I-sentimentalism ayiyona nje isiqondiso emasikweni nasezincwadini, ikakhulukazi ukucabanga komphakathi wesintu esiteji esithile sokuthuthukiswa, okwaqala ekuqaleni kweYurophu futhi kwaqala kusukela kuma-1920 kuya kuma-80 ekhulu le-XVIII, eRussia yawa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 - ekuqaleni kwe-XIX leminyaka. Izici eziyinhloko zokuzizwa yilokhu: emvelweni wesintu, izimpendulo eziningi ziyabonakala, hhayi ngesizathu.
Kusuka engqondweni kuya ezinhliziyweni
I-Sentimentalism ivala inkathi yoKhanya, okuthole lonke i-XVIII leminyaka futhi yaveza amathrendi amaningi. Kuyi-classicism kanye ne-rococo, ukuzwelana nokuqala kwangaphambili. Abanye ochwepheshe balandela i-Romanticism kanje, kodwa ukuzwela kubonakala nge-pre-Romanticism. Ngayinye yalezi zindawo inezici zayo ezihlukile, ngasinye sinomuntu siqu, futhi izici zayo ziveza ukuthambekela okungcono kakhulu kumasiko anikeziwe. Kunezinye izibonakaliso zokuzizwa. Ukugxila kumuntu ngamunye, emandleni nasemandleni wezinzwa, ubukhulu bemvelo ngaphezu kwempucuko.
Ngokwemvelo
Lesi siqondiso ezincwadini ezivela emagundeni asandulele naso alandelayo zihlukaniswa kuqala okokuqala ngokukhulekela kwenhliziyo yomuntu. Okuthandwayo kunikezwa ekulula, ngokwemvelo, i-hero yemisebenzi iba yintando yeningi ngokwentando yeningi, evame ukumela abantu abavamile. Ukunakwa okukhulu kunikelwa ezweni langaphakathi lomuntu kanye nemvelo, okuyingxenye yakhe. Lezi yizibonakaliso zokuzizwa. Imizwa ihlale ikhululekile kunengqondo ekhonjelwe, noma ngisho nobuciko beklasi. Ngakho-ke, abalobi bezinkolelo babenenkululeko enkulu yokucabanga kanye nokuboniswa kwayo emisebenzini engazange ifinyelele ohlelweni oluqinile olunengqondo lwe-classicism.
Amafomu amasha okubhala
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokuzizwa yizinto zokuhamba nezincwadi, kodwa hhayi nje, kodwa ezifundisayo noma ezincwadini. Izincwadi, idayari, imibukiso yizinhlobo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, ngoba zisenza sikwandise umhlaba wangaphakathi womuntu kabanzi. Ezingkondlweni kunikezwa inzuzo ku-elegy kanye nomlayezo. Okusho ukuthi, izinhlobo zolimi, ngokwabo, nazo ziyizibonakaliso zokuzizwa. Umfundisi angeke abe yimuphi omunye uhlangothi kunalokho okuchazwe.
ERussia, imizwelo yayiyiphenduka futhi ikhululekile. Ummeli wokuqala wayeyiShavkov Peter Ivanovich (1768-1852). Imisebenzi yakhe yayiyizintambo ezingapheli - amakhosi amahle kakhulu, athunyelwa uNkulunkulu ezweni kuphela ngenxa yenjabulo enkulu. Akukho ukuphikisana komphakathi - ubuhle nobuhle bomhlaba wonke. Mhlawumbe, ngenxa yemisebenzi enhle-emnandi ngemuva kwalesi siqondiso, ukuphumula nokuzikhandla okuthile, okwezinye izikhathi okubonwa njengezibonakaliso zokuzizwa, kwakunjalo.
Umsunguli womzwelo waseRussia
Abameleli bezimpawu zomkhuba wokukhululeka yiKaramzin Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766-1826) kanye noZhukovsky wokuqala uVasily Andreevich (1783-1852), lokhu kuvela kwaziwa. Omunye angase futhi aqambe abalobi abaningana abaqhubekela phambili abanobuciko-AM Kutuzov, abakwaRadishchev abazinikezele ukuthi "Uhambo oluvela eSt. Petersburg ukuya eMoscow," uMN Muravyov, ohlakaniphile nomlobi, u- II Dmitriev, imbongi, umbhali kanye nomhumushi, V. V. Kapnist noN. A. Lvov. Umkhiqizo wokuqala futhi oqhakazile walesi simiso kwakuyizindaba zikaKaramzin "Okungalungile uLisa." Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izimpawu zokuzizwa ezincwadini zaseRussia zinemikhakha ehlukile eYurophu. Okubaluleke kunazo zonke ngumlingiswa wokufundisa, wokuziphatha nokukhanyisa wemisebenzi. UCaramzin uthe kufanele ubhale njengoba ukhuluma. Ngakho-ke, esinye isici solimi lwesiRussia ukuthuthukisa ulimi lolimi lomsebenzi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuphumelela okuhle noma ukutholakala kwalesi simo sokubhala ukuthi okokuqala kuphendukela ezweni elingokomoya labantu basezifundeni eziphansi, ukuveza ingcebo yalo nokuphana komphefumulo. Kuze kube yilabo abazwa amanga, abantu abampofu, njengombuso, babonisa ukuthi banesisindo esikhulu, esingenakwenzeka, esingenakukwazi ukungokomoya.
