Umsebenzi enzyme. Indima enzyme emzimbeni

Enzyme - a amaprotheni globular, ezisiza ukuba kudlule bonke izinqubo yeselula. Njengazo zonke yelikhono, abakwazi ukuvula emuva impendulo, futhi zisetshenziswa ukusheshisa ke.

Kwasendaweni enzyme kuseli

Engqamuzaneni, uketshezi ngabanye ngokuvamile equkethwe futhi usebenza organelles ngokuqinile echaziwe. Kwasendaweni enzyme kuhlobene umsebenzi ngokuvamile yenza isayithi cell.

Cishe zonke enzyme of glycolysis zitholakala cytoplasm. Enzyme Krebs umjikelezo - kuleli matrix mitochondrial. I izinto asebenzayo eziqukethwe lysosomes hydrolysis.

izicubu ezithile kanye izitho zezilwane nezitshalo akuzona kuphela iqoqo enzyme, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi wawo. Lesi sici izindwangu esetshenziswa emtholampilo in the izifo ezithile.

Kukhona futhi izici engu-specific umsebenzi bese usetha enzyme emisipheni. Ziyakwazi ngokucacile kakhulu ebonakalayo esikhathini yentuthuko embryonic lapho izicubu kwamangqamuzana.

Ngesilwane esifuywayo enzyme

Kukhona izinhlelo eziningana izihloko, ngalinye elikwazi uyakucabangela izakhiwo enzyme ntshashintshe.

• Eziwubala. Amagama izinto zinikelwe ukuba nezinhlamvu ezingahleliwe. Ngokwesibonelo, pepsin (pepsis -. "Ukugaya", Gr) Futhi trypsin (tripsis - "dilutes" esiGrekini.)
• Rational. Igama enzyme yakhiwa substrate futhi ekupheleni "-ase". Ngokwesibonelo, Amylase ngesivinini hydrolysis of isitashi (amylo -. "Isitashi", ngesiGreki).
• EMoscow. It lwemukelwa ngo-1961 yiKhomishana International phezu ngesilwane esifuywayo enzyme ngesikhathi V International kwamakhemikhali Congress. Isihloko izidakamizwa yakhiwa substrate futhi ukusabela okuyinto catalyzed (esasizosheshisa) yi-enzayimu. Uma umsebenzi enzyme kuyinto ukuze uthumele iqembu kuma-atom komunye-molecule (substrate) kwenye (the acceptor), kulethe inegama kanye negama amakhemikhali acceptor. Ngokwesibonelo, e-acid iqembu ukudluliswa usabela alanine 2-oksiglutarovuyu acid iqhaza alanine enzyme: 2-oksoglutarataminotransferaza. Igama ibonisa:
• substrate - alanine;
• acceptor - 2-oxoglutaric acid;
• amino kubekezelelwe ukusabela.

Commission International uye benza uhlu zonke enzyme eyaziwa, okuyinto njalo olusha. Lokhu kungenxa kokutholakala izinto ezintsha.

Ukwahlukaniswa enzyme

Abelana enzyme ngemacembu ngezindlela ezimbili. Eyokuqala linikeza amakilasi amabili izinto:

• elula - sakhiwa kuphela amaprotheni;
• eziyinkimbinkimbi - equkethe amaprotheni ingxenye (apoenzyme) kanye non-iprotheni ebizwa ngokuthi i coenzyme.

Amavithamini kungenzeka zifakwe non-amaprotheni ingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi enzyme. Ukuxhumana nezinye izinto kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa indawo esebenzayo. Ubude enzayimu i-molecule akusho iqhaza kule nqubo.

Izakhiwo enzyme, kanye nezinye amaprotheni, zinqunywa isakhiwo sabo. Kuye yelikhono it is nje ukuphuthumisa abasabela ngayo.

Eyesibili ngezigaba indlela uhlukanisa endabeni Eqinisweni, lokho umsebenzi wenziwa enzyme. Umphumela uwukuthi sekuhlelwe amakilasi angu eziyisithupha:

• oxidoreductase;
• transferase;
• hydrolase;
• isomerase;
• lyase;
• ligase.

Leli qembu ezivamile, bona azigcini nje ngokuhluka izinhlobo ukusabela elawula enzyme sakhiwe kuzo. Ngo izinto amaqembu ahlukene isakhiwo lihlukile. Futhi umsebenzi enzyme kuseli, Ngakho-ke, ngeke kube okufanayo.

