Izinhlobo ezinkulu emali, imiphumela kanye izimbangela

Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali - inqubo ephawula iminotho zamanje. Kodwa kwamanye amazwe ijubane ngokulinganisela, kwabanye - obonakalayo kakhulu. Nge lokho kungenziwa ixhunyiwe? Ziyini izimbangela we kubhekwe mkhuba kwezomnotho?

Ingqikithi emali

Ngaphansi izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kwakusho okwandisa izinga isilinganiso amanani imikhiqizo ethandwa kakhulu namasevisi kuhlinzekwa ngu isimo. Lapho siqhuba imali eyiphinda alahlwayo sabantu, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kunganciphisa amandla abo ukuthenga.

Kubhekwe buyinto kwezomnotho - sivamile kakhulu iminotfo yesimanje kazwelonke. Iqiniso lokuthi kukhona izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kuleli zwe, libonisa, njengoba umthetho, ngokufunwa eqinile izimpahla nezinkonzo. Deflation - akhe ngabikho noma alanele umfutho reverse mkhuba kungabonakala nasemkhakheni. Liphinde kubhekwe uthola yesimanje ezimakethe zomnotho.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuzo zombili lezi zimo, uma wenzuzo deflation zibonakala njengoba zemvelo ngoba indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho, sikhuluma imigomo izinkomba ezifanele eziningi elincane - amaphesenti ambalwa. Uma izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali noma deflation lemali amashumi amaningana amaphesenti, emnothweni kungenzeka, zikhona izinkinga eziphawulekayo. Kulokhu, kokubili imingcele ayizikhombisi yezitayela esibucayi emnothweni isimo.

Manje cabanga izinhlobo, izimbangela nemiphumela emali.

Ukwahlukanisa izinhlobonhlobo emali: nezinga lokukhula intengo

Kukhona eziningana impela tindlelanchubo ngezigaba imihlola kwezomnotho ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa. Ngakho, umbandela esivumelana ngalo esingakhela izinhlobo emali (imiphumela kanye izimbangela - correlative roomates nabo) zinqunywa ngesisekelo amazinga ayo. Ngakho, kukhona izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali:

- ongaphakeme;

- ngokulinganisela;

- agijima;

- ayehle kakhulu amandla emali.

Ngaphansi lokwehla kwamandla emali liphansi libhekisela rise in amanani ngemikhiqizo athandwayo kanye nezinsizakalo, obonakaliswe kumaphesenti athile. Izizathu zalokhu mkhuba kwezomnotho - Imiholo yabantu esimile yakha isidingo, okuyinto kancane mkhulu kunezinhliziyo supply. Imiphumela yalokhu nokukhuphuka kwamanani ezimpahla oku umnotho omuhle: nezidingo esitebeleni zokuphaka abanikezeli bempahla namasevisi, esebenzayo, evulekile amabhizinisi amasha, umnotho isimo ethuthuka ngempumelelo.

Ngo ngokulinganisela izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali amazinga zikhule cishe 5-10% ngonyaka. Njengoba kunjalo nge ezihlukahlukene zokuqala kubhekwa buyinto kwezomnotho, izibalo kufanele cishe akunamthelela omubi emnothweni isimo nokubonakalisa, waphinda, le ngokweqile kwesidzingo sagezi kuleminyaka ukunikezela ngenxa yokuba khona kuleli zwe imali eyiphinda esitebeleni.

Lapho kudlangile intengo izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali Enyuka amashumi amaningana amaphesenti ngonyaka. Izizathu zalokhu mkhuba kwezomnotho - ukwehla funa ezimakethe okubangelwa ukwehla ekukhiqizeni izimpahla kanye nezinsizakalo, ekunciphiseni ezingeni ofeleba emnothweni, ukuhanjiswa dolobha abasuka sangempela zezimali noma ehoxile endaweni ethile ye isimo.

