Eziphuthumayo kafushane uhlamvu Geological

mlilo, ukuzamazama komhlaba, mudslides, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, idwala ukuwa, izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze, izenzakalo Karst nge uhlaka komhlaba - zonke lezi izinhlekelele zemvelo ezihlobene imvelo Geological we eziphuthumayo. Ezinye izinhlekelele zemvelo kungenziwa abikezela, iningi bengayi. Kodwa ukufunda imithetho yokuziphatha ezimweni ezinjalo kubalulekile kusukela ebuntwaneni. Lesi sihloko kungabasiza uthisha ngubani isifinyezo sezinto sifundo zokuphepha ukuphila "uhlamvu Geological eziphuthumayo."

ukuzamazama komhlaba

ukuqhela ngokuzumayo iphula kuqweqwe isiphuku engenhla, eliphumela ukuzamazama ebusweni kunyakaza umhlaba sika ngocansi olude njengoba kunyakaza nokunwebeka - ukusikinyeka kwephasi. nemvelo Geological yale plan eziphuthumayo ngokuvamile zenzeka izigaba ezintathu - fortshoki, push main futhi ukundindizela.

Pushing ngokwabo kanye nesikhathi sokulinda phakathi ezimbili ezihluke kakhulu. Main libhekene amandla amakhulu kunawo wonke kanye nesikhathi kuvamise imizuzwana embalwa nje, kodwa abantu bayibheka njengelungelo eside kakhulu. Ukundindizela ukukhiqiza engqondo nakakhulu ukushaqeka: abantu bazizwe kwesiphetho usizi, ngamaketanga ukwesaba, ngasebenzi, futhi kubalulekile ukuvikela bese ubheka izindawo ephephile.

amandla nesilinganiso

Kukhona, lapho main amandla ukukhululwa in ivolumu kwezakhi eMhlabeni, iyona komhlaba. Hypocenter, noma ukugxila kuwo - iphuzu esinikelweko e umnyombo isikhungo, futhi projection we hypocenter phezu - lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona emhlabeni lapho kukhona ukubhujiswa yakhula kakhulu. Land angeke libe lodwa, njalo ngonyaka kokuzamazama komhlaba efanayo eqoshiwe emakhulwini amaningi ezinkulungwane, kodwa ababuthakathaka ngakho esikhathini esiningi, abantu angaluboni.

Leyo akuyona ubunjalo izinhlekelele umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Amaphuzu, elinganisa ukushuba ukuzamazama komhlaba, likhokhelwa ngenani umonakalo phezu. Kuyinto esetshenziswa kakhulu Richter Scale nesikali International sokulinganisa amandla okuzamazama komhlaba. Okwenzeka ngokuthi isici amandla ingqikithi kunyakaza nokunwebeka oholele lokhu inhlekelele.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba e-Russia

On insimu yezwe lethu amabili nesishiyagalombili wamaphesenti ezindaweni ezithandwa ukuzamazama komhlaba ngamunye kwanele. Okuvame kakhulu uhlamvu Geological eziphuthumayo okwenzeka eKamchatka, e iBaikal esifundeni, eningizimu eSiberia, Kuril Islands neNorth eCaucasus. Ukuvikeleka izinhlekelele ezinje inselele ezibucayi. izenzakalo Anti-zokuzamazama komhlaba zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili - isixwayiso futhi kwenziwe ngokushesha ngaphambi nangesikhathi komhlaba. Izinyathelo - kuyinto zokuvimbela, okuyinto eyenziwa ngaphambi usongo kwavela inhlekelele.

