Isiko lomhlaba nomlando walo

Isiko lomhlaba, ekhuluma njengento ebonakalayo yokuphila komphakathi, inesithakazelo ezenzweni eziningi zesayensi. Lesi simo sihlolwe yizenhlalo kanye ne-aesthetics, ukuvubukulwa kwemvelo, i-ethnography nabanye. Okulandelayo, sizoqonda ukuthi yini isiko lomhlaba.

Ulwazi jikelele

Kufanele siqale ngokuchaza umqondo we "isiko". Leli gama linenjongo kakhulu. Ezobuciko ezikhethekile kanye nobuciko umuntu angathola ukuhunyushwa okuningi kwalokhu mqondo. Ekuphileni okuvamile, isiko siqondwa njengezinga lemfundo nokufundisa komuntu. Ngomqondo wokubukeka, lesi simo sihlobene ngqo nemisebenzi eminingi yobuciko bomuntu nobuciko obuchwepheshe. Ekuphileni komphakathi, izincazelo zokukhuluma, ezombusazwe, ezengqondo, isiko lombhizinisi nazo ziyasebenza.

Imiqondo yangaphambili

Esikhathini esidlule, izinga lamasiko lihambisana nempumelelo yezandla nobuchwepheshe, futhi umgomo kwakuwukwenza abantu bajabule. Umlando wesimiso sezwe ubuyela ekujuleni kwamakhulu eminyaka. Lo mqondo wawuqhathaniswa nokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu kanye nesimo sawo esiyinqaba. Ngemva kwesikhashana, kwacaca incazelo enzima. Ngokuyinhloko, wayengumlingani kaRousseau. Wayekholelwa ukuthi isiko lezwe lonke liwumthombo wobumbi nokungabi nabulungisa emphakathini. Ngokusho kukaRousseau, wayengumbhubhisi wokuziphatha futhi akazange enze abantu bajabule futhi bacebile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabantu - kungumphumela wempumelelo yamasiko. U-Rousseau uhlongozwe ukuba aphile ngokuvumelana nemvelo, ukufeza imfundo yomuntu wesisu sakhe. Efilosofi yaseJalimane yakudala, isiko lomhlaba lalibhekwa njengenhlangano yabantu inkululeko engokomoya. U-Herder wabeka phambili umbono wokuthi lesi simo sibhekisela phambili ekuthuthukiseni amakhono engqondo.

Ifilosofi yamaMarxist

Ngekhulu le-19, umqondo wokuthi "isiko lomhlaba" waqala ukusetshenziselwa njengendlela ebonakalayo yokukwazi komuntu ukudala kanye nesethi yemiphumela yemisebenzi yakhe. I-Marxism igcizelele isimo sesimo ngendlela ethile yokukhiqiza. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi bekuhlale kunomlingiswa okhonkolo: ukuqhutshwa kwesibhakabhaka, ukuqala, njll. Marxism iphenye ukubonakaliswa okuhlukahlukene: ezombusazwe, zabasebenzi kanye namanye amasiko.

Ukuqonda i-Nietzsche

Isazi sefilosofi sifisa ukuletha isiko lokugxekwa kwalesi simo kuze kube sekugcineni. Wabheka isiko njengendlela yokugqilaza nokucindezela umuntu ngezomthetho nezinye izinkambiso, izinqatshelwe, imiyalo. Noma kunjalo, isazi sefilosofi sasikholelwa ukuthi kwakudingeka. Wachaza lokhu ngokusho ukuthi indoda ngokwayo yinto ephikisana namasiko, elamandla kanye neyendalo.

I-theory ye-Spengler

Wenqaba umbono wokuthi umlando wezwe lamasiko uhlangene nentuthuko. Ngokusho kukaSpengler, ihlukaniswa zibe yizinto eziningana eziyingqayizivele nezizimele. Lezi zakhi azixhunyiwe futhi zidlulisele izigaba eziningana ezilandelanayo: ukuvela, ukucubungula nokufa. U-Spengler wayekholelwa ukuthi akekho isiko lomhlaba oyedwa. Isazi sefilosofi sasihlukanisa amasiko asendaweni ayisishiyagalombili: IsiRashiya-iSiberia, iMaya, iNtshonalanga Yurophu, i-Byzantine-Arab, i-Greco-Roman, isiShayina, isiNdiya, isiGibhithe. Babecatshangwa njengezikhona ngokuzimela nangokuzimela.

Ukuqonda kwanamuhla

Isiko lomhlaba yisenzakalo esiningi. Yakhiwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene. Umqondo wanamuhla wesimo uhlukile kakhulu, ngoba uhlanganisa izisekelo zamasiko omhlaba. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu ngabanye kuhlukile. Isiko sesizwe sibonisa indlela yaso kanye nendlela yomlando, isikhundla sayo emphakathini. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhuhlukahluka, lo mqondo ungowodwa. Igalelo elikhulu kumasiko wezwe lenziwa yimakethe ye-capitalist. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, kwabhubhisa ukwahlukana kwesizwe okwaqala eNkathini Ephakathi, ukuguqula iplanethi ibe "indlu eyodwa" yabantu. Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile kumasiko wezwe kwakuwukutholakala kweColumbus of America. Lo mcimbi wenze iqhaza ekuqedeni ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu nezizwe. Kuze kube mzuzu, ukusebenzisana kwamasiko kwakuyinkqubo yendawo eyengeziwe.