Imiphumela emali runaway - njengoba umthetho, ukwehla kwemali ngeniso emakhaya (ngenxa yokuthi inkokhelo babe hhayi isikhathi ukukhonjwa emva rise in amanani), ukunciphisa isibalo semisebenzi ngenxa okwesula emakethe izinkampani ezahlukene. Isimo ubophekile ukuba aphendule eziyimbangela yalokhu emnothweni ukuqhuba kwekuhlela kabusha ezidingekayo. Kungenjalo, agijima izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali angahlubula ku ukwanda ongalawuleki kwamanani - ayehle kakhulu amandla emali, obonakaliswe amakhulu amaphesenti ngonyaka. Kulesi simo, isimo angase abe emikhulu crisis kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe.

Vula futhi avaliwe izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali

Kunenye umbandela ngawo ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene emali (imiphumela kanye izimbangela - okufanayo): degree sokukhululeka. Ngakho, izazi ziye zakhomba i izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali evulekile futhi kufihlwe.

umphumela Economic yohlobo yokuqala siyenzeka kuphela uma isimo ezisebenza uhlelo emakethe, elinesimo khulula zamanani indlela yezimpahla eziyisisekelo kanye nezinsizakalo. Iziphathimandla, ngakho-ke, ungagxambukeli indlela lapho abahlinzeki ukunquma ukubaluleka izimpahla ezithengisiwe futhi imisebenzi izakhamizi. Kulokhu, nabalingisi kwezomnotho main kuyoba uhlobo esobala izici ezinomthelela kwamandla emali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMbuso uyoba lula ukuphatha emnothweni.

izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ezifihliwe, esikhundleni salokho, livela Kulezo zimo lapho intengo ingxenye enkulu ye izimpahla kanye nezinsizakalo enikeziwe ezinkampanini esungulwe zokuphatha, amandla kwezomnotho. Kulokhu, ungase uzizwe ukuntuleka emikhiqizweni okufunekayo amasevisi, ukuze ikhule amanani ngokwethukela, empeleni. Okwenyanga isithunzi emakethe, okungabanga bikho kuso intela ikhokhwe, okuyinto akufakwanga ekutholweni isimo izinkomba zokuveza indlela macroeconomic, ezifana e-GDP. Yingakho - kweminyaka zoxhaso emakethe kazwelonke, wetimali ongaphakeme yemikhakha ezibaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho - kabuthaka komnotho.

Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali okufunekayo izindleko

Enye nenqubo sokunquma ezithile emali (ngemiphumela futhi izimbangela, yebo, kakhulu) - zezici zokukhiqiza. Ngokuhambisana rise in amanani kungadalwa funa noma kwehla amandla emali izindleko.

Ingqikithi yalo yokuqala inqubo kwezomnotho ukuthi ukufunwa idlula supply. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa ukwanda izimali sabantu isimo nge Dynamics enganele kuvulwa amabhizinisi amasha, izindlela ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo. Ngenxa yalokho - tinhlobo letifanele amabhizinisi avuliwe, umnotho wezwe likhula.

Demand izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kungabuye senziwa nasekuqiniseni infusions kwesabelomali dolobha ku imikhakha eyehlukene yomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo - kwezemfundo, inkonzo yomphakathi, imisebenzi yomphakathi, imithi, ibutho. izikhungo State anezithunywa isabelomali izimali, futhi udale ngokufunwa, okungakwazi njalo uyaneliswa yokusebenza ekhona ibhizinisi kwempahla kuleli zwe.

Izindleko izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ngenxa ukwanda kwamanani for imikhiqizo noma amasevisi, okuyinto kuphakama ngenxa izindleko anda izindleko zebhizinisi, ezidayisa imikhiqizo ezifanele namasevisi kumakhasimende. kwamanani izici zingase zihluke kakhulu kulesi simo. Phakathi kwezizathu okungenzeka - yenyuka intengo amazwe izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye izingxenye. Izinkampani bephoqeleka ukukhulisa amanani, kungenzeka kunemisebenzi ukuntula ukufunwa izimpahla ezazithengiswa njengoba abathengi kungase kungabi ukulikhokhela umkhiqizo nge izindleko anda. Ngenxa yalokho - inkampani yama-akhawunti ngenxa yokuntula isivinini eyanele kunciphise ukukhiqiza.