Ososayensi abahlola lesi simo lapho kukhona Geological eziphuthumayo uhlamvu zemvelo, kwembule izindlela zabo, ukukhomba zonke harbingers lwenhlekelele nokuthuthukisa izindlela umhlahlo. Futhi lapho 'ukuduma kuqhume ", udinga nje ukusindisa abantu - abanjwe emizini yabo, abangenamakhaya. Ezendawo nemabhizinisi kudingeka ukuba kwakhiwe ikhumbula ukuzinza zokuzamazama komhlaba esifundeni - kuqala lokhu. Kungenjalo amashwa omkhulu kuyoletha inhlekelele uhlamvu Geological, izibonelo Armenia Spitak akunakwenzeka ukuba ziyashesha ukulibaleka. Umphakathi kumele zifundiswe indlela okumelwe ziziphathe, lizinga inhlangano ukutakulwa kumelwe futhi kuze kube par. Isexwayiso uhlelo - omunye izimo esemqoka yokuntuleka eziningi izisulu.

ukuqhuma

Ekujuleni emhlabeni izinqubo njalo esebenzayo, okuyinto umphumela kuba mlilo. Eruption besongelwa abantu abayizigidi ezingu ezingamakhulu amabili, abahlala eduze kakhulu izintaba-mlilo Sleepless. Eziphuthumayo uhlamvu Geological, izibonelo zazo sithola ngisho endulo (yasePompeii), ehambisana ne-ukunyakaza magma e ungqimba lomhlaba, okungukuthi, ne-mlilo. Magma - ngesiGreki "ukhilimu obukhulu" - a oncibilikisiwe silicate mass, okusho amatshe, red-hot ukuthela ngesikhathi lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu ekujuleni Earth.

Uma lezi uquqaba magma ifinyelela ebusweni, ngenxa ye ibhekene nengcindezi enkulu ngaphakathi kuqhuma iqala, nemifudlana somlilo okusamanzi itshe iflothi emhlabathini, ukucekela phansi yonke into endleleni yayo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-lava, okungukuthi, magma kusukela eye yanyamalala ezihlukahlukene omkhulu amagesi, ngokuvamile ushevu yonke into ephilayo, futhi wathatha nabo eziningi amakhilomitha nokuvala unaphakade amafu kwelanga umlotha.

Izintaba-mlilo eRussia

Isici Geological uhlamvu eziphuthumayo, njengokulungisa kuqhuma zinganikwa siyiqonde ngokugcwele uhlobo lesi simanga. Ngo ungqimba lomhlaba emva ukwakheka iplanethi futhi iyapholisa kwakheka iziteshi eziningi nokusasamba, lapho magma iza esondelene kakhulu ebusweni. Futhi esikhathini esithile kwamakamelo magma, sise aphakame cishe ayisithupha amakhilomitha ukujula, ngenxa ye ibhekene nengcindezi enkulu iqala ukuthulula magma. Njengoba akhiwa izintaba-mlilo - ezimele entabeni, ngikudalile ngokwabo kusukela imikhiqizo ye nokuqhuma lalo.

Zintathu izinhlobo hlobo lwezintaba-mlilo: le yokuqothulwa, ithule futhi esebenzayo. Elele kunosongo ezingacacile, ngoba ulwazi mayelana ukuqhuma esintwini lapho, kodwa komhlaba wendawo ngaphansi kwazo namanje, okungukuthi, noma ngasiphi isikhathi lapho tryahnot namandla, intaba-mlilo angakwazi ukuvusa. Ezingasekho - izintaba-mlilo ngasebenzi, baze banikezwe ngisho ngokuvamile kakhulu walahlekelwa isimo sabo. Active iwumthombo njalo ingozi uma sicabangela Amathuba kuqhuma.

nezinye supervolcanoes Yelostounsky

Kukhona supervolcanoes, efana IYellowstone e-US. Emhlabeni mayelana amabili anjalo. Balala isikhathi eside - ngezinye izikhathi izigidi zeminyaka. Kodwa lapho ngivuka, kuza ayisekho uhlamvu wendawo zemvelo Geological eziphuthumayo. Izibonelo yeqhwa lukhulu. Lokhu kuqhuma zokugcina iphutha e-New Zealand, engamashumi amabili nesikhombisa namakhulu edlule. Ash ukumboza ungqimba phansi multimeter wahlanganisa nokwenqaba ilanga iminyaka embalwa. Wadedelwa emkhathini mayelana neshumi nambili amakhilomitha square.

