Kuyini usimende kanye nendlela ungagxili egameni elithi?

Namuhla kunzima ukucabanga embonini yezokwakha, okuyinto engadingi usimende. Isetshenziselwa ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izigaba zokwakha kanye umhlobiso ingaphakathi isiphi isakhiwo. Naphezu kokuthuthuka kwetheknoloji, uye alikatholakali impahla ezingase abonise ungcono usimende. Kulesi sihloko sizofunda okwengeziwe okungukuthi usimende. Phela, abantu abaningi bazi ukuthi kubukeka kanjani, futhi uma kunesidingo, kodwa basuke bengazi ukuthi yasisiza lokhu powder grey, okuyinto Uqinisa lapho ezomile. Futhi thina ukubhekana umbuzo kanjani ukubeka nokugqamisa e izwi usimende.

indaba

Ngaphambi ukuthola ukuthi yini usimende, ukubheka umlando. Le nto esintwini eyaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kodwa ukuze uyivule, abantu wakha. Ukuze ukusondelana amabhlogo itshe asetshenziswa lime, Gypsum, ubumba kanye ngisho amaqanda qanda. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu kancane kancane lukhuni futhi kwakungafanele okunokwethenjelwa ngokwanele. Khona-ke abakhi waqala uhlanganise izithako: lime ungeze nobumba, itshe ochotshoziwe nomlotha wentaba-mlilo. Lihambisana amanzi, ingxube lavula nomphumela ofiselekayo. It wasetshenziselwa eRoma yasendulo.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi, abakhi zisetshenziselwa ingxube ngodaka lime. Kodwa ingxube waqala pre-Bhaka. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-usimende kuqala. Igama elihunyushwe ngokuthi ezisusela olimini lwesiLatin kusho "itshe ile". Empeleni, kuba, ngoba ingxube eqandisiwe kunzima ngempela njengoba edwaleni. njengabantu lesifanele egameni elithi usimende ibekwe phezu incwadi yesibili "e", futhi akukho okunye. Ufundza kusebentisa le nto eyathatha isikhathi eside. Ngenxa yalokho, ekhulwini le-19, inani ekahle izingxenye watholakala, okuvumela nokwethenjelwa esiphezulu. Futhi efakwe calcination lokushisa elikhulu limestone nobumba, lapho lime kwakwakhe oxides etholwe ne isikhathi eside kunazo zonke. Kwaba 1450 degrees. Njengoba usimende is uvalwe kakhulu wajoyina embonini yezokwakha.

Kuyini usimende: Ukwakheka

Modern usimende clinker kuyinto impuphu, kumele ifakwe fillers nabakhi. Ngesimo ezomile, kuba iyunifomu luyimbudumbudu mass grey. Lapho amanzi sengezwe pastopodobny etholwe Ukwakheka cementitious okuyinto kahle isetshenziswa evele anolaka. Ngemva kokuphulukisa ingxube etholwe kwakwakhe obungapheliko ingafaniswa e ukuminyana ngetshe. Yingakho itshe eyenziwa kusukela usimende ke.

Manje cabanga kabanzi ukwakheka usimende. Lapho ubumba nge-limestone ecolisekile kuthiwa ukufuthelana lokushisa mayelana 1450, ukushintsha isakhiwo sabo. I elimbudumbudu okuholela akhiwa clinker. Banezela Gypsum ngokugedla ingxube esimweni khulula onganqamukiyo. Ngokombono i-chemistry, siphelile usimende Ukwakheka okulandelayo: 67% Cao (calcium oxide); 22% Sio ₂ (Silicon dioxide); 5% Al ₂ O ₃ (aluminium oxide); 3% Fe ₂ O ₃ (yensimbi oxide); futhi 3% of izinto ohambisana. ukukhiqizwa Usimende kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi isikhathi esiningi edinga imishini ekhethekile kanye nokubhekela izimo inqubo ethize.

uphawu

Sesiyazi ukuthi usimende kanye nendlela ungagxili ezwini usimende, manje bajwayelane nezici oyinhloko le nto aphume ngokuyisimangaliso. Isici esiyinhloko sale mkhiqizo brand ayo. It is okhonjiswe incwadi "M", futhi izibalo ehambisana. Lesi sibalo sikhombisa umthwalo esiphezulu (kg), okuyinto ekwazi ukumelana 1 cm ² kasimende. Ngamagama alula, kusho isisindo usimende ezingasetshenziswa ukumelana ngaphandle kokuphula. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isisindo 400 kg, indaba elwamukela futhi uphawu M400. Ake sihlole main brand kasimende.

