Angiosperms - phezulu kwemvelo emhlabeni isitshalo

izitshalo ukufinyelela ukuba izwe, okwenzeka ekuqaleni kwesikhathi Silurian (abangaba yizigidi ezingu-435. edlule), ephelezelwa izinguquko eziningi qualitative kwemvelo. Izitshalo baphoqeleka ukuba lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshashintshayo zokuphila eliwumhlaba. Ngo ukuvela izicubu zabo ezintsha uvele (epidermis, xylem, phloem, izicubu mechanical) kanye nezinhlaka (ihlumela eluhlaza kanye impande). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Rhyniophyta bakudala hhayi engimbumbile amahlumela kwathathelwa indawo Fern izinhlobo zasakazekela Earth ku Devonian (abangaba yizigidi ezingu-400. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule). Esikhathini Mesozoic (235-132 mln. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule) eplanethini ubuswa gymnosperms, nangasemva kwabo kukhona angiosperms, okuyinto ezibhekwa esivelele kwemvelo flora.

Angiosperms buyakhahlela ku Cenozoic - le nkathi Geological, elaqala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-66 edlule, luqhubeke kuze kube isikhathi samanje .. Nakuba, nahlulele by le mikhondo e kwezakhi idwala, sebephindele e-Mesozoic (yizigidi ezingu-130. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule), kodwa babengesibo amafomu ezimbalwa futhi bakudala. I angiosperms bokuqala - Nymphaeales abamele iqembu, okuhlanganisa iminduze amanzi.

Okwamanje, uMnyango iyona eminingi kakhulu. Phakathi yenkabazwe nezigxobo walabo ababili akukho sakhiwo, lapho kukhona izimo ukuphila isitshalo, kodwa angiosperms ayitholakalanga. Ngaphezu yasakazwa kungenzeka ukwehluka womhlaba, angiosperms libhekene yizinhlobonhlobo amafomu nezindlela sokukhula. duckweed Miniature esithathe ebusweni ichibi, nomuthi omkhulu baobab ophilayo amakhulu ngisho nezinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule, Cacti prickly nama-orchid, nenhle, nesizotha futhi Daisy giant Rafflesia imitha kokuba ubukhulu izimbali - bona bonke abangaphansi kwalesi mnyango. Shiya iqembu elikhulu - angiosperms zasemanzini ayehlala angenasawoti (ikakhulukazi) futhi anosawoti (kancane kaningi) yabulala namachibi ezinhlanzi. Abantu abanale mibono akuzona bakudala, ngokuphambene, kuwumphumela lithathelwe amafomu eliwumhlaba imvelo yasemanzini.

Isici esiyinhloko angiosperms - khona imbali, izitho okuzala, obhekene ukuzala futhi ikhanga impova ejenti. Ngakho, igama lesibili le-mnyango - izitshalo Izimbali (Magnoliophita).

Kabusha angiosperms kuhlobene ngokuqondile inqubo impova, okubandakanya izinambuzane, izinyoni, ezincelisayo, umoya namanzi. Ngo iningi sezulu iplanethi ejenti eziyisisekelo impova izinambuzane. Ngo Ezindaweni ezishisayo, lo msebenzi wenziwa izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Utshani ezimfundeni, emaqeleni kanye amathafa, sagebrush ezingwadule, zemithi emathafeni ase-futhi indlela ephakathi nendawo, izitshalo bog zingumoya impova ngezinyosi. Okuningi lingandile Water impova (hydrophilic) - kuba ejwayelekile zilwane, izimbali ukuthi eziqhakaza ngaphansi kwamanzi (isib Zostera). Kulezo sezulu esihlukahlukene lapho impracticable eyodwa yezindlela ezilandelayo, self-impova kwenzeka.

Esigabeni esilandelayo ukuveza - ukuvundisa izithelo kwetinhlavu. UMnyango Angiosperms izitshalo libhekene okuthiwa double kokukhulelwa hlobo. Impova othola ku inhlamba, "ihlumela", namadoda ovule bachubeka impova ishubhu ubulili amaseli. Omunye isidoda ehilelekile ukuzalanisa iqanda, kanye nezinye ixhunywe ungqimba ekhethekile kwamaseli - ungqimba sombungu. Ngenxa yalokho, esimweni sokuqala, umbungu, futhi owesibili - ukuze yenzelwe amandla isitoreji izicubu zawo.

Kukhona iqembu izitshalo angadingi impova (imbewu akhiwa ngaphandle iqhaza impova) kumiswa izithelo. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa Dandelions, isiphuku ntokazi, ezinye izinhlobo buttercup.

Kukhona futhi izitshalo vegetatively okusakazwa advantageously, ngokudlula isigaba imbali ekwakhekeni, impova kanye imbewu nokuvuthwa. Lokhu eziyizigaxa, esigaxeni namanye abameleli angiosperms.