lokuhlushwa umlotha ngisho intabamlilo kodokotela ngezinye izikhathi elikhulu ukuze izinsuku ezimbalwa engabiza ebumnyameni ebusuku. Khona-ke ubusuku weza emhlabeni wonke, futhi wahlala hhayi nezinsuku neminyaka. Plus amathani abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu-sulfur dioxide emoyeni laduma phezu cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba. Sulfuric acid izimvula waqala, zonke izimila yayifa ngaphansi kwazo. Umhlaba elahlekile ke ukuba amaphesenti angu-zezinyoni kuphela ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu. Labo ukuthi ukuphila kulezi zinsuku - a measly nanhlanu angu ebuhleni balo obukhulu bangaphambili. Futhi into eyinhloko ukuthi umzabalazo ngisho ne-mlilo evamile cishe akunakwenzeka, ukuvuswa nge supervolcano ngisho ukubaleka ngeke isebenze - wake. Manje zama igama uhlobo Geological le nhlekelele okubi kunalokho.

Ukudilika kwenhlabathi

Ezazidilikile zenzeka ezweni lethu kulo lonke ezindaweni lapho kungekho khona flatness landscape. Izinhlobo uhlamvu Geological eziphuthumayo Ziningi futhi zihlukahlukene, nokudilika kwenhlabathi awacatshangwa ayingozi kakhulu. Nakuba ezingalindelekile - khona. Kungani phansi ngaphansi isisindo uquqaba sehla phansi omkhulu emaceleni ale ntaba namagquma, slide, ifofobaliswa, ulwandle, ichibi futhi umfula masimu?

Ukuzinza emthambekeni ekhathazwa ngoba relatedness edwaleni noma inhlabathi Akumangalisi esingaphansi amandla adonsela phansi. Kulapho emthambekeni isethwe kunyakaza. Akukona inhlekelele enkulu kangaka, zabulala izinkulungwane zabantu, kodwa umonakalo mkhulu kakhulu: amakhaya acekelwe phansi wangcwatshwa zokuxhumana, imihubhe amapayipi abekho, amanethiwekhi ngaphezulu kagesi kanye izintambo zocingo.

Yini ebangela kwenhlabathi

Izinto kungadala ukuthi kumhambela, ingase ibe khona ehlukile, futhi kaningi kakhulu lokhu isici umsebenzi womuntu. Lokhu cut amanzi inhlabathi, ukubhujiswa uhlaza (ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi), noma ukushintsha uhlobo emasimini, le weathering futhi, futhi, ukuzamazama komhlaba, okubangela kwenhlabathi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu - okusheshayo, aphakathi nendawo kanye kancane. Kuphela ngokudilika kwenhlabathi okusheshayo ubulale abantu abaningi. Nokho kukhona umehluko ku we ebusweni ngokuhambisa ukujula: ezincane - kuze kufinyelele ngamamitha amahlanu, indawo - kuze imitha ezijulile - kuze kube amamitha amabili futhi, ngokufanelekile, sijule kakhulu - engaphezu kwamashumi amabili.

Amandla mass entrained zemibhoshongo idwala, futhi: kwenhlabathi ezincane ukuthatha amamitha angu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi square zenhlabathi, amakhulu kwesigidi. Nokho, hhayi kuphela emhlabeni kukhona izimo eziphuthumayo ezinjalo uhlamvu zemvelo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Izibonelo kuqinisekisa kokubhubhisa okukhulu ne-tsunami, okuyinto avame akhiwa ngenxa i kumhambela kwamanzi, okuyinto yena, ezenzeka ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba. Ukuphazamiseka inhlabathi phezu imiphetho eshalofini zinkulu kakhulu. EScotland, ngemva kumhambela washayiseka amanani kuwo wonke amakhilomitha rasstoyaniivosmidesyati ukusuka ogwini.

sill

Futhi imiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba, gryazekamennye notshwala zeziyaluyalu emifuleni amandla omkhulu kinetic futhi ijubane amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-nanhlanu ngehora. Amandla sagibela futhi zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu: uma ukususwa lowo doti ukugeleza uquqaba ngaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu cubic metres, kuba mudflow enamandla, kukhona medium - ukuze statysyach, futhi ebuthaka - cubic metres engaphansana kweshumi eziyinkulungwane ukugudluka.

