Izimpawu zombuso wentando yeningi, umqondo we

Kuze kube manje, iningi lamazwe omhlaba lingukubusa ngentando yeningi. Lo mbono uqinile kakhulu emqondweni womuntu ophucukile. Kodwa yiziphi izimpawu zombuso wentando yeningi? Ihluke kanjani kwezinye izinhlobo zezakhiwo zikahulumeni, yiziphi izinhlobo nezinhlobo?

Umsuka kanye nencazelo yegama

Ngaphambi kokuchaza izibonakaliso zombuso wentando yeningi, kufanele kuthiwa yilo kanye igama elithi "intando yeningi" lafika kithi kusukela olimini lwesiGreki. Igama elithi demos lisho ukuthi "abantu", futhi igama elithi kratos lisho amandla. Ngenguqulo yangempela le nkulumo isho ukuthi "amandla abantu" noma "intando yeningi". Isikhathi sokuqala sasisetshenziselwa umsebenzi wesazi sefilosofi esidumile sesiGreki nomcabango u-Aristotle obizwa ngokuthi "Political".

Umlando wentuthuko ezikhathini zasendulo

Ngokwesiko, kucatshangwa ukuthi umbuso wentando yeningi yidolobha lasendulo lesiGreki lase-Athens emakhulwini eminyaka yesithupha kuya kweyisihlanu BC. Izimpawu zombuso wentando yeningi zabonakala ngokucacile ngaleso sikhathi. Esikhathini sokuqala sokuphila, intando yeningi yasendulo yamaGrisi ibonakala njengendlela yokwenza imidwebo yokuphila kombuso, ifomu elikhethekile lapho kungekho muntu oyedwa onamandla (umshicileli, inkosi) futhi ngisho neqembu labantu abathile (oligarchs, aristocrats), kodwa bonke abantu. Kwacatshangwa ukuthi "i-demos" (abantu) bayoba namalungelo alinganayo futhi benze okulinganayo ekuphathweni kombuso wabo. Lokhu kwakuyisici esibalulekile sombuso wentando yeningi.

Umlando wezokuthuthukiswa ezikhathini zanamuhla

Ukuvela kwamazwe anezibonakaliso zombuso wentando yeningi njengohlelo oludidiyelwe kwenzeka kamuva, cishe eminyakeni engamakhulu ayisithupha nesishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye yenkathi yethu. Le nqubo yakhiwa emazweni afana neFrance, i-United States of America, i-Netherlands ne-United Kingdom. Ukukhula okusheshayo kobudlelwane bezohwebo nokuthengiswa kwempahla, ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha amakhulu kanye nemikhiqizo, ukutholakala kwemvelo, indima ekhulayo yokubaluleka kwamakoloni, ukutholakala kokusebenza kwezesayensi kanye nobuchwepheshe obunzulu, ukuguqulwa komkhiqizo wokukhiqiza kusuka kumhlahlandlela, ukuthuthukiswa kokuxhumana nokuthutha, ukuqoqwa kwemithombo yezimali - Imvelaphi yezomnotho eyabonakalisa izici zombuso wentando yeningi ezweni eliphucukile. Ukuphikisana okwenyuka phakathi kwe-aristocracy endala kanye ne-"estate estate yesithathu" enezomnotho kudinga izinguquko ezinkulu embusweni wezepolitiki womphakathi. Lezo zifilosofi kanye nabacwaningi njengeMontesquieu, Locke, uRousseau, Payne, uJefferson, ngaleso sikhathi bachaza emibhalweni yabo izici eziyinhloko zombuso wentando yeningi. Abantu base-United States of America, iFrance nase-England bakwazi ukubenza baphile ngokunqothula umbuso nokubeka phansi izisekelo zomthetho, ezomnotho nezenhlalakahle yentando yeningi, okudala izinto ezidingekayo zokuvuselela izifundazwe.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo nezici

