Isimo Inkulumo futhi izingxenye zalo

Ngalo, sibhekene nsukuzonke futhi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. Kuyo, singazithathela wona njengabafazi liyingxenye ematasa futhi ukungathathi hlangothi. Usezigcawini, uqamekela kithi ekhaya, ngaphandle, emsebenzini, ezitolo, ezindaweni ukuthuthwa ... Ingabe namanje hhayi esiphethweni yini noma Ngubani lona? Ayikho? Khona-ke ungase ngethula: Isimo sayo soMkhulu inkulumo! Futhi siyoqala amaziyo kwethu, yebo, izibonelo ezicacile.

isimo Speech: izibonelo

Khumbula eSoviet lyrical ahlekisayo Eldar Ryazanov sika "Ihhovisi Romance"? Kwelinye kokuvula izigcawu ezineshwa, diffident noSozibalo abaphezulu Novosel umngane ngesikhathi emcimbini umngane uzama "hit on" ubasi wakhe, "nabangenaluthando" futhi "abanonya" Kalugin-mymra, kodwa yonke imizamo yakhe yahluleka. Kungani? Izimbangela ziningi, kodwa omunye wabo banal elula: kubahlanganyeli inkhulumomphendvulwano kwakumane nje umbono ezahlukene umbuzo "Sinjani isimo yokukhuluma." Manje, izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Abahlanganyeli of isimo inkulumo practice

Ngakho, isiphi isimo wezokuxhumana ngenkulumo lokubandakanya amalungu ngokuyinhloko. Ziyakwazi ezinkulu nezincane. Esimweni sethu, labo Anatoliy Kalugin futhi Novosel Efremovich - lawa abahlanganyeli main ebizwe sikhulumi Umlaleli, noma ekhelini kanye umthumeli. Ngenkathi ixhumana izindima zabo ziyashintsha njalo. Lena ejwayelekile yokuxoxisana, kunemibandela - sokuphikisa, futhi akunakwenzeka - I- ubugagu. abahlanganyeli okuncane isimo inkulumo futhi uthathe isinyathelo Samohvalov Ryzhov - labangani asondelene nabo kanye nozakwenu Novoseltseva ngubani ngokuyisisekelo ukudlala indima izingqapheli nabeluleki. Kukholakala ukuthi umuntu obuka - sesimweni yekwentiwa. Nokho, lokho akulona iqiniso. Ngisho ngaphandle iqhaza ngqo inkhulumomphendvulwano, kungaba nomthelela busebenze, okuyinto sibona kulesibonelo kuchazwe.

ubudlelwane

Manje ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlangano. Lena enye into ebalulekile "isimo inkulumo kanye nezakhi zalo." Ekhuluma nabo, okokuqala kufanele engqondweni ayifanele ngomqondo ongokoqobo yegama elithi, futhi indima social sikhulumi ekhelini. Esimeni samanje, ubudlelwano phakathi Kalugin Novoseltsev sachazwa ngokuthi "amandla aphakeme-okhonzile". Nokho, ngisho lapha akukho ukuzinza. Konke kuncike izimo. Esimweni esisemthethweni, emsebenzini, ehhovisi, ngesikhathi emihlanganweni ibhizinisi kumele ahlale wagcizelela sebhizinisi isitayela yokuxhumana. Kodwa uma "esigcawini" budluliselwe kusuka ehhovisi yengcebo evamile ekhaya imvelo - e Samohvalova efulethini, kukhona ushintsho kwenkundla: umculo, etafuleni zemikhosi, izivakashi ... Kafushane, isimo siba ngokwethukela, ngokulandelana, indima nomphakathi kanye nesitayela yokuxhumana ziyashintsha.

buka olungalungile isimo

Kodwa "ubudala" kanzima ukuqaphela lokhu, engayinaki imizamo usathandana sezimiso abanye Novoseltseva, futhi phakathi injabulo jikelele uyaqhubeka ukulondoloza ithoni ibhizinisi esemthethweni. Akucaci futhi injongo sokuya ophoqelelwe. Ukuphuthuma nethemba, njengoba injongo eyinhloko sokunquma zokuxhumana ibhizinisi, azikho izindlela, futhi uthi cha kabanzi mayelana lutho. Nokho, unamahloni, namahloni, "noSozibalo abaphezulu" - noma ngabe kokuhlangenwe nakho ukwesaba, kungakhathaliseki kusukela cocktail wathola - sidlula esengozini okuvunyelwa. Ngemva kwemizamo eminingana charm engumngane okubangela yokucula, ukufunda izinkondlo nemidanso, futhi akuzange wathola atjheja, waziveza obala, phambi izivakashi ngokuthi ULyudmila Prokofievna "nabangenaluthando" futhi "angabi naluzwela." Uhlangothi ezihlekisayo ngesimo sobala. Kodwa-ke, ngakho ukukhuluma, isimo inkulumo, izibonelo. Ngalokho elikushoyo?