M400. Njengoba kubonakala, a amandla anjalo kasimende 400 kg / cm ^2. Lena sha ezivamile futhi uyisithelo esiyisimanga. It is lisetshenziswe zonke izinhlobo ukwakhiwa nemisebenzi aqeda. Lokhu kungaba: ukwakhiwa, ukwakhiwa Monolithic, ukhonkolo slabs futhi amabhlogo kanye ukukhiqizwa ephothiwe, izindandatho ukhonkolo, kanye neminye imikhiqizo.

M500. Lokhu usimende has a ngamandla 500 kg / cm ^2. It libhekene solidification okusheshayo futhi amandla aphezulu. Lolu phawu ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha Monolithic izakhiwo abade, womshini amalungu nithela nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ephakeme amandla nokuqina.

usimende amandla compressive ubizwa nangokuthi umsebenzi. Ngesisekelo Ubukhulu bayo, endabeni oyabelwe ukuba uphawu okuhambisanayo. umsebenzi usimende incike: amandla elimbudumbudu clinker, degree of ukugaya khona kwezithako.

Izinhlobo izithasiselo futhi

Kuyini usimende, ephawula kwenzeka, esikwaziyo kakade, kodwa okwamanje libhekwa? Ngaphezu kwalokho amamaki, ukuqinisa futhi ihlukaniswe izinhlobo, ngasinye sazo zihlukaniswa inhlanganisela ekhethekile izingxenye ehlukile (izithasiselo). Ngokwesibonelo: esisheshayo kulungiselelwa, sulphate, backfill nokunye. Uhlobo ngalunye yakhelwe umsebenzi othize. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze kwakhiwe echibini akuyona usimende ofanele, lapho kwakulele isitini.

Ukwakheka izithasiselo kuboniswe kwi isembozo kanye nomkhiqizo. It is okhonjiswe incwadi "D" kulandelwe iphesenti izithasiselo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma iphakethe kulotshiwe ukuthi: "D10" usho ukuthini, ngesimo usimende equkethwe 10% kwezithako. Khona-ke kukhona ezimelela izakhiwo lezi izithasiselo. Ekugcineni usimende wokugubha ukubukeka kanje: "M400D10PTS". Kulokhu, "PC" libhekisela abavamile Portland usimende. Cabanga ngalokho nezinye izici okubangelwa izinga usimende.

inhlanganiso

I kwabantu aphansi is ebonwe usimende asanda walungisa. izinhlayiya zayo ngazinye dudula omunye komunye ngaphansi isenzo amabutho electrostatic. Phakathi ezokuthutha kanye isitoreji awo acekela inciphe, okokusebenza ohlangene futhi caking. On ukuminyana sithinta degree ukugaya clinker. Ngo izibalo, kwabantu isilinganiso impahla kuchazwa, ukuthi ilingana 1300 kg / m ^3. Nokho, ngo-umkhuba, lesi sibalo incike izimo wesitoreji kasimende.

Isisindo ethize kanye volumetric

Abelana (e ukwakhiwa umkhuba) - eqinisweni, kwabantu efanayo. Lo mqondo isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza grout ngezabelo lesifanele. Kuye isimo ingxube, inani zingahluka. Fresh usimende powder lunesibalo ka-1000 kg / m ³ kanye kwabantu ixazululwe ongafinyelela 1500 kg / m ^3.

isisindo volumetric - omunye umqondo ezifanayo density. Isetshenziselwa ukubala malini usimende ukusuka kwelinye kilogram. Ngokwesibonelo, esikhwameni 50 kg, equkethwe 0.04 imitha cubic of impahla, uma konga 1300 kg / m ^3.

ukuphila eshalofini

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi usimende kuyinto impahla wezinto ezingaphili, it has a ukuphila eshalofini kohlaka ecacile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, e-non-hermetic emaphaketheni usimende lilondolozwe izinyanga 2 kuphela. Uma sikubeka iphakheji esivaliwe, kungenzeka ukunweba lesi sinyathelo ngonyaka. Yiqiniso, usimende ubudala ingasetshenziswa, kodwa amandla alo izici Akasekho okufanayo.

