Kanjani isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi? Yini izidumbu aqukethe?

Phakathi izinhlelo ezinkulu emzimbeni womuntu, endaweni ekhethekile kuhlala isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Kanjani isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi ngekhulu le-16 ngoba ososayensi kuze ayikaziwa. On isixazululo wasebenza zezazi ezidumile zamakhulu ezifana Aristotle, uGalen, uHarvey nabanye abaningi. abakutholile ifinyeziwe uhlelo lovumelanako imiqondo yokwakheka bokuphila.

Imininingwane zomlando

A indima ekhethekile ukwakheka imibono efanele mayelana ezinye izidumbu kuyinto isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi lomuntu, ababedlala Spanish usosayensi uServetus semvelo English Vilyam Garvey. Okokuqala zaphumelela ukufaka ngesinyelela efakazela ukuthi igazi i-ventricle yangakwesokudla angangena ATRIUM kwasala ngenethiwekhi yegazi kwamaphaphu. Harvey wavula okuthiwa oyibanga (ngonya) ukuzungeza. Ngakho-ke eyayibekwe iphuzu, noma igazi esokuba irherho le-closed, noma cha ezihambayo. Uhlelo wabantu nezilwane ezincelisayo ivaliwe kwegazi.

Kumelwe futhi izenzo Italian udokotela Malpighi, owathola ukuzungeza capillary. Ngokwenza ucwaningo lakhe, kwaba sobala njengoba igazi lwemithambo is siguqulelwa emithambo yegazi, noHezekeli. Ngokuqondene anatomy mbuzo? Isimiso somuntu sokujikeleza kwegazi iqoqo izitho ezifana inhliziyo, imithambo yegazi kanye nemigwamanda asizayo - umnkantsha, ubende kanye esibindini.

Inhliziyo - isitho eyinhloko isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi wabantu

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kuzo zonke Emasikweni inhliziyo indiba hhayi kuphela njengoba uhlaka komzimba, kodwa futhi njengoba Igumbi ezingokomoya ubuntu. Igama elithi "inhliziyo eyodwa", "kusukela inhliziyo", "inhliziyo usizi" abantu baye babonisa indima yalesi umzimba kwetinhlavu nemizwa nemizwelo.

Kodwa emuva nokwakheka physiology inhliziyo. Kuyinto isitho eziyize kwemisipha ukuthi ihlukaniswe yaba kwesokunxele ulwelwesi eliqinile (cuboid kokuba i ijamo okungajwayelekile) kanye ilungelo (ukuma avamile) izingxenye. Kuyinto umsebenzi uServetus Harvey iyakuphikisa umbono ka uGalen ukuthi septum inhliziyo babe ukuvuleka ekhethekile lapho ketshezi zezinzwa izicubu uhamba kusukela isigamu omunye komunye.

Empeleni, ukuba khona emigodini odongeni inhliziyo - ukuthuthukiswa zokugula sina, obhekisela isici inhliziyo. It sitholakale ezinsukwini zakuqala zokuphila usana, njengoba uma ukulalela IselulekoSesihenqo endaweni esifubeni bekuzwa ngokucacile okushoyo okubizwa ngokuthi umsindo (imisindo nezingahlobene nendaba, okungafanele kwenzeka ngesikhathi ukuxuba lwemithambo negazi emithambo yegazi). Lena kwaba khona izinkinga ezinkulu kwegazi, futhi muva nje kuye kwabonakala ikufanele ekwelapheni resectable.

Isigqi inhliziyo

Inhliziyo ivame eqhathaniswa futha. Ngempela, umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko - ukumpompa igazi. Ngenxa yalesi umzimba Tunica emelelwa imisipha enamandla, ngokuthi myocardium. Inhliziyo siqukethe ilungelo futhi Atria kwesokunxele futhi ventricles ezimbili, futhi kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele. Phakathi ATRIUM ngamunye futhi ventricle kukhona valve.

Ohlangothini lwesobunxele kuyinto bicuspid valve yomthambo i-aorta (AIBN), kanye nelungelo - the tricuspid (valve tricuspid). Ukusikwa futhi ukuphumula kwenhliziyo ubizwa ngokuthi i-systole futhi diastole. Ingati distilled esiqondisweni eyodwa kuphela: oluvela ezingxenyeni engenhla ventricles, futhi babo - in the Umthambo ezifanele. Ngakho, kusukela i-ventricle engakwesobunxele lapho ukuncishiswa ingxenye ethi igazi amandla ukhiphe ku le-aorta, wegazi kuwo mayelana 105 mm / HG. Art. A yisisusa esinamandla, ngokuhambisana imithetho yemvelo, is lubhebhethekise ngesimo amagagasi ohlelweni Umthambo. Sithatha inhliziyo isigqi njengoba ishayela. okuhle kwalo uzwa radiocarpal noma carotid imithambo.

