International Red Book: izilwane. Ngubani kuholela Encwadi Olubomvu?

. I ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, usosayensi IsiZulu J. Darrell udonsa isifaniso: emhlabeni - web ububanzi, kanti uma ethintwa kancane, kuba kakhulu, ngeke zithuthumele, kanti okubi - igebe livela. Futhi abantu entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe uzamazamisa umhlaba, kwakheka umgodi kuwo, okuyinto engeke idonse ivalwe. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko kuthinta yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene planethi: fade zinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane, izitshalo, isikhunta, ukuba khona eziningi kubo umphakathi wezwe lonke manje uyazi kuphela yokuvubukula kwezazi. Futhi lokho ngeke izizukulwane zethu? Bayoba ukutadisha ukwehluka yangaphambili emhlabeni yezilwane izithombe kuma-encyclopedia izincwadi zomlando?

Isintu sathola ngesinye ukuza ukuqonda ukuthi imvelo kumele sivikelwe futhi kuqashwe. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi ngomzamo ukulondoloza izimila nezilwane International Red Book. Umlando sendalo ungu- ngempela ezithakazelisayo.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba la Incwadi Red

Kakade ezikude 1902. Paris iCongress of izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezivela emhlabeni wonke, empikiswaneni ebalulekile - ukuvikelwa izinyoni. Ngemva eziningi nemibiko okokuqala isinqumo senziwe ku ngokuvikela imvelo yale planethi futhi wasayina International Convention for the Ukuvikelwa Izinyoni, owawungumnyaka ukhokho yesimanje Red Book.

Kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane. Izwe lonke esalulama Second neMpi Yezwe. 1948, ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi i-UNESCO, wadala inhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni - World Conservation Union - IUCN (IUCN). Kakade ngo-1949, i-IUCN usungula "umzimba lokuphatha" - Commission on kwezinhlobo lokusinda.

Yezinjongo eziyinhloko

I-World Conservation Union likhombe umsebenzi oyinhloko lokusinda zinhlobo eKhomishini:

• ukufunda isimo zezinyoni ezingavamile izitshalo, isikhunta nezilwane;
• ukuhlonza zinhlobo nge ingozi okusezingeni eliphezulu lokuqothulwa;
• ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi zezivumelwano ngamazwe, imihlangano;
• ahlanganise uhlu ezisengozini yokuqothulwa;
• ukunikela izixazululo ukuze kulondolozwe ngezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa.

Thina kuchazwe emigomweni, kodwa Yini elandelayo? Futhi, njengoba ngokuvamile kunjalo, ukuqaliswa yabo yephuza ... Sekuyisikhathi cishe engu-20. 1963, inhloko ikhomishana Piter Skott inikeza uhlu izilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, igama okuyinto - International Red Book. Amalungu ikhomishana babuza: "Kungani elibomvu?", Ukuze okuyinto Scott waphendula: "Red - umbala ingozi, futhi lokho kusho ukuthi singakwazi ulahlekelwe kancane esinayo ngisho."

Ngokushesha, okukhiphayo ukukhanya uhlelo lokuqala, imiqulu emibili, efana ikhalenda edeskini. Lalihlanganisa 312 zezinyoni kanye 211 zezilwane ezincelisayo. Incwadi ithunyelwe ku abamukeli ezithile - ukuze ososayensi abaqavile emphakathini. I Abadali Tome kusengaphambili inqobo nje uma isilwane uyashintsha, ngakho njengoba kubuyekezwa idatha abamukeli ukuthumela amashidi abahlungi abasha esikhundleni sokuthi eyodwa ubudala.

Izinguquko yandiswe: njengesisekelo esinembile sokubalwa kwezikhathi

Kuze 1980, iNcwadi Red zibhaliwe kathathu: ukushintsha ifomethi, isibalo sezikhungo amavolumu, ulwazi ezihlukahlukene ngezinhlobo (4 edition th avela walulama 13 zinhlobo), ushintshe isakhiwo.

Kusukela 1988 kuya ku-1998. iya International Red Book - uhlu izilwane ngokuthi "Red List of Species Ezisongelwayo." Ngo 5 yezinhlu eshicilelwe iminyaka 10. Bayisibonelo wafana Encwadi Red, kodwa abe ifomethi ngokuphelele, izinhlobo ezahlukene ngezigaba. Ngakho, uhlu siqukethe amayunithi ezimbili, okuyinto zihlukaniswe taxa olwengeziwe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi omunye taxa yilezo zilwane ukuthi ngasinda besekuthunjweni.