Nombono wokuthi "isimo inkulumo"

Esinye sezigaba wesayensi yezilimi kuyinto lingvopragmatika. Kuyinto isayensi okhuluma cwaningo ukusetshenziswa ngokoqobo kolimi, okusho ukuthi. E. kanjani umuntu isebenzisa "izwi" ukuthonya umamukeli, nokuthi lapho kuthinta izici yokukhuluma nokuziphatha kwabantu enqubeni zokuxhumana. Isimo inkulumo kulokhu ngokunembile umqondo eziyisisekelo pragmatics ngokolimi, ngesisekelo okuyinto eyenziwa ucwaningo eziyisisekelo. It siqukethe izingxenye eziningana: abahlanganyeli yokuxhumana, nobuhlobo babo, isihloko zokuxhumana, izimo zokuxhumana ngaphakathi kanye nabangaphandle. Inkulumo isimo futhi izingxenye zalo ethulwa ngokuningiliziwe ngesibonelo ifilimu yethu yesehlakalo, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, practice. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kangcono inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ingasetshenziswa kule scheme ehlongozwayo N. I. Formanovskoy kulekelelwa T. A. Ladyzhenskoy. Kuyini isimo inkulumo futhi izingxenye zalo kungabonakala ngokucacile figure ngezansi.

umthumeli

Ngokuqondene abahlanganyeli ukukhuluma, ukucabanga, izindaba zahluleka ukuvuka; umthumeli futhi nola - okhuluma ngolunye futhi umuntu olalelayo. Ngamanye amazwi, umthumeli omula isimo inkulumo, kuba ehlanganyela ngentshiseko kuwo. Kungaba kokubili ukukhuluma nokubhala, kuncike kanjani futhi ngayiphi indlela zikhulunywa - ezibhaliwe noma ngomlomo (yesithupha "isimo inkulumo" etafuleni). Isifunda, njengoba ubona, ulula. Kukholakala ukuthi indima umthumeli ngokuvamile tactically kunenzuzo, kusukela icacisa kuncike, iphimbo kanye ijubane yokuxhumana. Yena "umqondisi" isenzo, futhi ngalokho, amalungelo akhethekile: eqondisa ingxoxo endabeni yasekuqaleni futhi, ngokufanelekile, kungenzeka ulungise migoqo yayo.

umthumeli

Nokho, njengoba besho, konke kuleli zwe ngokuphelele futhi isihlobo ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngakho-ke, indima kumamukeli inkhulumomphendvulwano - ke akuyona inkinga njalo isikhundla yekwentiwa. Phakathi nengxoxo yethu, isilaleli wenza eziningi ezidingekayo rechemyslitelnyh imisebenzi efana:

• Lawula ivolumu lokho Wabika:
• ukuqonda ukulawula,
• nje okungaqondile,
• kwencazelo imiqondo,
• ukulungiswa izikhundla.

Zonke amaphuzu ngenhla ukusebenza edingekayo ayebatshele zona esisheshayo: "Siyabonga ulwazi," "Yebo", "Ngamanye amazwi, ingabe ucabanga ukuthi ..." "Uma Ngiyaqonda wena kahle ...". By endleleni, kuzo zonke izimo inkulumo, kungaba omjwayele, ukubingelela, siyakuhalalisela, kukhona ezithile imishwana esimeme nezinkulumo - ". Formula isimo inkulumo" okubizwa ngokuthi Ngalezi clichés umamukeli ungathatha isinyathelo futhi ayaqhubeka kudala njengoba indima isikhulumi.

Imvelo nezenhlalakahle Ubuhlobo

Akunakwenzeka ukunqabela okuyithinta ukubaluleka izindima social abemukeli. Ake sithi umama, nje uxoxa okufudumele indodakazi yakhe ngesikhathi sasekuseni, ngemva kwehora, isikole ukhonza njengomdala uthisha wengane yakho. Ubudlelwano ukushintsha. Kwesinye isenzakalo, benza njengoba "komzali nengane" kwelinye - "Uthisha-umfundi". Ngakho, lezi zimo inkulumo, inkulumo kanye indima bayoba ehluke ngokuphelele. Noma ubani akaqondi noma akaboni umehluko, musa ukulawula isimo, awusona izinkinga ngenakugwemeka.