Izicubu uketshezi emzimbeni womuntu

Umsebenzi ukuthwala umoya-mpilo nezakhi ezondla umzimba, ukususwa ubuthi, kanye ukukhiqizwa kwamasosha omzimba yenza isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Igazi isakhiwo okungase imelelwa nenye amaseli (leucocytes, erythrocyte nezinhlayiya zegazi) ne-plasma (uketshezi ingxenye), inikeza izinkinga ezibalwe ngenhla.

Kubantu, kukhona izicubu igazi-ukwakha, enye yazo - myeloid. It is ehola umnkantsha, itholakala e-diaphysis, kantsi sicuketse loku stem (hematopoietic amaseli) okuyizinto kokumethemba erythrocyte, leukocyte nama-platelet.

Izici isakhiwo yegazi

igazi elibomvu ngenxa yokubakhona-hemoglobin sombala. Kuyinto unesibopho ukuthuthwa amagesi ziyoncibilika igazi, --mpilo ne-carbon monoxide. Kungathatha amafomu amabili: oxyhemoglobin futhi carboxyhemoglobin. Plasma 90% lamanzi.

I nezinye izinto - ngamaphrotheni (albumin, i fibrinogen gamma-globulin) nosawoti wamaminerali, eyisikhulu phakathi lapho i-sodium chloride. Amangqamuzana egazi enze le misebenzi elandelayo:

• erythrocyte - athwala umoya-mpilo;
• (. Neutrophil nama eosinophils, T lymphocyte, njll) leukocyte, noma amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, - iqhaza kumiswa amasosha omzimba;
• platelet - neqhaza ukuze kunqandwe ukopha ngesikhathi sokwephulwa kwe isitsha odongeni ubuqotho (obhekene igazi ekunqandeni).

uhlelo womuntu kwegazi, sibonga ezihlukahlukene nemisebenzi igazi libe elibalulekile ekuzigcineni le homeostasis umzimba.

imithambo yegazi omzimba: lemithambo emithanjeni, ama-capillary

Ukuze ubone ezinye izidumbu kuyinto isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi lomuntu, kubalulekile ukunikela ngayo inethiwekhi amashubhu nge diameters ezahlukene futhi udonga ugqinsi. Imithambo babe oluqinile kwemisipha, njengoba igazi ihamba kwalo ngesivinini futhi umfutho ophakeme. Ngakho-ke kuyinto lwemithambo kuyingozi kakhulu ukopha ngenxa lapho Umuntu ulahlekelwa ngesikhathi esifushane semali igazi. Lokhu kungaba nemiphumela ebulalayo.

Emithanjeni babe izindonga elithambile, ngokucebile ifakwe valve semilunar. Zinikeza ukugeleza kwegazi ezitsheni kuphela kwelinye direction - main imisipha umzimba isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Njengoba igazi emithambo yegazi uphoqelekile ukuba unqobe amandla adonsela phansi ukuze uthole uma inhliziyo, futhi ukucindezela lihambe ngemithambo uphansi, la ma-valve ungavumeli igazi ukuhambisa nasemuva, okungukuthi ngokusuka enhliziyweni.

inethiwekhi capillary ngenhloso ububanzi odongeni ezincane yenza umsebenzi oyinhloko negesi lokushintshisana. Kuzo, carbon dioxide ihlinzekwa (carbon dioxide) ubuthi ezicutshini zomzimba amaseli bese capillary igazi, esikhundleni salokho, kunikeza amaseli e-oxygen adingekayo umsebenzi wabo. nomzimba wonke ingaphezu 150 Bln. capillary, ubude zazo omdala amakhilomitha acishe abe yizinkulungwane 100.

A lithathelwe ngokukhethekile ukusebenza komzimba womuntu, esinikela supply njalo lezitho nezicubu izinto ezidingekayo kwegazi eseduze, okuyinto kungabonakala nasemkhakheni kokubili kwezimo ezivamile bokuphila nangaphansi nzima uhlelo zokusebenza iziyaluyalu (isib thrombus occlusion bomkhumbi).

kwegazi

Ukubuyela umbuzo zomphakathi ingu isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi lomuntu. Khumbula ukuthi kunyatheliswa avaliwe, uHarvey evulekile, zivela e-ventricle engakwesobunxele futhi iphela ATRIUM kwesokudla.

I-aorta umfula oyinhloko umzimba futhi ekuqaleni kwegazi, kwenza igazi, ngaphansi anomoya-mpilo, kusukela i-ventricle engakwesobunxele. Through the isimiso semithambo yegazi, esukela aorta ne ekhelini wonke umzimba womuntu, igazi liya kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba futhi izitho, yokumatisa nabo-mpilo ethwele izakhi umzimba futhi ezokuthutha imisebenzi.

