Izici biotic, ngezigaba yezici biotic

Igama elithi "biotic" (kusukela lesiGreki - biotikos) ihumusha ekuphileni. Kubalulekile welithi "isici biotic". Ngendlela jikelele kakhulu kulesi sigaba sf lisho isethi izimo kanye nemingcele ezindaweni letsintsa ngco imisebenzi ebalulekile yezinto eziphilayo. Adume usosayensi Soviet futhi owayeyisazi sesayensi yezilwane VN Beklemishev oluthathwa zonke izici biotic kwemvelo ngemacembu ezine eziyinhloko:

- izici nezokusigcoba - labo abangabangane izinguquko imvelo ngokwayo;

- trophic - lawa izici eziphawula izimo zezinto eziphilayo ukudla;

- fabricheskie - izici esibonisa zokuxhumana fabricheskie lapho omunye uhlobo eziphilayo zisebenzisa olunye uhlobo eziphilayo (noma izingxenye zalo noma imikhiqizo umzimba) njengendlela material ukwakhiwa;

- foricheskie - elihlobene ne ukunyakaza eziphilayo kohlobo olulodwa lwamasosha umzimba lomunye zilwane.

Ngokuvamile, isinyathelo zezici kubhekwe obonakala njengenhlangano ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo e medium, kanye nethonya lapho kunamandla kangakanani nomunye. Kuwukubonakaliswa ebalulekile esenzweni isici biotic kuyindlela konke ndawonye eziphilayo kuyayithinta imvelo. Lo mphumela is more esinda ukuchaza biotic yizici zemvelo.

Esikhathini iqoqo ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, yokumatisa imvelo, kuba ubuhlobo ukuthi kungenziwa ihlukaniswe nenkhulumombiko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubudlelwane ovelele intraspecific futhi interspecific. Esimweni sokuqala, sicabangela ukuxhumana kanye nemiphumela yaso phakathi kwamalungu zenye, izimpawu intraspecific mncintiswano futhi iqembu imiphumela kanye izenzakalo mass. Interspecies ubudlelwano, njengoba umthetho, zahlukahlukene kakhulu futhi zibonisa anhlobonhlobo kakhulu kokusebenzisana. Lezi ubudlelwane, ngenxa ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo, zihlukaniswa lezi zinhlobo:

- ukungathathi hlangothi - lolu hlobo ubuhlobo lapho isici biotic inquma hlangothi ngokuphelele (Ungasingenisi noma yiphi inzuzo noma umonakalo) ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo;

- sinoykiya - lolu hlobo ubuhlobo, lapho omele ngohlobo olulodwa umzimba usebenzisa enye i-ekuhlobiseni imizi yabo, ngaphandle kokunikeza umonakalo oqondile. Lolu hlobo ubizwa nangokuthi kvartirantstvom noma cohabiting;

- Umncintiswano - lokhu kwenzelwe nje ubudlelwano abasiphikisayo ezenzeka phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo e engokwemvelo ethize nokusebenzisana zodwa kanye ukuthi imvelo. Kukhona umzabalazo ngqo "indawo ngaphansi kwelanga", ukudla, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nezinye izinto zokusebenza;

- mutualism - uhlobo ubudlelwano interspecific lapho isici biotic kubangela kuphela 'linenzuzo Okusizayo "co-khona izinto eziphilayo;

- protocooperation uhlobo ubuhlobo lapho umzimba, okungenani isikhathi esithile, ungakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle nomunye ngaphandle umonakalo kakhulu ukhona;

- at commensalism isici biotic kunikeza ukuxhumana okunjalo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo lapho omunye wabo isebenzisa ezahlukene njengoba ekhaya ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo ebalulekile. Isibonelo kungenza ama-bacterium izinombolo ezinkulu kuleli pheshana emathunjini yomuntu;

- amensalizm - uhlobo ubuhlobo interspecific, libhekene ukuxhumana okunjalo, lapho umonakalo obangelwa omunye umzimba komunye, kuba ngakhathali

- uhlobo ubuhlobo umkhakha lapho izinto eziphilayo ngezithukuthuku nezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuthi ziyingozi zokugcina, ngokuthi parasitism;

- predation.

Njengomthetho, zonke izinhlobo ubudlelwano abasiphikisayo ukuqinisekisa kulondolozwe zinhlobo imiphakathi kanye nokugcina imiphakathi yabo.