Oxidoreductases - redox

Umsebenzi oyinhloko iqembu lokuqala enzyme - ukusheshisa namachibi zokunciphisa ukusabela. Sici sici: ikhono iketanga ka oxidative enzyme, lapho ukudluliswa electron noma ama-athomu ye-hydrogen kusukela substrate lokuqala kuya acceptor sokugcina. Lezi zinto zehlela abahlukene ngokuvumelana nesimiso wokusebenza noma emsebenzini ekusabeleni.

1. dehydrogenase aerobic (oxidase) ukusheshisa ukudluliselwa electron noma proton ngqo athomu umoya-mpilo. Anaerobic futhi okwenza isenzo esifanayo, kodwa ukusabela ezenzeka ngaphandle ukudluliswa electron noma ama-athomu ye-hydrogen ku-athomu omoya-nomoya-mpilo.
2. dehydrogenase Primary inqubo catalyzed ama-athomu ukuhoxiswa hydrogen kusuka izinto oxidizable (substrate okuyinhloko). Secondary - ukusheshisa ukususwa kwama-atom hydrogen kusukela substrate yesibili Ayekulungele ngokusebenzisa dehydrogenase eyinhloko.

Esinye isici: kokuba kulethe ezimbili ingxenye neqoqo obungaphelele kakhulu coenzyme (iqembu esebenzayo), bangakwazi ukusheshisa iqoqo ezihlukahlukene namachibi zokunciphisa ukusabela. Lokhu ibangelwa inqwaba ezahlukeneyo: i coenzyme esifanayo angase abanamathela apofermentami ezahlukene. Esimweni ngasinye, a ikakhulukazi oxidoreductase nezakhi zawo siqu.

Kukhona esinye isici leli qembu enzyme, okungase angeke sehluleke ingasaphathwa - bona kusheshiswe yezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezihambisana ukukhululwa amandla. ukusabela maKristu abizwa exothermic.

Transferase - abathwali

Lezi enzyme ukusebenza njengoba ukudluliselwa ukusheshisa ukusabela izinsalela yamangqamuzana namaqembu sokusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, phosphofructokinase.

Ukwabela amaqembu eziyisishiyagalombili catalysts, esekelwe iqembu ngcono. Cabanga nje ezinye zazo.

1. Phosphotransferase - ukusiza ukuze uthumele izinsalela of wali band acid. Basuke ihlukaniswe subclasses ngokuvumelana uya khona (utshwala, carboxylic acid, njll).
2. Aminotransferase - ukusheshisa ukuphendula amino acid transamination.
3. Glycosyl - idluliselwe glycosyl izinsalela yezinhlayiya ukuze molecule esters wali band of mono- futhi polysaccharides. Nikeza ukusabela noqhekeko kanye synthesis oligo- noma polysaccharides ezitshalweni isilwane eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iqhaza ukuphendula kokuwa sucrose.
4. Acyltransferase idluliselwe izinsalela of acid carboxylic ukuba ama, alcohols futhi ama-amino acid. Acyl-coenzyme-A liwumthombo enemisebenzi amaqembu acyl. Kungaba kubhekwe njengento iqembu esebenzayo ye acyltransferases. Ngokuvamile ibekezelelwe acyl acetic acid.

Hydrolase - kugaywe iqhaza amanzi

Kuleli qembu enzyme ukusebenza njengoba yelikhono ngokuba cleavage ukusabela (zamagama ngaphansi) ka organic compounds lapho amanzi ehilelekile. Izinto kuleli qembu agcinwa emakhejini ijusi wokugaya ukudla. yelikhono elithwala pheshana emathunjini yakhiwa isakhi esisodwa.

Indawo kwasendaweni la ma-enzyme kukhona lysosomes. Zenza imisebenzi zokuzivikela enzyme kuseli: izinto ninamathele bezizwe badabula ulwelwesi. Futhi kudle labo izinto zazo ayisadingeki cell, okuyiwona lysosomes ayebhekwa kwendle.

Omunye "Isidlaliso" yabo - yokuzibulala yeselula, ngoba ithuluzi esiyinhloko cell autolysis. Uma kwakuba khona isifo, ukuvuvukala uqalile, ulwelwesi iba permeable futhi lysosomal hydrolase ukuphuma zingene cytoplasm, ukucekela phansi yonke into endleleni yayo futhi wabhubhisa iseli.

