Kanjani ukuze uqhathanise amanani: isinyathelo ngesinyathelo imiyalelo. Iziphi izindinganiso nemigomo ingafaniswa: izibonelo

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu abanentshisekelo sina e umbuzo kungcono indlela engcono ukuqhathanisa amanani obonakaliswe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Futhi akusiyo ilukuluku nje izinqubo ezingokwemvelo. Indoda yasendulo Umhlaba impucuko walinika impela icala nzima luyingxenye SIZUZISA. Kahle ukukala phansi, uthole isisindo umkhiqizo emakethe, udinga ukubala isilinganiso kwezimpahla e enana, ukuthola izinga efanele amagilebhisi ngesikhathi wokuvuna iwayini - lawa iyingxenye encane nje imisebenzi ngokuvamile yaqubuka eminyakeni ukuphila okunzima vele wawobaba. Ngakho-ke, abafundisekile kahle futhi abantu abangakwazi ukufunda ukuqhathanisa, uma kunesidingo, amagugu abalandela iseluleko ozakwabo zakhe nakho okwengeziwe, futhi ngokuvamile zithatha imbuyiselo afanele le sevisi, futhi kuhle kakhulu, ngendlela, kulandeni.

Yini ingafaniswa

Esikhathini sethu, lo msebenzi futhi unikezwa indima eside ekuhloleni sciences ngqo. Wonke umuntu, yebo, siyazi ukuthi kubalulekile ukuqhathanisa ukubaluleka eyohlobo, okusho apula - apula kanye beet - ne beet. Noma ubani futhi akasoze uzame ukuveza Celsius e amakhilomitha noma khilogremu e-decibel angu-, kodwa boa obuphelele zopholi siyazi kusuka ebuntwaneni (kulabo ungakhumbuli, kwelinye BOA - 38 zopholi). Nakuba zopholi, futhi, zihlukile, futhi eqinisweni boa obuphelele kuzohluka kuncike zenyathi upholi, kodwa lawa imininingwane lapho sizama ukuqonda.

dimensionality

Lapho lo msebenzi: "Qhathanisa amanani" kumelwe kube yilawo ma nezindinganiso ezifanayo kuholele zifana, ukuthi sivezwe kula nezindinganiso ezifanayo ukuze bakhululeke ukuqhathanisa. Kuyacaca ukuthi ukuqhathanisa ukubaluleka oluboniswa amakhilogremu nge value obonakaliswe centners noma amathani, intandokazi kwabaningi bethu emiphongolweni. Nokho, kukhona izinto eziningi eyohlobo ukuthi ungaboniswa ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, e wokulinganisa izinhlelo ezahlukene. Zama, isibonelo, ukuqhathanisa amagugu viscosity kinematic futhi unqume ukuthi iziphi uketshezi viscous ngaphezulu cSt futhi square metres ngomzuzwana. Akusebenzi? Futhi ungatholi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kokubili amagugu sibonakalise izimiso efanayo, futhi kakade ukubaluleka yezinombolo ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi yiziphi wabo luphakeme abaphikisi.

uhlelo abathola

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi amagugu ingafaniswa, zamani ukukhumbula uhlelo nesilinganiso ekhona. Ukuze nokwandisa futhi ukusheshisa le nqubo zokuhlala ngo-1875, emazweni ayishumi nesikhombisa (kuhlanganise naseRussia, USA, Germany kanye nabanye.) Ingabe esisayinwe Imitha Isentha kunquma ohlelweni imethrikhi. Ukuthuthukisa begodu bahlanganise namazinga imitha kanye amakhilogramu yasungulwa yiKomidi International for izilinganiso naseParis, ukuhlomisa International Bureau of izilinganiso. ekugcineni Lolu hlelo savela zibe International System of Units, SI. Okwamanje, lesi simiso iye yamukelwa amazwe iningi emkhakheni Computing lobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nalezo emazweni lapho ngokwesiko kazwelonke esetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke lucobo (njenge-United States kanye ne-England).

GHS

Nokho, ngo parallel ezivamile inkomba amazinga ukuthuthukisa nezinye, kancane elula CGS uhlelo (isentimitha amalutshwana kusiya-yesibili). Kwahlongozwa e 1832 yi-German physics Gauss, futhi 1874 ithuthukiswe uMaxwell no Thompson, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni electrodynamics. Ngo-1889-ke wanikelwa kuwusizo kakhudlwana MKS uhlelo (imitha-kilogram-yesibili). Ukuqhathanisa ngobukhulu imitha reference value futhi amakhilogramu onjiniyela kakhulu elula ezingaphezu kuka ukusetshenziswa nemikhiqizo (centi-, milli-, deci- et al.). Nokho, lo mbono uye ayitholakalanga impendulo okukhulu ezinhliziyweni labo yayihloselwe. Emhlabeni wonke, ayenziwa futhi wasebenzisa uhlelo imethrikhi, ngakho izibalo eyenziwa GHS sazikhohlwa, futhi ngemva 1960, lapho umuntu eba uhlelo SI, GHS futhi ingabe cishe bawela lingasetshenziswa. Okwamanje GHS empeleni ekusebenzeni kuphela uma izibalo Mechanics theory kanye isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini, bese ngenxa imithetho elula ifomu okuqoshiwe umugqa wemiyalo.

