Isayithi asebenzayo of enzyme: isakhiwo, izakhiwo. Ubani wathola indawo esebenzayo ye-enzayimu? Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi indawo esebenzayo ye-enzayimu?

Siye sezwa enzyme, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba ngamunye wethu kahle uyazi kahle indlela lezi izinto ahlelwe, nokuthi kungani kudingeka. Lesi sihloko sizosisiza ukuba baqonde isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi enzyme (enzyme) bebonke, futhi izikhungo zabo asebenzayo ngokukhethekile.

ucwaningo umlando

Ngo-1833, umthaki wemithi French Anselme Payen Bona ubuye uchaze izakhiwo Amylase enzyme.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uLouis Pasteur, ukutadisha ukuguqulwa ushukela ku utshwala ezihilela imvubelo, uphakamise ukuthi le nqubo kungenxa amakhemikhali ezakha nemvubelo.

Ekupheleni kwe-physiologist XIX leminyaka Villi Kyune lokuqala owaqamba igama elithi "ama-enzyme".

German Eduard Buchner ngo-1897 kutholakele futhi kwakhishwa echazwe zymase - enzyme eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi catalyzes ukuguquka sucrose ku Ethanol ukuphendula. Emvelweni zymase eliningi kule nemvubelo.

Akwaziwa nini futhi ngubani ovule isayithi asebenzayo we-enzyme. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso udumo kaNobel wemithi Edaurdu Buchner, isazi waseMelika uJames Sumner nezinye ososayensi abaziwayo abasebenze ekutadisheni catalysis enzymatic.

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana enzyme

Khumbula ukuthi ama-enzyme - izinto wamaprotheni semvelo, lokuyindlela imisebenzi e eziphilayo yelikhono zamakhemikhali. Enzyme has izingxenye okuyinto musa ngqo iqhaza ke, ukugeleza ukusabela kunikeza isikhungo asebenzayo we-enzyme.

Nazi ezinye izindawo enzyme:

1) Ukuphumelela. Inani elincane kulethe eyanele ukusheshisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali 10 ⁶ izikhathi.

2) ngokucacile. Omunye enzyme akuyona kulethe jikelele yanoma yimuphi ukuphendula kuseli. Ukuze enzyme waveza ngokucacile yesenzo: enzyme ngamunye catalyzes esisodwa noma eziningana besabela ngendlela efanayo ne substrates (okuphakelayo reactant), kodwa amanye amakhemikhali reagents ngoba isimo esifanayo, enzyme zingase zingabi usizo. Ukuxoxa le substrates ezifanele futhi kuchubekela embili ekunonophiseni ukusabela kunikeza isikhungo asebenzayo we-enzyme.

3) Sula Umsebenzi. Umsebenzi enzyme iseli kushintsha njalo kusuka phansi kuya phezulu.

4) Ukulalelisisa enzyme ethile kuseli akuyona njalo futhi ingase yehluke kuye ngesistimu izimo zangaphandle. enzyme ezinjalo eziphilayo okuthiwa inducible.

Ukwahlukaniswa enzyme

Uma sibheka ukwakheka kwazo bayo, ama-enzyme zingahlukaniswa zibe elula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Simple aqukethe kuphela amino acid izinsalela, ziyinkimbinkimbi non-amaprotheni iqembu izinto. Inxanxathela ngokuthi coenzymes.

Ngu uhlobo enzyme catalysed ukusabela zihlukaniswe zibe:

1) Oxidoreductases (catalyze ukusabela redox).

2) Transferases (idluliselwe ngamaqembu ahlukene angama-athomu).

3) Lyases (ninamathele izibopho zamakhemikhali).

4) Lipase (ifomu uxhumo ukusabela ngenxa amandla ATP).

5) Isomerases (uchuvstvuyut ukusabela interconversion ka isomers).

6) Hydrolases (catalyze zamakhemikhali ngu ukugaya ngezibopho).

Ukwakheka enzyme

Enzyme - isakhiwo isakhiwo ngakuthathu, okuyinto yakhiwa ikakhulukazi acid izinsalela acid. Futhi kukhona iqembu wokufakelwa - ingxenye non-amaprotheni nature, ehambisana ne-izinsalela acid acid.

Enzyme - amaprotheni ikakhulu globular ukuthi zingahlanganiswa izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Njengezinye izinto proteinaceous, ama-enzyme kuthiwa denatured ngokwandisa lokushisa noma ukuchayeka ezintweni ezithile amakhemikhali. Phakathi denaturation kuyahlukahluka ephakeme enzyme isakhiwo kanjalo izakhiwo isikhungo asebenzayo we enzyme. Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi enzyme incipha kakhulu.

substrate Catalyzed ngokuvamile mancane kakhulu kunalawo enzyme uqobo. Enzyme elula siqukethe ayisithupha acid acid izinsalela, kanye nesikhungo salo asebenzayo - amabili kuphela.