Yabelwana izinhlobo eziningana yelikhono kuleli qembu:

• esterase - obangela hydrolysis ka esters ka alcohols;
• Glycosidase - ukusheshisa hydrolysis ka glycosides, okuya ngokuthi yikuphi isomer babesebenza, ihlaba umkhosi α- noma β-glycosidase;
• peptide hydrolase - obangela hydrolysis ka peptide izibopho amaprotheni, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile futhi zamagama abo, kodwa le ndlela alisetshenziswa amaprotheni zamagama emangqamuzaneni aphilayo;
• amidase - obangela hydrolysis ka amides, isibonelo, urease catalyzes noqhekeko urea ku-ammonia namanzi.

Isomerase - molecule ye ukuguqulwa

Lezi izinto ukusheshisa izinguquko ngaphakathi eyodwa-molecule. Kungenzeka kwesakhiwo noma weJiyomethri. Lokhu kungenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene:

• ukudluliselwa ama-athomu ye-hydrogen;
• ezihambayo iqembu phosphate;
• ushintsho indawo namaqembu e-athomu emkhathini;
• ukuhamba isibopho double.

I isomerization zingavezwa ukuba acid organic, ama-carbohydrate noma ama-amino acid. Isomerase Ungakwazi ukuguqula aldehydes futhi ketones, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifomu cis kabusha kwifomu trans futhi emuva. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi yini umsebenzi wenziwa yi-enzyme yaleli qembu, udinga ukwazi umehluko isomers.

Lyase uxhumano izinyembezi

Lezi enzyme ukuphuthumisa noqhekeko non-hydrolytic organic ubudlelwane compounds:

• carbon-carbon izibopho;
• phosphorus-mpilo;
• carbon-yisibabule;
• carbon-nitrogen;
• carbon-nomoya-mpilo.

Kulokhu kuhlanganisa ezifana imikhiqizo elula efana carbon dioxide, amanzi, i-ammonia, nezibopho avaliwe double. Bayingcosana zindlela zokusabela angaya kolunye uhlangothi, elihambisana enzyme ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele kule nqubo hhayi kuphela catalyze kokuhlukana, kodwa zamagama.

Ukwahlukanisa lyase kwenzeka uhlobo loxhumano, besephula. Ziyakwazi enzyme eziyinkimbinkimbi.

ligase crosslinked

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-enzyme yaleli qembu - ukusheshisa ukusabela zamagama. engavamile wabo - ngokudala conjugation nge nokwahlukana izinto okuyizinto bayakwazi amandla ngoba inqubo biosynthetic. Kunezigaba eziyisithupha ezakhiwe uhlobo loxhumano. Ezinhlanu kuzo ayafana subgroups lyases, eyesithupha unomthwalo wokusungula zokuxhumana "nitrogen-metal".

Ezinye ligases bahileleke kubaluleke ngokukhethekile iseli izinqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, ligase DNA abathintekayo kulo ukufanisana ka-deoxyribonucleic acid. Yena umuntu othungela nicked, ukudala phosphodiester izibopho entsha. It wayengadlali ophelelwa Okazaki izinsalela.

Lokhu enzyme efanayo kabanzi lisetshenziswe genetic engineering. Kuvumela ososayensi ukuba crosslink molecule ye-DNA ye-izingcezu ezidingekayo wabo, ukudala neketanga eziyingqayizivele deoxyribonucleic acid. Bona ongabeka ulwazi, ngaleyo ndlela kudale embonini ukwenziwa amaprotheni ebalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, kungenzeka thunga ucezu DNA ye-bacterium obangela zamagama insulini. Futhi lapho iseli ngeke ukusakaza amaprotheni ayo, yena ngesikhathi esifanayo masenze nezithako ezidingekayo ngezinhloso zokwelapha. It uhlala kuphela ukusula, futhi kuzosiza abantu abaningi abagulayo.

Iqhaza elikhulu enzyme emzimbeni

Abakwazi ukwandisa izinga yokusabela izikhathi ezingaphezu kweshumi. Kubalulekile umsebenzi evamile cell. A enzyme iqhaza ukuphendula ngasinye. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi enzyme emzimbeni ahlukahlukene njengoba zonke izinqubo ezenzeka. A ukuphazamiseka lezi yelikhono kuholela nemiphumela enqala.

Enzyme kabanzi ukudla, umkhakha ukukhanya, imithi: esetshenziswa womshini ushizi, ayi, ukudla okusemathinini, afakiwe yokuwasha izimpushana. Babuye asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni materials lokushicilela.