Step by step Umhlahlandlela

Ake sihlole ngokuningiliziwe isibonelo. Ake sithi inkinga: "Ungakwazi qhathanisa ukubaluleka amathani 25 futhi 19570 kg yikuphi inkulu.?" Yini okufanele uyenze into yokuqala ukucacisa kulokho uyakwazisa singabantwana amanani anikeziwe. Ngakho, inani lokuqala sikunikeze e wamathani, kanti eyesibili - in khilogremu. In the isinyathelo sesibili, kokuhlola ukuthi thina awuzami ukufaka kudida umsebenzi compilers, bezama ukuthola ukuqhathanisa amanani nezingahlobene. Kukhona futhi umsebenzi-izicupho, ikakhulukazi ekuhlolweni okusheshayo, lapho impendulo yombuzo ngamunye unikezwa amasekhondi 20-30. Njengoba singabona, amanani iyunifomu: e khilogremu kanye amathani siye kulinganiswa mass nomzimba isisindo, ngakho yesibili yesivivinyo sidlulile nge Chile oqondile. Isinyathelo sesithathu, ukuhumusha amakhilogremu ukuba ton, noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ton - e amakhilogremu ukuze bakhululeke ukuqhathanisa. Ngo samuntu kuqala uphendulela 25 futhi 19,57 amathani, nelesibili: 25 000 no-19 570 kg. Futhi manje ungakwazi ngokuthula kwengqondo ukuqhathanisa amanani letindlela tekuphila. Njengoba kuyabonakala, ukubaluleka lokuqala (25 m) ezimweni zombili mkhulu yesibili (19 570 kg).

izicupho

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukuhlolwa zanamuhla iqukethe eziningi umsebenzi-mbumbulu. Lokhu akusho ukuthi silandelwe umsebenzi wethu, nasesihibeni kungaba ngempela ayinankinga-ngifuna umbuzo, ikakhulukazi lapho ucela impendulo enengqondo. Nokho, perfidy, njengoba umthetho, wakhiwa imininingwane, noma imininingwane ehilelekile encane ukuthi drafters lo msebenzi kuthiwa bazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuze kungabonakali. Ngokwesibonelo, esikhundleni ajwayeleke wena nezinkinga zezikhali nge ekwakhiweni lo mbuzo: "Qhathanisa ukubaluleka lapho kungenzeka" - lo drafters test umane bekucela ukuba uqhathanise lezi zimiso bese ukhetha amagugu ngokwabo afana nomunye. Ngokwesibonelo, kg * m / s no ² m / s ^2. Esimweni sokuqala-ke ungamandla ayisukumele into (Newtons), kanti eyesibili - ukusheshisa umzimba, noma m / s no ² m / s lapho ucelwa ukuba uqhathanise ukusheshisa ijubane umzimba, okungukuthi amagugu ngokuphelele nezingahlobene.

ukuqhathanisa eziyinkimbinkimbi

Nokho, ngokuvamile kakhulu imisebenzi kuholele amanani amabili, uzwakalise hhayi kuphela amayunithi ezahlukene futhi izinhlelo ezahlukene ukubala, kodwa futhi ihluke nomunye ku imininingwane yalolu incazelo ngokomzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, esitatimendeni inkinga ke uthi: "Qhathanisa amagugu viscosity ashukumisayo futhi kinematic futhi unqume ukuthi iziphi uketshezi viscous ngaphezulu." Amanani of viscosity kinematic zinikwa SI amayunithi, okungukuthi, e m ² / s, futhi ashukumisayo - GHS, okungukuthi, e poise. Okufanele ukwenze kuleli cala?

Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinkinga, ungasebenzisa imiyalelo ngenhla ibhekwa encane kuwo. Sinquma ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo izosebenza: makube uhlelo SI, kuvamile onjiniyela. Isinyathelo sesibili, thina futhi uhlole futhi ubone ukuthi ingabe i-gibe? Kodwa kulesi sibonelo, futhi, yonke into ihlanzekile. Siqhathanisa nokusaketshezi ezimbili ipharamitha yangaphakathi ngomshikisho (viscosity) Nokho kokubili wamanani eyohlobo. Isinyathelo sesithathu wokuhumusha viscosity ashukumisayo ka poise e Pascal-yesibili, okuyinto amayunithi ezivamile uhlelo SI. Ngaphezu kwalokho ukuhumusha viscosity kinematic endaweni ashukumisayo, banda ke ngenani okuhambisanayo okusamanzi kwabantu (ithebula value) uphinde uqhathanise imiphumela eyatholakala.

ngaphandle ohlelweni

Kukhona futhi okungezona SI amayunithi, amayunithi ie akufakiwe SI, kodwa ngokuvumelana imiphumela ukubiza izinqumo Jikelele lenkomfa ku izilinganiso (GKVM), evumelekile ngokusetshenziswa SI. Qhathanisa la amagugu komunye nomunye kuphela uma bawaletha ku ovamile kusho SI ejwayelekile. Ukuze ngaphandle ohlelweni kuhlanganisa amayunithi ezifana ngomzuzu, ihora, nosuku, ilitha, electron volts, ha node, ibha, Angstrom, nabanye abaningi.