Ngakho, funa izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kuthinta umnotho isimo izindleko kakhulu omuhle - ezingezinhle. Again, kuba Dynamics ebalulekile ekukhuleni intengo. Njengoba siphawulile ngenhla, ongaphakeme noma okusesilinganisweni kwamandla emali, njengoba umthetho, ubufakazi izinqubo omuhle emnothweni, agijima - okungekuhle.

Ezahlukene ngezigaba nenqubo ezibhekwa buyinto kwezomnotho, ngakho kuyasiza ukuqhathanisa. Kubhekwe yithi nenqubo ukuhlonza izinhlobo ezahlukene emali, imiphumela kanye izimbangela ngamunye wabo, eduze ngempela bahlobene: okwandisa intengo kwezimpahla emnothweni isimo kungase kubangelwe izici ezihlukahlukene ngesikhathi esifanayo, Nokho, okuyinto, ukucacisa criteria ezahlukene ngoba Ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla emali. Ngaphandle umuntu okukhulunywa sihilela ukwabiwa Amathrendi kwezomnotho ezihluke kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, abaphila ngayo ihluke ngokuphelele izizathu nezidingo cost-push kwamandla emali. Kanye nemiphumela yabo.

ngokuvumelana degree of intengo ukuhlakazwa Inflation

Umbandela esilandelayo, okuvumela ukuba ahlukanisa izinhlobo (zinhlobo), ukwehla kwamandla emali imiphumela futhi kubangela - degree of ukuhlakazwa bekulokhu intengo.

Ngakho, ochwepheshe ukwaba izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali olinganiselayo, lapho izindleko ethandwa kakhulu izigaba umkhiqizo ezikhulayo kuqhathaniswa ngokulinganayo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ama-apula ezibizayo ukuze 3.7%, le amagonandoda - 4%. Uma irayisi amanani basukume, kwenta sibonelo, ngekuletsa 8.4%, ukwanda amanani ku-oats iphuma kungenzeka ngo 9%. Kube nokukhuphuka kwamanani ezimpahla okungenakho ukulinganisela, lapho kukhona yena, a disproportion abalulekile lokukhula lezimpahla amanani.

Izimbangela asho into yokuqala kwezomnotho kubonise ukuncipha yemvelo amandla wokuthenga we-dolobha yezwe umnotho iyonke. Eyesibili uhlobo emali ngenxa yokuthi abathengisi uhlangabezana nobunzima ekugcwaliseni ukufinyelela abahlinzeki ezahlukene. Ngenxa yalokho - bayantuleka, amanani aphakame. Enye imbangela kunokwenzeka emali ongenakulinganisela - yenyuka intengo ukungena ngenxa yezinguquko lwemali kazwelonke. Lokhu kuthambekela kungaba nemiphumela emibi nomphakathi kwenzeka ukuthi isabelo yezimpahla ezingena ezifunwayo lizwe libalulekile. izindleko lawo landa, uma izakhamuzi ayibi ngokulingana iholo, ngeke ukwandisa umthwalo yokukhokha umthengi.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali olinganiselayo ngokuvamile aluhileli imiphumela emphakathini. Njengomthetho, ukwanda umfaniswano amanani, okokuqala kunakho konke, kulinganiswe nokwanda kokungabi inkokhelo izakhamuzi, kanti okwesibili - umthengi kulula ukulawula indlela osebenzisa ngayo imali, kungenzeka njani ukuthi qiniseka ukuthi spike kwamanani ngemikhiqizo athandwayo ngeke kwenzeke.

Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali okulindelekile degree

Lezi zindlela ezilandelayo ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo, izimbangela nemiphumela emali - ngokwezinga okulindelwe yayo. Ngakho, ekunyuseni amanani emnothweni kungaba nokhahlo, ezingalindelekile. Njengomthetho, lokhu kubangwa ukushoda ukunikezela imikhiqizo emakethe izizathu zokucabangela noma yokufuna yalezi nezinye abanikezeli ayitholwa isikhundla ingxenye yayo. Uma lezi zici ungekho, ukuwa kwamandla emali ke zingase zimiswe e ngejubane elilingene ngaphezulu, okungase kwakubikezelwe.

izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali izici

Ngakho siye safunda izinhlobo eziyisisekelo, izimbangela nemiphumela emali. Loluhlelo kwalesi sihloko kungaqedwa iyunithi ichazwa kahle etintfweni emali. Ochwepheshe ukukhomba amaqembu elandelayo:

- emali;

- kwesakhiwo;

- zangaphandle.

Ngu yemali izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali izici kuthathwe zihlanganisa:

- ukungalingani phakathi kwaneliswe isidingo (noma lezimpahla isisindo);

- ngokweqile abalulekile Imiholo yabantu phezu batsengi;

- Ukungadli isabelomali isimo;

- uzwakalise lesembili izindleko zempi;

- utshalomali kahle kule mikhakha ayisihluthulelo emnothweni;

- Dynamics eziphakeme ngokweqile imali inzuzo;

- ukukhula amaholo akuyona kwehlisa ngemihelo umkhiqizo.

I kwesakhiwo izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali izici zifaka:

- Ukungadli isakhiwo emnothweni (isibonelo, lolutsatsa luhlangotsi kakhulu okuluhlaza izinto umkhakha kanye nokuntuleka supply emkhakheni umthengi);

- ukuzibamba abangenangqondo ukuqinisa Dynamics ukusetshenziswa;

- khona inani elikhulu monopolies emnothweni isimo.

I yangaphandle izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali izici kungabandakanya:

- Ngaphandle kwalesi simo esishubile of amanani emhlabeni impahla ukhiye, izinto zokusetshenziswa, nophethiloli;

- a ngokweqile abalulekile ukungena phezu emave;

- ukushoda supply ezimakethe zangaphandle credit ukuboleka.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza emali nakho kungaba Ukuntengantenga kwesimo sezombangazwe, amaphutha intela kanye nenqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle isimo. umphumela yabo iyathuthuka uma kuthinte izinqubo zezomnotho ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Hlola kabanzi imininingwane ezinjengokungcoliswa kwamandla emali, isimo, izinhlobo, izimbangela kanye nemiphumela yakhe singacabangela umphumela kwamanani ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho isimo.

Umthelela emali ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho isimo

Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, kungenzeka kwachazwa ngokuthi izibalo elincane - amaphesenti ambalwa, futhi zibalo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu.

Esimweni sokuqala, sibonisa ithonya izinqubo zezomnotho kunalokho omuhle: the ngokweqile of kwesidzingo sagezi kuleminyaka ukunikezela ngenxa imali eyiphinda liphuma, ibhalansi umnotho, ukusebenza kahle ezithumela kwamanye amazwe isilinganiso. Kodwa ngokweqile ukwenyuka kakhulu kwamandla emali kungathinta izinqubo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho omubi.

Uma amanani kuleli zwe ezikhulayo, ukuxhumana esungulwe zingase zephule phakathi izinhlangano ibhizinisi (ngenxa yokuthi abathengi njalo ngifuna abahlinzeki eshibhile), utshalomali encishisiwe (ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kungenzeka ukukhokhela ngokwayo ngenxa rise in amanani) Kubonakala kungevani kahle kutenhlalo (sabantu kungenzeka ukuthi awunayo imali eyanele ukuba bathenge izimpahla eziyisisekelo anda intengo).

ukwenyuka kakhulu kwamandla emali inquma:

- ukwehla imali ebhange yezakhamuzi;

- Ukuwohloka isimo senhlalo nesomnotho izakhamuzi emphakathini olungavikelekile;

- Ukwehliswa umsebenzi ibhizinisi kuleli zwe;

- ukwehla ikhwalithi yezimpahla abaningi ngenxa isidingo sokunyathelisa kubo obuningi;

- ukwehla abolekise ohlelweni yasebhange isimo, ukuvela icandelo.