Njengoba izinhlu, futhi International Red NCWADI IUCN futhi World Conservation Monitoring Centre (Cambridge, UK). Ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi yi amadoda IUCN ayizinkulungwane weKhomishana ku zezinyoni ezingavamile ehilelekile ukuhlaziya ulwazi, ikhumbula idatha nokushicilela izincwadi. Kuyinto ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo, siyazi onjani izilwane abadinga ukuvikelwa, futhi ezinye zazo, ngeshwa, asikaze sibone eplanethini yethu.

ukubukeka

enza International Red Incwadi kanjani? Kuyinto Tome kuhle ezithakazelisayo, okuyinto kancane okusikhumbuza rainbow: isembozo elikhanyayo ebomvu umbala, kanye nezigaba anemibala ehlukene (abomvu, abamnyama, abamhlophe, oluhlaza, ophuzi, gray). Kwabaningi kuphakama umbuzo ngokuqondene lapho Incwadi Red lilondolozwe. Ngenhlanhla, kuba inkinga yomphakathi, ngakho-ke zingatholakala kunoma iyiphi umtapo ezinhle. Abanye abathandi bemvelo izinto zokuzilibazisa bakhetha babe ke arsenal ibhuku lami siqu sika.

Manje asikhulume kabanzi mayelana esigabeni ngasinye. Ulwazi mayelana izilwane we-International Red Book evamile ihlukaniswe izingxenye eziyisithupha:

• izinto eziphilayo;
• izilwane ezisengozini futhi ezingavamile;
• izinhlobo anyamalale ngokushesha;
• zinhlobo ayindlala;
• zinhlobo abangaphansi eyaziwa;
• Imfuyo engachithi sikhathi adinga isivikelo.

Ngenxa yalokhu-ke kulula ukuthola ulwazi mayelana isilwane esithile.

wekhodi izinhlobo

Abamele ingxenye Incwadi Red ngamunye kufanele wekhodi yabo.

Emakhasini emnyama angaphezu ibekwe izilwane ezingasekho (EX) nezilwane yokuqothulwa ngokwemvelo (EW); obomvu ikhasi - lwezilwane ezisengozini (VU) futhi ezisengcupheni ngokuhlolisisa (CR); Amakhasi Yellow - ezisengozini yokuqothulwa (VN); Amakhasi emhlophe - zinhlobo ukuthi sekuseduze ukuba isimo sengozini (NT); grey ikhasi - thukela wafunda (CD); Green amakhasi - zinhlobo nge ingozi ephansi yokuqothulwa (LC).

Yimaphi amanye lwazi luhlanganisa International Red Incwadi? Izithombe izilwane. Ngokwemvelo, emakhasini incwadi eceleni idatha yemvelo iyatholakala isithombe lolu hlobo (ngaphandle kwesilwane yokuqothulwa, ukubukeka okuyinto ukusungulwa noma kube ingcaca, noma sebenzisa ihluzo ikhompyutha).

Nansi-International Red Book. Izilwane ukuthi ethulwa kuwo zahlukahlukene. Mayelana Imininingwane inqubekela-phambili yesayensi njalo olusha, unezela izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo nezilwane ezithile bashintshe isimo sabo ngenxa yezenzo kwemvelo. Futhi angeke sehluleke ukujabulisa!

izinhlelo ezifunda Incwadi Red

Ekhuluma International Red Book, kuyafaneleka ukuthi unakho analogue: ngokwesibonelo, i-International Red Encwadi Ukraine futhi International Red Book of Russia. Izilwane, aqukethe ulwazi izincwadi ezifana nalezi, siphile (noma oke wahlala) ezindaweni ebekiwe.

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, edition zesifunda Encwadi Red iqukethe ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana izinhlobo, kunokusebenza ngamazwe. Leli qiniso kungenxa yokuthi izifunda yokuqala endaweni gxila isici nezilwane ezihlukahlukene kule ndawo, nesibalo nenhlobo zazo kuyahluka kakhulu kusukela embulungeni yonke. Ngakho-ke, le idatha ihlaziye ngokuphelele futhi olusha njalo.

izincwadi Regional nazo lihlukile version ngamazwe somklamo, luhlala ingashintshiwe ikhava elibomvu kuphela.

Manje ake sigxile zezinhlobo esivelele kunazo zonke nezilwane, okuyizinto on onqenqemeni yokuqothulwa futhi zihlelwe ngokuthi ezisengcupheni.

International Red Incwadi ihlosi lase-Amur (Panthera iTigrisi altaica)

Amur Tiger (Ussuri) eNcwadini Red kuboniswa kanjani umbono elincane (VU) elisenyakatho yeRussia. Ngisho 100 edlule, inani izilwane libalwa izinkulungwane, kodwa ngenxa ukuzingela labantu aqala ukuncipha kakhulu. Namuhla ihlosi lase-Amur labantu alikutjheji 500 ngabanye.

Lolu hlobo - omunye abameleli ambalwa umndeni cat eye ingashintshwa ukuze sezulu esibi ehlathini. Isici esiphawulekayo lokhu sub - emihlanu isentimitha ungqimba lwamafutha ku esiswini, okuvumela ukuba uthwale ikati ngokweqile okushisa aphansi.

International Red Book: izilwane - iqhwa ingwe (Panthera uncia)

Isithwathwa ingwe (irbis, iqhwa ingwe) - ikati elikhulu ophila kwezifunda zezintaba-Asia Ephakathi. Kuze kube ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, iqhwa izingwe zinendima ebalulekile ukuhweba noboya. Kuze kube manje, ukuzingelwa iqhwa ingwe kungavunyelwe, ulwazi mayelana isilwane iqukethe International Red Book. Isithwathwa izingwe ihlukaniswa njengoba ezisengozini yokuqothulwa (EN).