Kusukela engxenyeni engaphezulu kuphela yomzimba (ekhanda, emahlombe, esifubeni, nemilenze engenhla) igazi emithambo yegazi, ecebile carbon dioxide, it is eqoqwe aphakeme vena cava, futhi kusukela uhhafu ongezansi umzimba - ephansi vena cava. Bobabili emithanjeni eziyize ezingenalutho phakathi ATRIUM kwesokudla, ukuvala kwegazi.

yokujikeleza kwegazi eliya emaphashini

kwegazi uhlelo izitho - inhliziyo, isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi - futhi kufakwe okuthiwa amancane (yamaphaphu) ukuzungeza. Yavula Miguel yayo Servet phakathi nekhulu le-16. Kulomjikelezo iqala kusukela i-ventricle yangakwesokudla futhi iphela ATRIUM ngakwesokunxele.

igazi emithambo yegazi ngokusebenzisa ilungelo ukuvulwa atrioventricular we auricle kwesokudla ingena i-ventricle yangakwesokudla. Ngakho esiqwini yamaphaphu, bese imithambo yamaphaphu ezimbili - kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele - lingena emaphashini. Futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lezi zitsha ngokuthi lemithambo igazi kubo ageleze emithambo yegazi. Iwela emaphashini sokunene nesobunxele, okuyizinto capillary, emthwalweni alveoli (vesicles yamaphaphu ehlanganisa wamaphaphu parenchyma). Phakathi umoya-mpilo-alveoli kanye ezicutshini ogangeni thinnest we capillary negesi lokushintshisana kwenzeka. Kuyinto kule ingxenye yomzimba iba igazi deoxygenated phakathi kwemithambo yegazi. Khona-ke ugelezela ama-venule postcapillary, okuyinto babe ezinkulu 4 emithanjeni yamaphaphu. Ngokusho kwakhe igazi lwemithambo engena ATRIUM ngakwesokunxele, lapho uphela kunyatheliswa encane.

Kwegazi zonke izitsha kwenzeka kanyekanye, ngaphandle kokuma noma ukumisa okwesikhashana i-yesibili.

ukuzungeza yenhliziyo

Kuyini uhlelo ezizimele kwegazi iziphathimandla zomphakathi kanye ke yilokhu izici of kusebenta kwato wahlolwa ososayensi ezifana Shymlanskaya, Bowman, GIS. Zathola ukuthi i-seqiwe kulesi simiso has a krovooborot coronal noma i-coronary, wenziwa igazi isitsha ekhethekile, Twining inhliziyo futhi esukela aorta. Lokhu izitsha ezifana kwesokunxele main ukuxhumelela imithambo yenhliziyo nge amagatsha, okuyilezi: kwesokunxele anterior ukwehla, futhi igatsha circumflex legatsha atrial. Futhi ngakwesokudla ukuxhumelela imithambo yenhliziyo nge amagatsha anjalo: kwesokudla yenhliziyo kanye posterior interventricular.

Igazi ngaphandle oksijini bese libuyiselwa emzimbeni kwemisipha ngezindlela ezintathu: ngokusebenzisa itheku yenhliziyo, emithanjeni kufakwe ngalo ingaphakathi we ATRIUM, futhi komncane kunabo semithambo amagatsha ukuthi iyangena ohlangothini lwesokunene inhliziyo, ngisho ngaphandle kokukubonisa epicardium yakhe.

Circle vein portal

Njengoba ekuqinisekiseni ukungaguquguquki sangaphakathi lesifishane uhlelo kubaluleke kakhulu kwegazi, kwanoma iyiphi emizimbeni siqukethe umthambo umbuthano portal, ososayensi zemvelo eziye zahlola ngokuhlanganyela ngokucabangela kwegazi. Kwatholakala ukuthi phezu wokugaya ukudla pheshana, amanyikwe kanye ubende igazi aqoqana phansi futhi aphakeme mesenteric vein, kamuva sihlanganise ukwakha (umthambo portal) portal.

Portal Vienna ne Umthambo hepatic esibindini engena esangweni. Arterial negazi emithambo yegazi ku hepatocytes (amaseli isibindi) is phansi wekulihlanta futhi eminye kanye bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi vena cava engena ATRIUM kwesokudla. Ngakho, ukuhlanzwa igazi kwenzeka ngenxa umsebenzi okuvimbelayo kwesibindi, inikeza futhi isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi.

Yiziphi iziphathimandla lihlelo asizayo

Isakhiwo emizimbeni osizayo zihlanganisa ebomvu umnkantsha, ubende kanye isibindi abe ngenhla. Njengoba amaseli weengazi zisheshe, mayelana 60-90 izinsuku, kukhona isidingo amaseli imfucuza kabusha ubudala igazi kanye kwezici abasha. Lezi zinqubo ukunikeza izitho ephethwe isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi.

Umnkantsha, equkethe eyandulela kwakheka izakhi izicubu kwemiqondo myeloid.

Ubende, ngaphezu umsebenzi idiphozi igazi alisetshenziswa kwegazi, amangqamuzana esindala esibomvu igazi kancane igcwalisa ukulahlekelwa kwabo.

Isibindi futhi kwenzeka bachithe leucocytes efile, erythrocyte nama-platelet, futhi isitoreji igazi, okwamanje ehilelekile isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi.

Esihlokweni isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi iye idingidwa, liphethe iziphathimandla zikahulumeni futhi yini imisebenzi yomzimba womuntu.