International ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka: incazelo, magama eziyisisekelo futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Njalo isitho emzimbeni womuntu unegama. Wonke umuntu uyazi-ke, kodwa ambalwa ngaphandle odokotela abantu, uyazi ukuthi njalo isifaca, idolo, ikhefu noma inkatho futhi enesihloko esithi "izidlaliso". Ekuqaleni indlela elakheke kwaba isayensi achazayo yochungechunge "Ngibona, ngihlabelela", ngakho ekwindla ngayinye ngaphansi ingxenye ingalo odokotela ngokuthi igama elisha.

Ngokomlando, ukuthi ulimi Ukhethe ukuxhumana endaweni lochwepheshe bezokwelapha isibe Latin. asikho isidingo ukuchaza, kodwa kungani wahlala isikhathi eside kangaka emhlabeni yesayensi - - Kungani lokhu kwenzeka imfihlakalo ngisho "abasebenzisi amandla" imvelo wezokwelapha. Mhlawumbe aphume umkhuba.

definition

Ngesilwane esifuywayo - lisuselwa egameni lesi Latin "uhlu". Eqinisweni, kule sethi imigomo, amagama nemiqondo eyisisekelo asetshenziswe noma igatsha yolwazi. Ukuze kahle kuyo kudingeka ukuba usebenzise uhlelo ngezigaba.

ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka uhlelo kwamagaa Latin, okuyinto uqoke izingxenye zomzimba, izitho noma izingxenyana zazo. Ukwabela ngesilwane esifuywayo kazwelonke, ngokuvamile senziwe ulimi kazwelonke, esimweni sethu - Russian nasemazweni angaphandle, wabulawelwa Latin.

Ukuvela ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka

ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka sekukhona ngenxa ekuqongeleleni ulwazi lomuntu mayelana zona imizimba yazo. Ngesinye isikhathi esededelwe, kunesidingo nokumisa lonke ulwazi olutholakala ngaleso sikhathi. Nakuba ngesilwane esifuywayo ngasondelana phezulu Latin, kunemibandela abaningi abangabokuqala izimpande isiGreki Arabhu. Lokhu kungenxa ukuthuthukiswa imithi eMpumalanga.

Inchazelo sokuqala ngqa yavela eminyakeni acishe abe yizinkulungwane ezinhlanu edlule eGrisi lasendulo. Bavele babeyivakashela ngankathi futhi zithembele kuphela umcabango nokuqaphelisisa anatomist. Ngaleso sikhathi, odokotela wayazi amagama mayelana anamakhulu asixhenxe. Lapho amaRoma enqoba Greece futhi baphendula yonke indawo ibe umbuso, bamukela nesiko nokufeza yesayensi, ukungeza iqoqo nemigomo yalo ngesiLatini.

Leli chibi eyinhloko imiqondo le, kanye ngezigaba zabo eziyinhloko ezihlongozwayo anatomist nodokotela uKlawudiyu Gallen. Ngenxa ekwandeni kwamagaa Central naseNyakatho Yurophu, amafomu amasha izwi, nzalo futhi barbarisms ezibonisa izici kwezilimi ndawo. Inani elandayo omqondofana phakathi amagama yokwakheka emenza isiphithiphithi ombangela iphutha.

Ukuthuthukiswa ku ngesilwane esifuywayo XIX leminyaka

ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka athuthukile ngobudlabha njengoba e Florence ekhulwini xv kwakungekho umculi brilliant uLeonardo da Vinci. Wenza umzamo nokumisa amagama imisipha yomzimba womuntu, njengoba ngezigaba usebenzisa umsebenzi wabo. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, ngemva kokufa da Vinci, Vesalius wazama neqhaza ukuxubana kulandzelanisa futhi ususe kuwo kwencazelo Arab futhi idluliselwe wonke amazwi angaphandle Latin classical.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, kwakukhona izihloko ezingaphezu kuka-abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu. Yiqiniso, inani labo kwadingeka ukuba kungancipha. Henle futhi Owen wenza izinguquko zabo amagama kanye imiqondo owethulwa ezifana izindiza nezikhali izimbazo. Ekugcineni, umsebenzi okhethekile, okuyinto ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kwakwamukeleka Ngokombono wabo, uhlu lwamagama sidalwe eJalimane. Wathola igama elifanele - Basel ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka.

Amagama angukhiye

International ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka kusekelwe iqembu elincane amagama avame ukusetshenziswa. Lezi Ibizo zihlanganisa umgodi, isiteshi yokhalo yayifanekisela nomxhantela furrow ebusweni Ingxenye, onqenqemeni nokunye okunjalo. Bayadingeka ukuchaza ukubonakala isitho noma isakhiwo. Nge umfanekiso izwi kuhlanganiswe tichasiso ezifana enkulu, encane, ezimise okweqanda, eziyindilinga ewumngcingo, ububanzi, sikwele, nokunye. D. Asiza ukuba ngiziqonde kangcono izakhiwo yokwakheka.

amagama asetshenziswa ukuchaza isimo:

• lateral (etholakala ezikude nendawo);
• medial (eduze kwaphakathi nendawo);
• cranial (eduze inhloko);
• caudal (eduze phansi);
• proximal (eduze nendawo);
• distal (maqondana azungeze).

Kukhona Yiqiniso, okuningi imigomo udinga nje ukufunda, ngoba awukwazi abeke izaba kungani bebizwa ngaleyo ndlela hhayi ngenye indlela.