Ayanda grade kasimende, ngokushesha nje leyo ndawo ilahlekelwa impahla yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ebangeni impahla M500, ngemva isitoreji kwenyanga ezimweni zinomswakama kuyodingeka izakhiwo uphawu M400, nokunye.

Usimende izikhwama kufanele agcinwe Friend Cellophane amaphakheji, ukuphakama kwamamitha hhayi ngaphansi kuka 0.3 kusukela phansi. La masaka ekhethekile indaba egcinwe isikhathi eside kunaleso ngefomu okuxekethile.

isikhathi Ukubeka

Kahle okulungiselelwe isixazululo nama Uqinisa ngaphakathi kwamahora ambalwa. Ehlobo, le ukuqina egcwele usimende kuthatha amahora 2-3 nje, futhi ebusika isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ngezinye zero lokushisa, kungase kuthathe amahora angu-20 ukuze solidification yesixazululo. Ukuze kusheshiswe noma ukubambezela yonke inqubo ukuqina, ikhambi yethulwa izithasiselo ekhethekile.

fineness

Ayanda degree izinhlayiya kwasani, ngokushesha Liyoba yini ikhambi ukuqina, futhi kakhudlwana thembeke ke abayokhonza esizayo. Fineness incike izinga kanye izici imishini esetshenziswa izitshalo usimende. I elikhulu ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana ka 40-80 microns kubhekwa.

isigaba amandla

I zokulawula imibhalo eside ezifana "usimende brand" siguqulelwa "amandla ibanga". Material ukuhlolwa ukuze ivumelane amandla ayo ukuze isigaba esithile aphethwe laboratories zethu endaweni yokukhanda. Lokhu kusebenzisa okuqhubekayo art imishini nezindlela sokuhlaziya.

Ngo-laboratory kulinganiswa fineness, kwabantu isixazululo aqueous usimende ukubeka isikhathi. I lukhuni amasampula yezinto futhi ukucacisa amandla flexural futhi kokucindezelwa.

isitifiketi

Certification okwenziwe ngaphambi usimende ngokuvumelana GOST 10178085, 30515 97. Nokho, muva nje, iningi izinkampani ezinkulu sebavele bashintshile ukuba GOST 31108-2003, eyamukelwa ngo-2004. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we apelwe nezimfuneko ezibophayo kakhulu izinga usimende kanye test nenqubo yayo. Lezi mithetho ngokugcwele ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso ze-European izinga.

Usimende futhi Ukhonkolo

Cabanga enye inkinga ukuthi kwenzeka kaningi njengokuthanda okungalungile izwi ukucindezeleka usimende. Indlela ukubiza izinto sesikubonile esiphethweni, futhi ukuthi lihluke kanjani ukhonkolo? Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ezifanayo. Empeleni, Lutho neze. ukhonkolo Ngokuthi eqina grout. Siqukethe usimende, fillers namanzi. Isihlabathi yamathebhu isetshenziswa kaningi. Ngezinye izikhathi futhi wasebenzisa: isihlabathi, amatshe, slag, ubumba enwetshiwe nokunye. Kuze solidification, slurry usimende inhlanganisela ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla. Ukuze idale ukudideka futhi isilingo sokukopela usuka abadayisa izitolo isakhiwo, khumbula lokho adinga ukugcizelelwa uma izwi usimende ilungile futhi yini le nto lihlukile ukhonkolo.

isiphetho

Ngakho, Ukuze siqonde lokho usimende. Inani le nto e ukwakhiwa yesimanje kunzima overestimate. Noma kunjalo, abantu abaningi abangahlakaniphile neze lokhu umkhakha nakwazi ukuthi akha ukwaziswa okuwusizo, futhi bomvu lapho izingane zabo ukubabuza ngayo. Manje, siyazi ukuthi, yini usimende kanye nendlela ungagxili e izwi usimende.