Izibonakaliso zombuso wentando yeningi yombuso wentando yeningi yizici eziphawulekayo, okuyinhloko okungukuthi ukubusa okungenamthetho kwabantu. Intando yeningi njengombono uhlanganisa ukuqashelwa kwabantu njengemithombo ephakeme kunazo zonke embusweni. Izakhamizi zinezilungelo zokuzikhethela ikusasa labo ngokwabo. Amandla kahulumeni kufanele athembele ekukhulumeni okuvunyelwe kubantu bakubo futhi avumelekile kuphela lapho khona nokubunjwa kusekelwa abantu (abavoti) ngokuhambisana nawo wonke amalungelo kanye nemigomo. Izimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu zombuso wentando yeningi yizinketho zamahhala kanye nentando yabantu. Abantu bakhetha abameli ngokwabo, banomthelela wangempela wethonya nezinqubo zokuqapha imisebenzi yabo ohlelweni lokubusa kukahulumeni. Ngesikhathi sokhetho, ngokuhambisana nezinkambiso zomthetho, abantu banelungelo eligcwele lokushintshwa ngokuphelele noma okuyingxenye yamandla kahulumeni nokwenza izinguquko zesakhiwo. Konke okubalwe ngenhla yizici eziyinhloko zombuso wentando yeningi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi abantu banelungelo eligcwele lokususa uhulumeni okhethiwe eziphathimandla ngaphambi kwesimiso uma bebona ukuhlukumeza okucacile kwamandla abo. Lezi yizibonakaliso zombuso wentando yeningi nongcindezelekile (lapho lezi zenzo zezakhamuzi zingekho ngencazelo).

Umqondo wobuntu ngentando yeningi

Ukubona komuntu njengesihloko sesistimu yezombangazwe nezenhlalakahle, ubukhulu bomphakathi phezu kwamandla, yizibonakaliso zombuso wenkululeko-yentando yeningi. Ubuntu bomuntu obaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni. Ziyini izimpawu zombuso wentando yeningi odala? Abantu kanye nomphakathi babhekwa njengezibalo zabantu abahlukene ngaphandle komunye nomunye, hhayi njengomgomo oyedwa oyedwa. Le mali ibonisa izithakazelo ezihlangene zabantu ngabanye. Izimpawu zombuso wentando yeningi nazo ziqaphela ukuthi izinto ezifunwa ngabantu ngabanye zibheke phambili kunoma yikuphi umphakathi futhi ziyaqaphela ukuba khona komuntu ngamunye wenani lenkululeko kanye namalungelo abizwa ngokuthi angokwemvelo futhi ayengenakulinganiswa. Isibonelo ilungelo lokuphila nokukhona. Umbuso wentando yeningi, umqondo, izici kanye nezici zazo zonke ezithembele enkulumweni yomuntu siqu, zihlanganisa namalungelo anjengokungabikho komuntu siqu, ukuzimela, ukuvikelwa nokuvikeleka kwempahla yangasese.

Ukubaluleka kwamalungelo nenkululeko emphakathini

Izimpawu zombuso wenkululeko-yentando yeningi - ukuqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlonipha umuntu, ilungelo lokuphila ngokuvumelana nezimo ezifanele, ithuba elingenamthetho lokuhlala ezweni lakini nasezweni lakho, ilungelo lokudala umndeni nokufundisa izingane zakho. Umthombo wazo zonke lezi zinkululeko ezingenakunyulwa futhi zemvelo akuzona isimo, hhayi umphakathi hhayi umndeni, kodwa imvelo yomuntu ngokwawo. Yingakho konke okungenhla akukwazi ukuphakanyiswa nganoma iyiphi indlela. Lawa malungelo awakwazi ukuthathwa kumuntu noma okulinganiselwe (yebo, akubheki kumacala lapho umuntu enza khona ubugebengu). Futhi, izimpawu zombuso wentando yeningi zikhona kwamanye amalungelo amaningi nenkululeko (ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, ezenhlalakahle, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, njll.), Eziningi zazo ezitholakalayo ngokuzenzakalelayo isimo sokugunyazwa futhi esingenakulinganiswa.

Ilungelo lomuntfu - liyini?

Uma izimpawu zombuso wentando yeningi zisekelwe kumalungelo athile omuntu, kusho ukuthini lokhu? Ilungelo lomuntu liyisethi yezimiso ezilawula ubuhlobo babantu abakhululekile phakathi kwabo, umphakathi kanye nombuso, ukunikeza amathuba okuzikhethela, ukuthola izinzuzo ezimpilweni zabo. Inkululeko inikeza amathuba okukhetha umsebenzi nokuziphatha. Kuyinto inhlanganisela yamalungelo nenkululeko okuyizici eziyinhloko zombuso wentando yeningi ezakha uhlelo olubalulekile.