Kukhona ama-enzyme indawo okhanda amanye amathuba amino acid ezingavikelekile emelelwa, futhi iqembu organic wokufakelwa, noma (kaningi) wezinto imvelaphi - cofactor.

Umqondo isayithi asebenzayo

Kuphela ingxenye encane enzyme abahileleke ngokuqondile zamakhemikhali. Le ngxenye enzyme ebizwa ngokuthi isayithi asebenzayo. Isayithi asebenzayo of enzyme - a lipid, abambalwa acid acid izinsalela noma iqembu wokufakelwa, okuyinto sibopha kumuntu substrate futhi catalyzes ukusabela. Izinsalela acid acid isayithi asebenzayo liphethwe iyiphi amino acid - polar, nonpolar, icala, elimnandi uncharged.

I asebenzayo enzyme isikhungo (lokhu lipid, amino acid kanye nezinye izinto okwazi ukuthatha ne reagents) - okuyiyona ngxenye ebaluleke kakhulu enzyme, ngaphandle kwalezi izinto kungaba into engenamsebenzi.

Ngokuvamile, i-molecule ye-enzyme has indawo esebenzayo eyodwa kuphela, ukuphonsa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu reagents efanayo. Izinsalela acid acid isikhungo asebenzayo kwakhiwa i-hydrogen, izibopho hydrophobic noma covalent, azakhele eziyinkimbinkimbi lwe-enzyme-substrate.

Isakhiwo isikhungo asebenzayo

Isayithi asebenzayo enzyme, elula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ephaketheni noma slot. Lesi sakhiwo isikhungo asebenzayo of enzyme kumelwe kuvumelane geometrically futhi electrostatically substrate, kusukela ushintsho isakhiwo ephakeme ka enzyme kungaguqula isayithi asebenzayo.

Esibophezelayo futhi okhanda amanye amathuba isikhungo - izindawo enkabeni asebenzayo we-enzyme. Ngokusobala, isayithi esibophezelayo "amasheke" substrate kwedivayisi, futhi lihlotshaniswa, futhi isikhungo okhanda amanye amathuba uhileleke ngokuqondile ekusabeleni.

Yokubopha isikhungo asebenzayo of substrate

Ukuze uchaze ukuthi isayithi asebenzayo of enzyme ephathelene ne-reagent ethile, imibono eziningana Kuye kwahlongozwa. Ethandwa kakhulu wabo - theory Fisher, kungukungcola umbono 'Ilokhi nokhiye. " Fisher wasikisela ukuthi kukhona i-enzyme Lifanele substrate ngamunye impahla yayo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali. Ngemva kumiswa iyiphi ukulungiswa ingekho lwe-enzyme-substrate eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Esinye isazi-America - Daniel Koshland - wanezela Fisher kucatshangwa imfundiso yokuthi isayithi asebenzayo of enzyme Ungashintsha conformation yabo inqobo nje uma kungahlali substrate ethile.

I kinetics ukusabela enzymatic

Izici enzymatic ukuphendula uyafundelwa biochemistry nemkhakha wangasese - enzyme kinetics. Lokhu izifundo ikakhulukazi isayensi ukusabela ne lokuhlala ezahlukene enzyme substrates, ukwencika izinga yokusabela ku lokushisa ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana futhi bathole ezinye izindawo isayithi asebenzayo enzyme kuncike nemingcele ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali of the medium.

kinetics enzyme isebenza imiqondo ezifana yokusabela isilinganiso, kusebenze amandla, ukusebenza isithiyo, umsebenzi yamangqamuzana, umsebenzi othize kanye nabanye. Cabangela ezinye imiqondo le.

Lokho kwaba khona ukusabela yemvelo, i-reagents ezidingekayo ukuze uthumele abanye amandla. Lokhu amandla ibizwa ngokuthi amandla wokwenza kusebenze.

Ukwengeza ama-enzyme kuya reactants ukunciphisa amandla wokwenza kusebenze. Ezinye izinto asabele ngawo ngaphandle iqhaza enzyme, kusukela amandla ukusebenza liphezulu kakhulu. I yakhoibrium ukuphendula akusho shift ne ukwengeza enzyme.

Izinga yokusabela - lemali yendlela asabela umkhiqizo uvele noma unyamalale ngesikhathi iyunithi.

Ukwencika Isivinini ukuphendula ku substrate lokuhlushwa ubuningi ngokomzimba dimensionless ephawula - Michaelis njalo.

Umsebenzi Yamamolekhula - isibalo substrate molecule aguqulwa komunye molecule enzyme per unit isikhathi.