IsiMandarin saseChina umlando ulimi kanye nabezindaba

China - ezweni elikhulu labantu elikhulu kunawo wonke. Manje-ke lihlala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane abawatholi abantu. Mhlawumbe yingakho esimweni zisebenzisa ezihlukahlukene zezigodi kanye nezilimi zezigodi. Nakuba lapha kakhulu lapho siwulimi olusemthethweni, okuyinto washisa ezindaweni iningi. It Ubuye ezihlukahlukene etemlomo nalabhalwako. Ngakho, sifunda namuhla ukuthi kunokuthile ofana Mandarin ulimi ne-citrus, kanye lapho egcotshwa ngubani isetshenziswa.

Kuphi?

Ekhuluma lwesigodi, kufanele uqale kusukela ekhaya. IsiMandarin saseChina is hhayi kuphela ngokuvamile kakhulu esetshenziswa ezweni. Liphinde kubhekwa amaqembu lwesigodi main. Osebenza lapha ngolimi lwesiShayina Mandarin. Ngaphezu kokuba weqiniso Mandarin Dungan, ivamise ukubizwa ngokuthi "Mandarin" (kusuka elithi "Putonghua"). Leli gama kungase kube nengqondo. Nakuba Mandarin ulimi lapha ithatha kuphela yeqembu. Kodwa leli gama kwakubangelwa Mandarin Western izincwadi, ikakhulukazi eYurophu. Ukuze siqonde abakhileyo CIS ulimi Chinese - isiMandarin, noma Putonghua zilwane.

Okunhlobonhlobo Mandarin

Njengoba kubaluliwe phambilini, lokhu lwesigodi akuyona Putonghua kuphela (Mandarin), kodwa amanye zezigodi. Akhiwe ihlukaniswe 8 subgroups. Futhi sibonga ezindaweni oluthathwa yezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona elincane imixhantela esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga. Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi lalisetshenziswa abakhileyo kuleli esifundeni China. Kukhona elincane Beijing, lapho izakhamuzi inhlokodolobha ukukhuluma.

Kukhona Yiqiniso, izinhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho kunzima abantu abavamile ukuba baqonde lwesigodi okuqondene naso egazini. Ngokwesibonelo, tszyanhuayskaya iqeqebana oluthatha indawo encane, esemgwaqweni eMfuleni umfula iYangtze. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kukhona chzhunyuanskaya, shinda-yin, Chi-lu futhi UJiao-Liao subgroups. Akulesi endaweni enkulu. Kodwa lo esivame kakhulu, mhlawumbe, kungaba kubhekwe iqeqebana ningizimu-ntshonalanga. Kulesitfombe kukhonjisiwe ngezansi, oluhlaza amnyama zaveza ezindaweni lapho Mandarin isetshenziswa.

Ngaphezu

Kanye ulimi Mandarin, kukhona bungavami eqenjini Mandarin. Ngokwesibonelo, Jin lisebenzisa abantu abayizigidi ezingu-45 kuphela. Zihlala esifundazweni Shanxi, kanye engxenyeni esenyakatho Shaanxi futhi Hebei.

legatsha Beijing

Lokhu kuhlanganisa zezigodi ezinkulu eziyisikhombisa. Phakathi kunazo owaziwa: e-Beijing futhi Putonghua (Mandarin ulimi). Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kukhona lwesigodi ekhethekile, okuyinto isimiso izimpande afana sesiShayina ejwayelekile. Nokho kukhona akachazeki ngenxa ukusakazeka kwalo futhi abathwali.

Kube Karamay, Hailar, sigodzi chifensky, kanye tandziso nesikhatsi Chengde Jin, okukhulunywe ngaye ngaphambili. Zonke lezi zinhlobo ngokolimi kukhona, ikakhulukazi, ukuba igatsha Beijing futhi kuyaqondakala kakhulu kulabo basafunda Chinese njengoba zifane kakhulu.

ngokusemthethweni

Ulimi olusemthethweni China zonke isiMandarin saseChina. Anakho amaqembu lwesigodi 10. Ukuxhumana labantu lisebenzisa ulimi standard Chinese, okuyinto lapha kubizwa ngokuthi Putonghua. Iphinde isetshenziselwe e-Singapore (Huayu) futhi e-Hong Kong, naseTaiwan ibizwa ngokuthi guoyu. Putonghua okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ulimi lwesigodi olukhulunywa ngomlomo. Lapho ebhalela indinganiso ngokuthi baihua.

isisekelo

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, Putonghua libhekisela Beijing lwesigodi, elingelakwaJuda iqembu Mandarin. I lolimi isilandela wonke amazinga, iziphi livikeleke imisebenzi ebhaliwe.