Ubungozi izikhukhula bamangala lapho ukukhula ngokushesha kakhulu kanti isikhathi ngezinye izikhathi ngaphezu kwamanxeba amahora ayisishiyagalombili. Abakwazi ukubikezela nge nempumelelo ethile ngokuhlaziya Imiphumela kokuma. Yakhelwe ekhethekile izakhiwo wokubacindezela futhi selezaderzhivaniya selenapravleniya. Main - hhayi ukusika izihlahla ku ezintabeni ngaphandle ukulungisa uhlelo impande kwandisa ingozi sokufaka ngokuphindaphindiwe.

ngendathane

Isithwathwa nciphisa, a yisisindo esikhulu angawi noma ilele kusuka emaceleni ale ntaba abahudulele isisindo ezingasho. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani izenzo sabantu ngesikhathi imvelo Geological we oluphuthumayo ngempela okunenjongo, kodwa kukhona ngendathane unyaka ngamunye ekupheleni engaphezu kwekhulu izimpilo. Amandla okubhubhisa ngendathane kuphezulu kakhulu, ngoba energy kinetic ngaphezulu. Sihlukaniswe ubunjalo ukunyakaza kwabo gxuma, uwolokosho kanye emthambekeni.

Izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze akhiwa ikakhulu emithambekeni treeless, lapho emthambekeni degrees ezingaphezu kuka nanhlanu, kodwa kaningi kwenzeka amathathu noma amane. Uma emthambekeni Izinga ezingaphezu kuka amahlanu, izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze akhiwa, njengoba iqhwa yithela ezinyaweni kancane kancane. Speed yena kungaba eqolo - ezingaphezu kwekhulu amamitha ngomzuzwana. Combela ngendathane engenakwenzeka. Isithwathwa accumulations ezindaweni ingozi ukumane esingu, ingqondo ukuhlangana noma kuqhunyiswa ngamabomu.

nciphisa

emithambekeni emaweni futhi emaweni ayingozi ngisho ehlala lapho bathinteka futhi bayasilela uquqaba enkulu amatshe ngenxa ekulahlekelweni ubuqotho bayo ngu weathering noma amanzi - ebusweni noma ngaphansi komhlaba, kusukela izinguquko elibukhali lokushisa nezinye izinto zemvelo.

Avuse kwenhlabathi futhi izishingishane kanye neziphepho, ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye nemisebenzi zobuchwepheshe, ngisho nethonya enyanga adonsela phansi. Ngo-1995 kumhambela ezinkulu ezenzeka esikhathini Ingushetia, ubude eziyikhulu namashumi amamitha amahlanu, ububanzi - eziyishumi, futhi ukujula - ngamashumi ayisihlanu amamitha, kukhona Kushone abantu abayishumi nesithupha abangu. Ukubikezela izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze futhi akunakwenzeka.

Afterword

Scientific and technical intuthuko kufanelekile kumelwe kusolwe yokuthi yayingekhona nje akakwazi ukuvikela abantu kanye technosphere ngu eziphuthumayo kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho wenza kubo. Inombolo izisulu engu-on-nyaka amaholo ngo 4.3%, kanye nabongazimbi elilimaza zemvelo siba sikhulu ngu 8.6% ngonyaka. ukulahlekelwa Economic nazo ezikhulayo.

Le nkinga kuyinto eyodwa yomhlaba wonke. Eziwohlokayo izingozi zemvelo livela nesanda umthelela yabantu ngezinto zemvelo, ukusetshenziswa engenangqondo kwezinto emnothweni, Izindawo okubi kwabantu, ukungabi ukuqapha imvelo, buthakathaka uhlelo isimo okwashiwo ubunjalo imihlola, isimo abampofu izakhiwo ubunjiniyela zokuzivikela, azithathwa. Kuyadingeka ukuba ukuzamazama komhlaba ne-engineering. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho abantu bative bavikelekile phakathi imvelo Geological we eziphuthumayo. Kafushane noma kafushane ukukhuluma mayelana nalolu daba akunakwenzeka.