Visayas warty ingulube (Sus cebifrons)

Visayas warty ingulube uhlala emhlabeni, kuphela ziqhingi ezimbili - SasePanay futhi Negro (I qoqo leziqhingi Philippine). Ngenxa ngokungakhethi ukuzingela labantu izinombolo ezingulubeni iminyaka 60 lancipha ngu-80%! Kusukela 1998 Visayas warty ingulube ukuqaphile International Red Book. Izilwane ezibhekwa izilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa (EN).

Tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus)

Quoll (tiger cat) lethiwa ngenxa yokufana aso marten kanye cat. Namuhla, lolu hlobo Martens nihlale imiphakathi emibili elingalodwa lwase-Australia (enyakatho - Queensland, empumalanga - kusukela eningizimu Queensland ukuze Tasmania). Ulwazi mayelana Martens marsupial iqukethe International Red Book. Izilwane kwalesi silwane ube isimo eduze isimo abasengozini (NT).

Largetooth sawfish (Pristis microdon)

Largetooth sawfish (kummango-pristiophorus) - owakhileyo emanzini angasogwini zasePacific Oceans Indian. Ubude bempilo ekuthunjweni akuyona iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-7. IRed Incwadi pylori has isimo "isengozini ngendlela ebucayi» (CR).

Burmese Monkey tholakala (Rhinopithecus strykeri)

Burmese elimile elinekhala inkawu (elimile elinekhala inkawu Stryker) njengoba zinhlobo laziwa izazi kuphela ngo-2010. Uhlala zilwane lezimfene kuphela enyakatho eBurma. Igama lalo ngenxa igunya of owathola yayo kanye nesakhiwo engavamile kwekhala - amakhala of monkey elimile elinekhala waphenduka. Ngenxa yalokhu izici yokwakheka Burmese inkawu ethimule e imvula - amathonsi amanzi awakhuphule iwela emakhaleni akhe. Kakade 2012, inkawu Burmese sasitholakala njengoba isimo ezisengozini - ezisengozini ngokuhlolisisa (CR). Namuhla kunabantu abangaba ngu-300 Myanmar elimile elinekhala inkawu.

isihlobo bethu abaseduze - orangutan (Pongo)

Orangutan - enkulu kwenkawu isihlahla, isakhiwo DNA yayo esiseduzane DNA yomuntu. Ukwabela Sumatran futhi Kalimantan orangutan (ngobukhulu - Kalimantan emikhulu). Isizathu zokunciphisa sabantu - ukugawula emvula (Indawo orangutan) ngokungalinganiseli nokuzingela okungekho emthethweni.

Sumatran orangutan ohlwini isimo ezisengozini - ezisengozini ngokuhlolisisa (CR); orangutan Bornean ethulwa ngesimo "lwezilwane ezisengozini» (VU). Ithemba uhlala ukuthi lolu hlobo kuzoqhubeka kuze zoo kanye nemvelo reserves.

uphawu iCaspian (Phoca caspica)

Seal iCaspian (iCaspian Seal) uthuthe phakathi engxenyeni esenyakatho yoLwandle iCaspian kanye Urals. Ngisho 100 edlule, inani lwezimpawu kwakulethwa abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi, selibalelwa namuhla ngokulambisa sifinyelela ayizinkulungwane 100. Izimbangela: ukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho mass, ukungcola kwamanzi, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. uphawu iCaspian is ezisohlwini iNcwadi Red njengoba izinhlobo ivuliwe onqenqemeni yokuqothulwa (EN).

Ekuphetheni

Le nsizwa yayibonakala ukuba isidalwa ezinengqondo, kodwa noma kunjalo-ke mindlessly ebhubhisa emasimini, amahlathi, "ujike emifuleni abuyele", ukuhlela ngokusebenzisa ukuzingela, ngezinhlamvu zezibhamu zokuzingela. Uphenyo yokuziphatha engenangqondo ezinjalo - ekunyamalaleni zezintaka yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene.

incwadi Red, ephuma engena ekukhanyeni, yabhekisela umphakathi ukuba kangakanani umonakalo kakade ulethe abantu imvelo. Yiqiniso, ezinye izinhlobo, ngeshwa, siyohlala ezincwadini zomlando, kodwa kukhona nalabo ezingakwazi ukulondolozwa ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo.

Siyabonga bonke amapaki etshalwe futhi alondoloza, okuyinto benza banikela ngendlela ebalulekile ekulondolozweni zilwane! Kodwa namanje kakhulu ukuthi wonke umuntu emhlabeni uye waba negalelo ekulondolozweni imvelo, futhi Encwadi Red njalo agcwaliswa Amakhasi oluhlaza.

Earthlings! Khumbula ukuthi thina kakhulu kudingeka unakekele le planethi, okuyinto namanje ukuhlupheka sisekhona baqonde futhi ugcine isimo obusizungezile, futhi akazange akhohlwe nakancane ukukhohlwa ukuthi zonke izidalwa emhlabeni kuyadingeka futhi ezibalulekile! Izilwane - omakhelwane bethu emhlabeni wonke, hhayi izingubo nokudla!