Inkantolo e-Medieval Russia: Charter Court Charter

I-Pskov Court Charter iyisikhumbuzo esidumile semithetho yasendulo, okungenzeka sidalwe ku-Pskov ngo-1397 (lolu lwazi luboniswa kulo mbhalo uqobo). Lichaza izinhlinzeko zomthetho waseRashiya eziphathelene nesimiso sezokwehlulela nezomthetho ngalezo zikhathi. Uma usufunde, ungathola mayelana nezinkomba eziningi zenqubo yokwahlulela noma mayelana nezinyathelo zokujeziswa ezisetshenziselwa lezo noma ezinye ukwephulwa.

Umqulu wamaKhotho we-Pskov: Izici ezijwayelekile

Le dokhumenti ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko, futhi, futhi, zinezigaba eziningana. Ingxenye yokuqala inikelwe enkundleni: izinhlobo zayo zifakwe ohlwini, umyalelo wenkantolo uchazwe, ubufakazi bokukhokha kanye nemali echazwe.

Futhi engxenyeni yesibili ulwazi olwenziwe ngamacala obugebengu, imithetho yokubonga kanye nefa, ukuqhuba ukuhweba nokudweba kwezinkontileka kuqoqwe.

Ake sihlaziye izikhathi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu.

Izijeziso

Imali ehlawuliswa ngokuphanga, ukulwa, ukweba, ukuphanga nokubulala. Inani lemali lalixhomeke esimweni somuntu: ngoba i-boyar yayingama-ruble angama-50, "yokuphila umuntu wakhe" - amashumi amabili, futhi "insizwa" - eyishumi.

Kwakukhona izinhlobo ezintathu zezinhlawulo ezishiwo yi-charter yenkantolo ye-Pskov: ukuthengiswa (okuhle kumgcinimafa), isinxephezelo somonakalo kumuntu ohlukunyeziwe noma izihlobo zakhe kanye nemali yenkantolo. Inani lalikhulu kakhulu kulawo maxesha - abantu abampofu babevame ukuba nemali eningi eyabenza bathembele emthonjeni ocebile wabantu: abathengisi, abafana, ababolekisi bemali.

Uhulumeni ubugebengu

Le dokhumenti ibhekisela ohlwini lwamacala obugebengu obunzima kakhulu. Lokhu kungukuhlukunyezwa okukhulu, ukuhlasela kwenkantolo, isifumbathiso, ukuhlambalaza isikhulu. Bonke bajeziswa kakhulu - isigwebo sokufa.

Ngezenzo ezingathí sina ezingathí sina, kuhloswe kuphela uhlobo olulodwa lokujeziswa : izinhlawulo ezehlukene zemali. Lokhu kwenza ukwazi ukuthi umthetho wezobugebengu olwazini lokufunda nokubhala enkantolo u-Pskov wawunesixazululo ngaphezu kokujeziswa.

Izinhlobo zenkantolo

Inkantolo yesikhulu kanye ne-posadnik

Izikhala ezimbili zazihlangene: akekho kubo ongagwetshwa ngaphandle kokuba khona komunye. Babengummeli wezimiso ezimbili - isimo nezwe zemsky, ezazingenakulinganiswa kahle. Amakhono ale nkantolo ahlanganisa uTatba nekhanda, ukuphanga, ukulwa nokuphanga.

Amajaji akhethwe yi-Pskov ahlolisisa amacala okuqasha, ukubolekwa, ifa, ukuthenga, kanye nobunikazi bomhlaba. Kule nqubo, isikhulu sithathe iqhaza.

Umbusi ohloniphekile wahlola izindaba zabafundisi nalabo ababengumnyango wesonto. Kubuntu bezenkolo kwakukhona ababusi ababili abaqokwe ngumphakathi. Ukugwetshwa kwabantu besonto abaneziphathimandla ezingezona zesonto kwabhekwa yijaji lomkhwenyana nommeli wezemstvo.

Ngosizo lwenkantolo yaseBratchina, izingxabano kanye namacala aphakama emkhosini wendlu yokugubha isinqumo. Inkantolo yenziwe yinhloko ekhethiwe yomkhosi kanye nabahluleli ngesisekelo samasiko abantu. Isinqumo sakhe sithunyelwe kuphela kulabo abanelisekile, kanti abanye bangadlulisela isimangalo enkantolo jikelele.

Enkantolo, zonke izinqumo zithathwe kuphela ngumphakathi wonke. Isikhulu no-vicegerent abavunyelwe ukungena. Noma kunjalo, le ncwadi ayisho ukuthi yiziphi amacala azicabangayo. Cishe, babhekana nezinkinga ezithinta wonke umuzi, kanye nalawo angenakuxazululwa ezinye izindlela.

Naphezu kokuthi umqulu wenkantolo we-Pskov awufinyelelanga ngalolu suku, kodwa ngokudlula okukhulu, kusasebenza njengomthombo oyingqayizivele nje kuphela wemigomo yezomthetho yesikhathi saso, kodwa futhi nempilo yansuku zonke yezingxenye eziningi zabantu ezibhekiswe kulo mbhalo.