Axis kanye indiza

Ngo-August 1997, usuku lokugcina ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka sivunyiwe. Axis kanye indiza echaza isikhundla lezi zidumbu wanquma ukusebenzisa efanayo Cartesian Ukudidiyela uhlelo.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ahlangene umzimba:

• mpo;
• sagittal;
• ovundlile.

Ziyakwazi perpendicular nomunye. I-axis emile sidlula umzimba womuntu uhlukanisa kube phambi futhi izingxenye labaqaphi elingemuva. Sagittal has a isiqondiso phambi emuva uhlukanisa umzimba ku kwesokudla futhi izinhlangothi kwesokunxele. Le ndiza ovundlile kuhambisana ukusekelwa. izimbazo Sagittal futhi transverse ungachitha abanye, futhi mpo - eyodwa kuphela.

Paris futhi Basel ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka

Paris ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka kusebenza insimbi ngamazwe namuhla. Yokutholwa phakathi nekhulu-Athazeksesi, ngesikhathi Sixth International Congress of Anatomists. Lwakhiwe ngesisekelo the ngesilwane esifuywayo odlule. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we esithathwayo njengoba isisekelo ezilandelwayo itheminoloji kazwelonke.

Ngaphambi kwalokho, laba ngesilwane esifuywayo lokuqala wamukelwa ngonyaka 1895, e-German yokwakheka umphakathi emhlanganweni e Basel, okuyinto lithole ukuqashelwa international. Kuyo zazisekelwe namagama abonisa isiqondiso ngezimbazo izindiza.

Russian ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka

Njengoba kwakunjalo futhi kunjalo eRussia? Yokwakheka ngesilwane esifuywayo umuntu ezweni lethu yakha ekuqaleni kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu nesishiyagalombili. Senzeka ngaleso sikhathi kuleli zwe baqala ukuvela ezincwadini yezokwelapha ngesiRashiya. Nokufaka isandla ekuthuthukiseni we amagama ukwenza okunjalo anatomists abavelele Zybelin, Ambodik - Maksimovic, Zagorski nabanye. Okufanela ekhethekile ekukhuthazeni ngesilwane esifuywayo ngamazwe fanele Shein, ngubani elihunyushwe edition German ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko.

Kungenzeka ukwethula eziningi ngokuya Russian olimini yezokwelapha kwansuku zonke. Bahlukile Latin ababe uliqonde kangcono futhi okunengqondo. Ngaphandle kwalokho akazange zidinga ulwazi Latin ukuqonda izisekelo ukwakheka komzimba womuntu. indawo enkulu ekugqugquzeleni play ngesilwane esifuywayo "Uluhlu imigomo yokwakheka", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1928.

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet le ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka wamukelwa ngonyaka 1949 ngesikhathi Zonke-Union Congress of Anatomists. Futhi ngo-1956, kwathiwa yokutholwa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kanye Paris ngesilwane esifuywayo.

Eponyms futhi atavism

Latin - ulimi efile, ngakho-ke bathole anachronisms futhi atavism. Iyathinteka kanye ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka. Amagama angukhiye ke kungadalwa ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela kwekwenta tiphawulo, kanye nomculo miklamo amacala. Ingqikithi imigomo - abantu kungathi izinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa. Ezinye zazo zenzeka kanye kuphela, njengokuthi "imbobo Ragged", "keel", "filtrum". Kodwa lokhu kumane nje kuyisiqalo loko. Khumbula amagama imizimba noma izingxenye zawo - kuphela kuyigxathu, kudingeka uqonde ukuthi zisekujuleni isihlobo komunye nomunye, futhi yini umsebenzi wenziwa. Esikhathini ngesilwane esifuywayo of lwemibhalo ungabhali.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amagama kungabonwa njalo, futhi kusukela ukuthi sisuswe ukwakhiwa ezingadingekile, namanje ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kutholakala inhlanganisela emangalisayo ezingaba engaqaliwe edukisayo. Izibonelo okuyinto kusengathiwa "isicubu nabazidlayo" vagus nerve ephippium nabanye.

mikhondo

ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka, njengoba umthetho, ekhishwe zezincwadi noma izincwajana lapho imigomo banikwa ngezilimi eziningana. Ngokuvamile kuba izilimi Latin futhi kazwelonke, ezifana Russian. Ibhalwe kusuka kwesokunxele kuya ngokuya ngamazwe zakudala, futhi ilungelo impinda yabo ngolunye ulimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqaleni incwadi uhlu amatemu ajwayelekile kanye izifinyezo yabo, ukuze kube lula ukuyisebenzisa.

Zonke amagama nemisho ahlelwe amaqembu, khomba isikhundla sabo phezulu. Ekuqaleni kukhona izinhlelo isitho ke uhlelo ngamunye ngaphakathi a sub-ngamaqembu thematic, bese baphule imigomo kumiswa ngamunye. Lokhu isigaba sabaphathi ingaboniswa izinguquko ifonti, Ciphers kwamanani nobe ngezinhlamvu, futhi ushintsho isikhundla eside ilandelana.

Kukhona izinhlelo ze-ngesilwane esifuywayo yokwakheka, okuyinto kanyekanye zibonisa imigomo izilimi ezintathu noma ngaphezulu ku. Inhlanganisela zingase zishintshe kakhulu, kodwa ulimi lwesiLatini lubonakala ngaso sonke isikhathi, kanti bonke abanye kusala ukunambitheka umsunguli, futhi uyabucabangela izidingo emakethe yokuthengisa. Uma lokhu izwe laseYurophu esilawulwa English, French nesiJalimane. E-Asia - Chinese noma Japanese.