Ingqikithi ezinjengokungcoliswa kwamandla emali, umqondo, izinhlobo, izimbangela nemiphumela yako, cabanga ngokucacile izindlela sokulinganisa ukukhula intengo umnotho yembuso.

is izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kungalinganiswa kanjani?

Ngokuvamile, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali amazinga kuvetwa aphakamise value ukuhlanganisa we izinkomba intengo izimpahla khona kulo nyaka wezimali uma kuqhathaniswa odlule. Kulokhu, amakhodi singasetshenziswa:

- amanani umkhiqizi;

- Umthengi amanani;

- the deflator GDP.

Empeleni, isimiso sezomnotho isimo kungenziwa libhekene izibonisi eziningana emali. I ebaluleke kakhulu izakhamuzi ukuba, kusobala, inkomba intengo umthengi. Kakhulu ulwazi inkomba macroeconomic kuthanda, esikhundleni salokho, ama-deflator GDP.

Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali imodeli ukwakheka

Ngemva kokuhlola isimo, izimbangela, izinhlobo, imiphumela emali, singacabangela imodeli eziyisisekelo lasungulwa.

Ngakho, ukuvela ayehle kakhulu amandla emali, osomnotho abaningi kanjani izimiso ehlongozwayo ngu Kagan. Ngokusho kwabo, lesi simanga kwezomnotho kusengaphambili ukwencika ukudleka okulindele inflation wabahlanganyeli ahlukahlukene emakethe. Uma lithathelwe okulindelwe idatha libhekene Ngenani eliphansi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuyaqina yokuthi ifunwa kakhulu kwamanye capital ongaphakeme wenzuzo oyosisiza ukwanda supply imali. Kodwa uma nemingcele ezenza lesi imodeli, iya ngendlela esezingeni eliphezulu, emnothweni ingase ibe ayehle kakhulu amandla emali, ukuphikiswa ngokuvamile kudinga ukungenela isimo.

Kube Friedmann imodeli, owawuthi funa sangempela dolobha zesizwe, elihambisana Dynamics iholo labantu, futhi kulindeleke kwamandla emali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo e kuyanda umnotho kwamanani incane at high amazinga ukukhula komnotho kazwelonke. Kungenzeka, okudinga nenkinga ezengeziwe imali - uma izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali amazinga ngezansi labo kubhekwa njengento engeyinhle.

Kukhona imodeli uBruno Fischer, owawuthi kuyanda intengo kungenziwa predetermined hhayi kuphela okulindelwe abahlanganyeli emakethe, kodwa futhi Dynamics GDP. Kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi le umqondo Kuhilela ukucabangela njengenhlangano ipharamitha ebalulekile izinkomba isabelomali kusilela, kanye izindlela ukuyinqoba, ezisetshenziswa nguhulumeni. Ngo ingasetshenziswa njengoba enjalo, isibonelo, ekushayweni kanye loans. Le modeli, ngokuvumelana zezomnotho eziningi, ikuvumela ukuba ahlaziye ngokuningiliziwe zezici ezinquma lomkhuba emali, isimo, izinhlobo, izimbangela kanye nemiphumela correlative roomates yayo nge ezahlukene ngezigaba zindlela.