igama

Putonghua kusengathiwa ezindaweni ezahlukene ngezindlela ezahlukene. Igama olusemthethweni isetshenziswa ngqo e-Beijing nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, e Singapore ibizwa ngokuthi Huayu, kanye eMalaysia. Kodwa ngo-Taiwan - guoyu. Putonghua eNtshonalanga futhi zonke zafika igama ongaziwa - Mandarin ulimi. Konke lokhu kwaqala kahle izincwadi European. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona uthando okuthiwa is hhayi nje isiMandarin nezinye Mandarin lonke iqembu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, West ngokuvamile ukusetshenziselwa lokhu ikakhulukazi lwesigodi eside - Standard Mandarin. It has eziningi ongakhetha: .. "Mandarin", "Mandarin", njll ERussia, kodwa ukuhlukanisa phakathi Putonghua kanye nemikhakha yalo ahlobene. A "ezisawolintshi" inketho kungamukelwa ngumphakathi zezemfundo. Nakuba abezindaba "behlakaniphile" bathanda ukusebenzisa leli gama.

izimpande Portuguese

Mandarin osikweleta le "ezisawolintshi" title isiPutukezi. Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi zonke isiMandarin saseChina ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi Guanhua. Ngokwezwi nezwi, ilihumusha ngokuthi - ". Inkulumo bureaucratic" Lokhu waphinda kufakazela ukuthi Putonghua kuphela abantu abafunde kanye ufunde.

EPortugal, ngokuvamile nezikhulu ezinezikhundla eziphezulu ngokuthi "mandarins", okwakusho "isikhonzi, isikhulu." Ezinsukwini Imperial China Portuguese ngakho ngokuthi abantu abanethonya futhi wakuthola. Ngakho-ke, kancane kamuva wabonakala esikhunjeni esithambile Guanhua futhi Putonghua wathola igama lolungakahleleki - "Mandarin".

A uhlobo "Mandarin"

Ngokuvamile, ngaphandle yokuthi Putonghua - lwesigodi kuvamile kakhulu, usenayo eziningi subgroups. Lokhu kungenxa ngokuyinhloko yokuthi, lapho zaphathwa njengenhlangano lwesigodi olusemthethweni, lezo zindawo ukuthi wayeke angeke ukhulume olunye lwesigodi of Mandarin, Putonghua kabusha enguqulweni yakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, ezilimini Mandarin ulimi, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kuvamile kwezinye izifunda. Phakathi kwabo guoyu Taiwan, Singapore Huayu, kanye ezihlukahlukene Putonghua - guandunsky.

isisekelo zomlando

Ngaphambi Putonghua wasebenzisa ifomu lolungakahleleki ngemlomo ngaloko lokusandza kwenteka lwesigodi lwasenyakatho - Guanhua. Kukhona kungenzeka ukuthi waqala ukuthatha ukuma emuva lé ngawo-1266. Khona-dolobha Chinese idluliselwe insimu ka-Beijing yesimanje. Ngaleso sikhathi, waqala wokubusa kwakhe Yuan Dynasty. Ngo-1909, waba guoyu, okuyinto isikhathi esithile khona ejwayelekile esemthethweni ezaziwayo. Kamuva, kwadalulwa kabusha Putonghua. Le ndinganiso uhlanganisa Akulotshiwe kuphela kodwa futhi kuyinsakavukela ngomlomo.

Ngubani uthi?

Ngaphambi iziphathimandla kube nenkinga: indlela ukuthuthukisa yokwanda Putonghua equivalent temlomo yokukhuluma kulezo ezingxenyeni ezithile zeChina, lapho zisebenzisa nezinye izilimi zezigodi. Lo mbuzo wabuzwa ngisho ezilotshwe uMthethosisekelo Chinese. Kodwa ukusabalala nqubo ihamba kancane ngokwanele. manje Putonghua isetshenziswa ku-TV nasemsakazweni, kodwa kuphela kwesigamu sabantu bezwe jikelele zingachazwa ngalolo limi. % 18 kuphela ukusebenzisa isandiso ekhaya ukukhuluma. Futhi-42% of the abahlali ukukhuluma Putonghua esikoleni nasemsebenzini.

Ukuze ulawule le nkinga, kokuxilongwa iye kwetfulwa, elibonisa ezingeni lolwazi lwesigodi. Nquma okhuluma isiMandarin limi, kwasenza saba sekulula kakhulu. Kodwa kwathi imiphumela kungukuthi lokho singathanda ukubona iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 kamuva, ukwethulwa Putonghua.

Izinga eliphakeme iyona "1-A". It inikezwa kulabo abenza iphutha esingaphansi 3%. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuphumela isivivinyo Beijingers bomdabu kuzalwa. Futhi phakathi abanye abantu, lesi sibalo ezingavamile kakhulu. Uma e-Beijing ke wathola 90% examinees, idolobha abakhulu Tianjin isibe umholi nge 25% asebephumelele.

Ukuze usebenze lavela emisakazweni nakumathelevishini, ungenza hhayi ningi than 8% amaphutha, nokuthi ezingeni "1-B". Lokho abezindaba kufanele uthole imiphumela yokuhlolwa. Ukuze uthole uthisha kwezincwadi Chinese, kungase kube khona abangaphezu kuka-13% we amaphutha - lizinga "2-A". Naphezu kwezithiyo ezinjalo ukusebenza omubi Putonghua ayanda, kodwa abakwaziyo ukumuzwa lo lwesigodi Chinese eziningi. Nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi bakwazi ukukhuluma ulimi lwesigodi.