"I-Liza eyimpofu" - ukuphakama kwamazwi aseRussia
Ziyini izibonakaliso zokuzizwa koMpofu uLiza? Isakhiwo sendaba asiyinkimbinkimbi. Ubuhle bayo akusikho lokho. Uqobo lomqondo lo msebenzi uletha umfundi ukuthi ubuhle bemvelo kanye nezwe elicebile likaLisa, owesifazane olula, ongenakuqhathaniswa nomhlaba we-Erast owazi kahle, owezwe, oqeqeshwe kahle kakhulu, kanye nomuntu omuhle, kodwa ephoqelelwe yimibuthano eyamvimbela ukuba ashade Intombazane ethandekayo. Kodwa akazange ahlose ukushada, ngoba, ephumelele ukuphindaphindiwe, Erast, egcwele ubandlululo, elahlekelwa isithakazelo kuLisa, wayeka ukuba ngumuntu ukuhlanzeka kobumsulwa nobuqotho. Intombazane enhle kakhulu, enezici ezinhle, ethembela insizwa ecebile eyidonsela phansi kumuntu oyedwa (okumele akhulume ngobubanzi bomphefumulo kanye nokubukwa kombuso wentando yeningi), ekuqaleni uzobhujiswa ekugcineni kokufika echibini. Kodwa isithunzi sezindaba ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele kanye nombono wezehlakalo ezingavinjelwe. Yizibonakaliso zokuzizwa ku "Empofu Liza" (ubuhle bomphefumulo wendoda elula kanye nemvelo, inkolo yothando) okwenza le ndaba ibonakale ithandwa phakathi kwabantu besikhathi. Futhi echibini lapho uLiza ayemanzela khona laqala ukubizwa ngokuthi igama lakhe (indawo endabeni ichazwe ngokunembile). Ngendaba yokuthi indaba yaba umcimbi, kusho ukuthi phakathi kwalabo abaphothula iziqu ezikoleni zaseSoviet, cishe wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi uKaramzin wabhala "Ohluphekile uLiza", njengo "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin, no "Mtsyri" Lermontov.
Ekuqaleni kusuka eFrance
Ukuzizwa ngokweqile ngokwayo kuyinto eyingqayizivele ebaluleke kakhulu kunezingqikithi ezinokuqhathaniswa nokusekwa kwayo, kanye namaqhawe ayo, njengoba ngokusemthethweni, ayenziwa abantu noma abalawuli. "UJulia, noma u-New Eloise" uJean-Jacques Rousseau waqala ukungena ezincwadini futhi wabeka izisekelo zendlela entsha. Kakade emisebenzini yomsunguli wendabuko, izibonakaliso ezivamile zokuzizwa zitholakala ezincwadini, zakha uhlelo olusha lwezobuciko olukhazimulisa indoda elula, olukwazi ukuzwelana nabanye ngaphandle kwezifiso zothando, izihlobo ezingenasiphelo, futhi zijabule ngobuqotho enjabulweni yabanye.
Ukufana nokungafani
Izimpawu ze-classicism kanye nokuzizwa komzwelo zihambisana ngokuyinhloko, ngoba kokubili lezi zindlela zihlobene nokukhanya, kepha nazo zihlukile. I-classism ikhazimulisa futhi idonsa ingqondo, futhi ukuzwela kuwumzwelo. Izisholo eziyinhloko zalezi zikhombisi-ndlela ziyahlukahluka: ku-classicism, "umuntu olawulwa yizizathu zokucabanga" ngokuzizwa - "umuntu ozwayo". Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokubhala okusebenzayo - i-logic kanye nokukhwabanisa kuma-classicists, futhi zicebile ekukhunjweni, izincazelo, imemo kanye nezincwadi zomsebenzi wabalobi bomkhuba wokufunda kamuva. Ukuqhubeka kusukela ngenhla, umuntu angaphendula umbuzo ngokuthi yiziphi izici eziyinhloko zokuzizwa. Isihloko esiyinhloko semisebenzi uthando. Izinhlobo ziyizinto ezithile - umfundisi (elegy), indaba yothando, izincwadi nokuhamba. Emisebenzini - inkolo yemizwa nemvelo, ukuhamba ngokuqondile.