Kukhona model of Sargent-Wallace. Ngokusho kwakhe, ukwenyuka predetermined Ukungadli inqubomgomo malini isimo ekukhokheleni izindleko kazwelonke isabelomali kusilela. Ngesinye isikhathi esededelwe, iziphathimandla kwezomnotho kufanele kwandiswe supply imali, okuholela amanani umnotho kuyanda. Kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngokuhambisana umqondo ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa, esaziwa inchubomgomo yembuso emkhakheni ezezimali kuholela ekwandeni e kwamandla emali. Lokhu kungenxa okulindelwe emakethe abahlanganyeli ngalokho uhulumeni uzoqala isinxephezelo ukungeneli kwesabelo sezimali ikakhulukazi ngenxa daba, kunokuba sokubolekwayo. The best action iskripthi iziphathimandla zomnotho kuleli cala - ukunciphisa ukungeneli kwesabelo sezimali.

Wokusakazeka onobuhle ukuchaza mshini kumiswa ezifana izenzakalo kwezomnotho njengoba izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali nesilinganiso, izinhlobo, izimbangela nemiphumela yayo, singakwazi ukuhlola ngokugcwele amasu eziyisisekelo Inqubomgomo anti-inflation.

Inqubomgomo Anti-nokukhuphuka kwamanani ezimpahla iziphathimandla

Iziphathimandla wezwe banganika tiphakamiso letehlukile ukwanda amanani emnothweni. Kodwa uma sikhuluma izindlela jikelele - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi kunakwe izinhlobo, izimbangela, imiphumela emali - izinyathelo inflation kungenziwa singamelwe ohlwini olulandelayo:

- credit isiqondiso;

- kokuvusayo wezimali;

- Inqubomgomo deflationary;

- lwemali isiqondiso.

Kuye isimo somnotho, ukhethe okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kubo.

Ngemva iziphathimandla ezikhonjwe zezici predetermined imininingwane izici lomkhuba emali (izimbangela, izinhlobo, nemiphumela), inqubomgomo anti-inflation unamathele ezingeni zokulawula. Njengomthetho, ukuqaliswa yayo ihlangabezana ibhange central of the state. ochwepheshe le nhlangano sihlaziye izingxenye eziyinhloko yale nqubo, njengoba izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali (nemvelo, izimbangela, izinhlobo, imiphumela). Inqubomgomo Anti-izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kufanele silinganisele futhi acabangele zonke izici eyinhloko ukukhula intengo umnotho yembuso.

isifinyezo

Ngakho, senza uphenyo ngqo emali - mkhuba kwezomnotho, okubonisa rise in amanani emnothweni kazwelonke. Sinazo izici eziyisisekelo inqubo enjalo, njengoba izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali (nemvelo, izimbangela, izinhlobo, imithelela izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho) ziye uphenyo. Sithole ukuthi isihloko ebaluleke kakhulu ukuphathwa Amathrendi okuhambisanayo umnotho kahulumeni. Umsebenzi we-iziphathimandla - ukuthi uqonde izimbangela zokugula into ezifana kwamandla emali. Izimbangela, Izinhlobo, nemiphumela nezindlela ukuyinqoba - e kwekhono izazi ezivela ezikhungweni ehola wezimali ka isimo, ngokuyinhloko Central Bank.

Ucwaningo uhlola lomkhuba kwezomnotho kunikezwa indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lwezemfundo we Russian Federation. eyala eziningi, ngisho kuhlobane ngokuqondile emkhakheni wezezimali, izinhlobo cwaningo, izimbangela nemiphumela emali - wesifundo sezokuhlalisana kwabantu, isibonelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi le nqubo kwezomnotho kuthinta izindawo eziningi zokuphila kwanamuhla. indoda ozihambela emigwaqeni, mhlawumbe ngisho ekubhekaneni nezindaba zentuthuko yezomnotho, kufanele ube uyazi ukuthi izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kuba. Izimbangela, Izinhlobo, imiphumela yomphakathi kanye nomnotho ngakho, okungenani ngokoMthetho izici eziyisisekelo isakhamuzi abafundile yesimanje kufanele wazi. Lesi sithakazelo futhi uhulumeni ukwakha zezingxonxo ezakhayo nemiphakathi ezindabeni yokulawulwa kwezimboni umnotho.