izindima Social kungenzeka esinqunyiwe noma zamatshe. Iqembu lokuqala yilezo zinqunywa zokuxhumana ubulili umhlanganyeli, ubudala, izibopho zomkhaya , nokunye. Ukuze wesibili, izindima kushintshana phakathi labo ukuchaza isimo kwezenhlalo kanye nesimo social communicant ngesikhathi ukuxhumana mayelana nezinye, "Uthisha - umfundi", "Inhloko-nceku", "komzali nengane", njll izinkomba kwezenhlalo .. isimo isimo inkonzo futhi womphakathi, izimpumelelo, ukuchuma.

izimo sangaphandle yokuxhumana

izimo Ukuxhumana nabangaphandle zihlanganisa isikhathi nendawo yokuxhumana. On umbuzo ukuthi babalulekile futhi ezidlala indima enqubeni zokuxhumana, ungasebenzisa njengesibonelo kanje play bemidlalo. Indawo isinyathelo, isikhathi, ukukhanyisa, incazelo ingaphakathi kwemvelo - konke okungukuthi "ngaphandle" lu- "ngaphakathi" - kuwo wonke amazwi, wabubula, ibinzana.

Kuye iqhaza isikhala-isikhathi izici ukuhlukanisa lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli futhi okungezona engamukelwa inkulumo izimo (on the "Russian" ngisho nezingane babhala ama-eseyi ngesihloko). Wekhanoni - lapho addresser futhi ekhelini zitholakala kule ndawo noma, okungenani, bheka nomunye, abe ezivamile emkhakheni buka, futhi ngenkathi ukuphimisela omunye kusho kuvumelana bezibona ukulalela kwakhe. Ngamanye amazwi, bonke isimo abahlanganyeli inkulumo ku ukuxhumana ngqo. Njengoba for ukhetho lwesibili, lapha sibona ukwehluleka okuphelele ukuhambisana nayo yonke mibandela: izixhumanisi "Mina-wena-lapha-manje" akukho.

izimo zangaphakathi

Izisusa imigomo futhi esibalulekile welithi "isimo yokukhuluma." Kungani le esikhuluma ngayo? Yini eshiwo ngokuzwakalayo lokhu noma lokhuya ibinzana? Yiziphi izisusa bonke abahlanganyeli ukuxhumana? Umgomo - kuyinto ngentambo engabonakali yokuxhuma phakathi isikhulumi kanye isilaleli. Ayikho-ke - iphula uxhumano, futhi isimo inkulumo uyashabalala. Khona-ke, kungaba umgomo intambo mncane inqobo nje awukwazi zinyamalale? Okokuqala - isifiso ukwazisa, tshela, ukuchaza, ukunikeza umbono nganoma yini. Okwesibili - isiZulu, ukulalela inkolelo noma yini esebenzisa ubufakazi nokuphikisana. Eyesithathu - isiphakamiso, ukushintsha isimo esingokomzwelo we umlingani. Lapha, i-course ithatha hhayi kuphela isikhalo isizathu, kodwa futhi imizwa interlocutor. izindlela ezisetshenzisiwe umthelela ngokomzwelo. Okwesine - isisusa isinyathelo. Kulokhu, impendulo oyifunayo - isinyathelo esiqondile. Futhi zokugcina - nokugcina okuhambisanayo imizwelo eyakhayo, ukuba abe nesifiso sokujabulisa nina nabalingani benu ngu inqubo yokuxhumana.

Ngokwesibonelo, inkulumo ethi: "Nginayo i umhlangano ibhizinisi obalulekile." Ingasetshenziselwa ngenjongo ngokumbhalela mayelana nokwenqaba. Ingabe kuhlelwe umcimbi omkhulu, futhi awukwazi ukwamukela isimemo abangane ukuya amabhayisikobho, "Nginayo i umhlangano ibhizinisi obalulekile" (ngakho angikwazi ukuya nawe). Okunye isimo inkulumo - wokufika ngemva kwesikhathi i-umngane iminyaka engu-abaseduze, enye injongo - axolise: "Nginayo i umhlangano ibhizinisi obalulekile" (okuyinto angikwazi ungaphuthelwa). Ngokusho isitatimende, futhi anganika nozakwethu, ukubasiza uthole izinto phansi, yingakho umgomo omusha - ukuze ezinokwethenjelwa: "Nginayo i umhlangano ibhizinisi obalulekile" (abalingani basithembise imiklamo emisha, nombono omusha). Njengoba singabona kusukela izibonelo, nje ngesigwebo esifanako kungase kuzwakale futhi uzizwe ezahlukene. Zonke kuncike isimo futhi inkulumo ezinhle komuntu okhulumayo, bayazi noma aquleke.