futhi lokho kuguqulwa umfundi ngamunye ngenxa self-ucwaningo. Umsebenzi wezemfundo - ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokwenza umsebenzi self-ukuthuthukiswa kanye self-actualization, search for akhe identity. Rogers ezikhonjwe kule mibandela elandelayo le nkinga isetjenziswa ngaphansi kwazo:

• abafundi ohlelweni lokufunda imiraro ibalulekile kubo;
• uthisha maqondana abafundi bazizwe ziyakuvumela ukuthi usebenzise zona;
• libhekisela abafundi ngokuqinisekile;
• uthisha ubonise uzwela abafundi (Ukungena ezweni engaphakathi umfundi, look at the imvelo kwamehlo akhe, ngesikhathi esifanayo yena;
• uthisha - umsizi stimulator (kudala izimo ezivuna umfundi);
• Ukhuthaza abafundi lokuzikhethela zokuziphatha, ngeensetjenziswa ahlolwe.

Umuntu, owakhuliswa, kuyinto okubaluleke kakhulu, okuyinto unelungelo a ukuphila kahle kanye nenjabulo. Ngakho-ke, indlela neyobuntu kwezemfundo, egomela lamalungelo nenkululeko wengane, isandla kwintuthuko yayo yokudala futhi self-ukuthuthukiswa - kuqala pedagogy.

Le ndlela idinga ukuhlaziywa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele uzalise ulwazi olujulile imiqondo (okuphambene): ukuphila nokufa, amanga nokwethembeka, umusa futhi ubudlova, inzondo uthando ...

imfundo Ezemidlalo nobuntu

Okwamanje, neyobuntu indlela ukuqeqeshwa athlete aqede inqubo ukulungiselela kanye nokuqeqeshwa, athlete uba inhlangano mechanical, ukuze zithole imiphumela, zilethwe phambi kwakhe.

Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi abasubathi ngokuvamile ekufezeni ekupheleleni ngokomzimba, ukuze udale umonakalo omkhulu psyche kanye nezempilo. Kwenzeka ukuthi umthwalo isicelo ingafaneleki. Lokhu kusebenza kokubili abasubathi abasha abavuthiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, le ndlela kuholela ezibangela ukubhalelwa kuziphendulela ngefanelo kwengqondo. Kodwa lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amathuba yokuba ebunikazini umsubathi, izimiso zawo zokuziphatha nezingokomoya, ukwakheka ugqozi - akupheli. Indlela okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukiswa yayo kungaba kwenziwe ngokugcwele, uma ushintsha amasethingi ukubaluleka njengoba nomsubathi kanye umqeqeshi. Lokhu isethaphu kufanele kube nomusa ngaphezulu.

Ukuba nomsubathi izimfanelo neyobuntu - nale nqubo kunalokho kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuthatha isikhathi. Kufanele kube ehlelekile futhi kudinga kusuka ubuchwepheshe Umqeqeshi (umfundisi, uthisha) inkositini butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthela nomthelela omkhulu. Lendlelanchubo yakhiwe igxile kulungiselelwa neyobuntu - nentuthuko yomuntu siqu, ngokwengqondo impilo yakhe ngokomzimba esebenzisa ezemidlalo kanye namasiko ngokomzimba.

Ukuphathwa kanye Humanism

Namuhla, izinhlangano ezehlukene ezilwela njalo ngcono izinga kwamasiko kumelwa kwetisebenti takhe. EJapane, isibonelo, noma yimuphi ibhizinisi (inkampani) kuyinto nezisebenzi zayo akuyona nje indawo ukuze uthole izimali ephilayo, kodwa futhi ube yindawo okuletha ndawonye nozakwethu ngabanye kuleli qembu. Ngaye, idlala indima ebalulekile nomoya wokubambisana nokuncika komunye nomunye.

Inhlangano - phambili umndeni. I neyobuntu yokusondela ukuphathwa ubonakala njengeNkosi ngenqubo kudala ngokoqobo elivumela abantu ukuba ubone izenzakalo, ukuqonda kwabo futhi benze ngokuvumelana isimo, enika incazelo nokubaluleka bo khe behavior. Eqinisweni imithetho - kusho, futhi isenzo esikhulu senzeka okwamanje lokuzikhethela.

Zonke izici zalesi inhlangano egcwele kuwumfuziselo futhi usiza ukwakha ngokoqobo. indlela neyobuntu ugxila kumuntu, hhayi inhlangano. Ukuze sikwazi ukufeza lokhu, kubalulekile ikhono ukuhlanganisa ohlelweni olukhona emagugu ushintsho izimo ezintsha womsebenzi.