Izindlela zokuthuthukiswa eziyinhloko

Ekhulwini lama-XX kwakukhona ukusheshiswa okubukhali kokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe kazwelonke kanye nesifundazwe. Kuze kube manje, kunezinkomba ezimbili ekuthuthukiseni lokhu okuyinkimbinkimbi. Okokuqala kwalokhu kufanele kuthathwe njengesifiso sokuhlukile nokuqala, ukulondolozwa "ubuso". Lokhu kubonakala kakhulu emculweni, ezincwadini nasezincwadini. Umkhuba wesibili ukugxilwa nokusebenzisana kwamasiko ahlukene. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezindlela eziphumelelayo zokuxhumana kanye nokuxhumana, ukuhwebelana okusebenzayo nokushintshaniswa kwezomnotho, kanye nokukhona kwezakhiwo ezivamile zokuphatha ezilawula lezi zinqubo. Isibonelo, i-UN isebenza i-UNESCO - inhlangano ephethwe ukubhekana nezinkinga zesayensi, imfundo, isiko. Ngenxa yalokho, inqubo yentuthuko ithatha umbono ophelele. Ngenxa yesisekelo samasiko, kuhlanganiswa impucuko ehlangene yomhlaba wezeplanethi, enesiko lomhlaba wonke. Umuntu ngumdali walo. Njengoba nje isiko sikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu. Kulo, abantu badonsela kulokho okuhlangenwe nakho kanye nolwazi lwabanandulela kwabo.

Imvelo Yezenkolo Zomhlaba

Lesi simo sihlanganisa izinhlelo eziningi. Zakhiwe ngezizwe, ezihlobene nezinkolelo zasendulo namasiko abantu, ulimi. Lezi zinkolelo noma ezinye izinkolelo zazingakafiki emazweni athile. Izinto ezisemqoka zenkambiso yenkolo yezwe zihlobene kakhulu nezici zikazwelonke nezizwe zabantu.

UbuJuda

Le nkolo yavela kumaJuda asendulo. Ekuqaleni kwesibili leminyaka, laba bantu bahlala ePalestina. UbuJuda bungenye yezinkolo ezimbalwa eziye zasinda kuze kube yilolu suku ngendlela eguquguqukayo. Le nkolelo ibonisa ukuguqulwa kwesinye sezizwe ezivela ezintweni eziningi.

UbuHindu

Leli fomu lenkolo libhekwa njengelinye lezinto ezivame kakhulu. Kwavela enkulungwaneni yokuqala yokuqala AD. Kwakuwumphumela wokuphikisana phakathi kweJainism, uBuddhism (izinkolo ezincane) noBrahmanism.

Izinkolelo ZaseChina Yasendulo

Okuvamile kulezi zinsuku zakudala kwakuyizinkolo ezifana neConucucianism neTaoism. Ngezinye izikhathi kokuqala kuze kube namuhla, izingxabano ziyaqhubeka. Naphezu kokuthi kukhona izibonakaliso eziningi ezisivumela ukuba sibheke iCconucianism njengenkolo, abantu abaningi abayikuvuma. Ukuqakatheka kwalo kungukuthi kukhona ukushiywa kwabapristi kanye nokusebenza kwemikhuba yabaphathi bakahulumeni. I-Taoism ibhekwa njengenkolo yendabuko. Lanikeza uhlaka oluphakeme lwabapristi. Isisekelo senkolo sasinemilingo nezenzo zemilingo. I-Taoism yizinga eliphakeme lokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo. Kulokhu, inkolo ithole umlingiswa we-supranational. Esikhathini salolu hlobo lwenkolelo, abamele izilimi ezahlukene kanye nabantu baxubekile. Zingakwazi ukuhlukanisa kokubili indawo nemvelo.

UbuBuddha

Leli zwe lendabuko yenkolo yasendulo lavela ekhulwini lesi-5. BC. E. Inani lamakholwa lingamakhulu ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu. Ngokusho kwamarekhodi amadala kakhulu, umsunguli uyiNkosana yaseNdiya i-Siddhartha Gautama. Waqamba igama elithi Buddha. Njengoba isisekelo sale nkolo imfundiso yokuziphatha, lapho umuntu angakwazi ukuphelela khona. Ekuqaleni, imiyalo eBuddhism ithatha isimo esibi futhi ibe nomlingiswa ongavinjelwe: ukungathathi womunye umuntu, ukubulala, njalonjalo. Kulabo abalwela ukuba abaphelele, le miyalo iba amaqiniso aphelele.

UbuKristu

Le nkolo ibhekwa njengayo evame kakhulu. Kunamakholwa angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane. Njengesizathu, iBhayibheli lisetshenziselwa, elibandakanya iTestamende Elidala neNtsha. Imikhosi ebaluleke kakhulu yenkolo ingukudla kanye nokubhapathizwa. Lokhu okulandelayo kubhekwa njengophawu lokususwa kumuntu wesono sangempela.

Islam

Le nkolo iqhutshwa ngabantu abakhuluma isi-Arabhu, iningi labantu base-Asiya kanye nabantu baseNyakatho Afrika. Incwadi eyinhloko yamaSulumane yi-Koran. Kuyinto iqoqo lamarekhodi ezimfundiso namazwi omsunguli wenkolo, uM Mohammed.

Ekuphethweni

Inkolo ibhekwa njengenye yezindlela eziyinhloko zesimiso sokuziphatha. Ngaphakathi kwalo, imiyalo yeqiniso yenziwa, okuyinto umuntu adinga ukulandela kuyo yonke impilo yakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inkolo yisici senhlalo esilawula ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kulawo maqembu amalungu awo abona inkululeko yabo ngendlela yokuvumela.