Yiziphi amalungelo omuntu ngamunye

Wonke umuntu unamalungelo amaningi ahlukene. Lezi "zimbi", ezivikela inkululeko yabantu futhi zibandakanya imisebenzi kahulumeni nomphakathi ukungenzi izenzo ezingalungile kumuntu ngamunye (ukuhlushwa, ukuphathwa kabi, ukuboshwa okungahambisani nokunye nokunye). Kukhona futhi "okuhle", okusho ukuthi umsebenzi wombuso nomphakathi ukunikeza izinzuzo ezithile kumuntu ngamunye (ukuphumula, imfundo kanye nomsebenzi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkululeko namalungelo ahlukaniswe abe ngabanye, ezombusazwe, amasiko, ezenhlalakahle, ezomnotho nokunye.

Idokhumende esemthethweni yedemokhrasi

Izibonakaliso zombuso wentando yeningi zachazwa ngokugcwele eSivumelwaneni SeMvelo Semalungelo Abantu, esamukelwa emuva ngo-1948. Kuyini ukufuna ukwazi, iSoviet Union ayizange isayine ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi kuphela ngesikhathi seGrbachev saziwa. Kulo Memezelo zonke izinqubomgomo zezombangazwe nezombuso zikhonjiswa, uhlu lwezenhlalakahle ezinempilo nolungalungile lunikezwa. Okushiwo kanye nokuqukethwe kwamalungelo ezombangazwe, ezomnotho kanye namasiko nakho kuvezwe. Isimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu siyingxenye yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iZizwe Ezihlangene zamukele eminye imihlangano emikhulu, izivumelwano kanye nezimemezelo ezihloswe ekusunguleni umphakathi wentando yeningi nokusekela amalungelo abantu nesithunzi.

Imininingwana yemibono iyinto ephawulekayo yentando yeningi

I-Pluralism iyisici esingenakuqhathaniswa nayo yonke imibuso yentando yeningi. Lokhu kusho ukuhlonishwa emphakathini nasemphakathini wezepolitiki kwamandla amaningi futhi ahlukene (kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ahlangene) amaqembu ezenhlalakahle nezombangazwe, amaqembu, izinhlangano, imibono nemibono yabo njalo emphakathini wokuncintisana, ukuqhathanisa nokuncintisana. I-pluralism yenza njenge-antipode yokuzibusa futhi iyisisekelo esiyisisekelo senkululeko yentando yeningi yezombangazwe. Kunezici ezithile zezici zalo:

- ukuncintisana kwezifundo eziningi ezahlukene zezombangazwe;

- ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla nesakhiwo esihlukanisiwe sobukhosi bamandla;

- ukukhipha noma yikuphi ukuzithoba komncintiswano wezombangazwe kanye namandla ngenxa yanoma yiliphi iqembu;

- uhlelo lwezepolotiki luyinhlangano ehlukene;

- ukufinyelela kwamahhala ezinhlobonhlobo zeziteshi zokuveza imibono nezithakazelo kubo bonke;

- ukuncintisana kanye nethuba lokushintsha abalingani, ukuncintisana kwabo nokuncintisana kwamahhala;

- ngaphakathi kohlaka lomthetho unelungelo lokuba neminye imibono yezenhlalo nezombangazwe.

Esikhundleni seSoviet post, ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR ngenxa yenqubo esheshayo yentando yeningi, inqubo yokwakhiwa kwemibandela eminingi yayiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoba amasiko "ohlelweni" lobuqili olungakabikho alukaqedwa ngokuphelele.

Yisiphi isisekelo senkululeko yentando yeningi

Izakhamizi ngokwazo ziyizimboni ezinkulu nezombusazwe ezizinzile nezombusazwe. Emkhakheni wezomnotho, lokhu kuyimpahla yangasese yabantu, okudala isisekelo sokuzimela okuphelele komuntu oyedwa kusukela esikhungweni samandla kanye namaqembu ahlukahlukene enkolo, ezenhlalo nezombangazwe. Uhlelo olunezinkampani eziningi, ububanzi bezomnotho nezombusazwe, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kagesi emagatsheni amaningana azimele kanye nokwakhiwa kwesistimu yokulinganisa (ibhalansi), ukhetho lwamahhala - konke lokhu kudala isisekelo esiqinile sokuba khona kwentando yeningi ezweni lanamuhla.