Denisova Umgede e-Altai. Denisova Umgede - lesikhumbuzo okutheni we-Altai Izintaba

Enhliziyweni Asia, lapho siqala Altai ezintabeni, esigodini olunothile Anouilh idume Denisova Umgede. Itholakala emngceleni Ust-Kan, futhi Soloneshensky District, eduze nedolobhana Black Anuj (4 km) kanye 250 km ukusuka edolobheni Biisk. Denisova Umgede liphuma 670 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle.

Umsuka kwegama

Ngokusho le nganekwane wasendulo, yigama emhumeni ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII kwakukhona i Engakholwa Old - unkom 'idlayodwa noDiyonisiyu (Denis emhlabeni). Wayengumuntu libandla emthethweni we emadolobhaneni aseduze, futhi Kerzhaks yayivame esitokisini iseluleko nesibusiso. Futhi ngasekuqaleni XIX leminyaka kuya Denisova Umgede e-Altai nabapristi zevangeli saphela uzwe isithakazelo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngo-1926, ngenkathi edabula-Altai, emhumeni lavakashela umvubukuli Russian futhi ngempela namaSoviet futhi umculi omkhulu N. K. Rerih.

Abantu bendawo ukushayela emhumeni Ayu-Tash, okuyinto uhumusha njengoba "Stone The Bear sika". Esizukulwaneni ngesizukulwane bona badlulisele isiko ukuthi lapha endulo ahlala Black Shaman - uthukuthele futhi enamandla kakhulu. Wayengase nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukuze iphenduke bear omkhulu. Lokhu villain inganekwane kazwelonke wabusa phezu kuka-yama-Altaic Nomad emakamu, baphoqeleka ukuba akhokhe intela enkulu.

Uma ongalaleli, usebenzisa nobuthakathi bakhe eqoqwe phezu kwamafu emhumeni, yena sculpted kuzo itshe elikhulu futhi usongwa ke kuya phansi kwentaba. Lapho walala indlela itshe, abazange bayeke nokuduma, owabhubhisa amadlelo kanye nezitshalo.

abantu Desperate Wathandazela usizo ka unkulunkulu oyinhloko - Ulgen, ngubani wakwazi ukunqoba umcindezeli. itshe Ukuduma wayecashile ngokuphepha ezikude emhumeni zemibukiso.

Yiqiniso, lokhu kuphela yetinsita egcina Denisova Umgede. Soloneshensky District (Altai Territory), ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi edolobhaneni eliseduze (Black Anouilh), ngokuvamile usolwa ngokunukubeza abavubukuli, owakhonza iminyaka eminingi, "into mba emhumeni." Abantu bendawo bakholelwa ukuthi kuyinto Abavubukuli abanecala sezulu elimazayo, eqinisweni, ngokuvumelana kubo, kwanele agqashule ekusebenzelaneni itshe Shamanic ngempela kancane amancane - kanti eshaweni Siyaqiniseka izinsuku ezimbili.

Altay, Denisova Umgede: incazelo

Ngesinye ngaphansi kwemithambeka entabeni, amamitha ambalwa ngaphezu komgwaqo kuvula emnyango abanzi emhumeni. endaweni yayo - 270 square metres. m, ubude - 110 metres. Emhumeni has a "ihholo emaphakathi" emnyango futhi kude ezimbili ezincane ngaphakathi idwala.

Sivale indlela engena emgedeni phambi

Inzalo enkulu abavubukuli sivale indlela engena emgedeni, sise emnyango. Kungaba ngohlelo ovale foramen. Ubukhulu mainsail -. 32h7 ukuphakama ububanzi nemengamo kwandisa ne input ibanga. Ingxenye yasakazwa ifinyelela 11 amamitha.

Esikhathini sivale indlela engena emgedeni has amagatsha amaningana. Ababili babo - ke kuliragelo oqondile babehlezi emuva emhumeni. Engxenyeni engenhla kukhona umgodi ngokusebenzisa ngenhloso ububanzi kancane esingaphezu imitha. Abasemkhunjini -tonkhe tihlabani takhona ukukhuphuka zibabaza ukubukwa omangalisayo. Ngalesi ukuvulwa, emhumeni lingena ukukhanya yemvelo, ngakho iningi kuyahlanganiswa kahle. Lapha unyaka wonke esomile, sivale indlela engena emgedeni okungukuthi, efana ezinsukwini ubudala, uyisiphephelo elihle lemvelo ngoba izilwane nabantu, ukuvikelwa sezulu.

Okokuqala wasebenza lapha Geophysics "kwakhala" emhumeni, usebenzisa imishini yakhe ekhethekile, futhi wanquma ukuthi lelo hholo emaphakathi kanye imisebe igalari - it is kuphela ekuqaleni isikhala esikhulu, kusale ekujuleni idwala. Manje lezi ingaphakathi sangaphakathi ukhungethwe ngokuphelele ungqimba enkulu inzika.

ucwaningo

Ucwaningo zokuqala Denisova Umgede e-Altai esifundeni (ehholo central) kwadingeka Isazi laseSiberia eyaziwa Nicholas nezibawu, ngubani owabeka itshe ezimbili zokuqala ukuhlolwa umgodi eyenziwe izilinganiso itholakala ngesikhathi komhlaba kumiswa yemvelo ngo-1978. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abavubukuli baye bahlola into, eyayiholwa Academician A. P. Okladnikov.

Inzalo enkulu njalo savusa ososayensi Altai Izintaba emhumeni. Denisova emhumeni emva izifundo lokuqala kancane kancane langena umlando wezwe nemivubukulo.

Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kwatholakala omdala izingqimba kwamasiko wokuhlala womuntu eSiberia. It kungokwalabo inkathi Paleolithic, kanye nobudala bakhe has iminyaka 282.000. Ngaphambili, kwakukhona umbono abantu basendulo endaweni ayikwazanga avele eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili kuka 50-30 ayizinkulungwane BC. e. Ekumbeni yabonisa ukuthi endulo elaliphansi kwamagquma Altai embozwe amahlathi lezihlahla, ezimila hornbeam, ziyadliwa manchzhursky, oki nezinhlobo enyakatho ngoqalo. ENyakatho-Asia, abantu uhlala enkathini Neanderthal zitholakele.

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi leli Denisova emhumeni - lesikhumbuzo okutheni we-Altai Mountains. Kwatholakala zobuciko itshe ezingaphezu kuka 50,000, enhlobonhlobo ezenziwe amathambo; wabuthela iqoqo elikhulu ezincelisayo amathambo. Yiqiniso, nokuthola ezithakazelisayo - engcebweni yensimbi izinto kuya kweleshumi XIV, umgodi lapho ukugcina wokusanhlamvu esifanayo, ummese ngethusi.

Ukusetshenziswa emhumeni ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene

Ngo IV-III yeminyaka, ngesikhathi Afanasiev isiko, Denisova emhumeni yasetshenziselwa njengendawo yokukhosela abelusi nezinkomo. Ukuze ugcine ingaphakathi izilwane ebiyelwe off emihumeni mahhala futhi niches. Abelusi ezingelwa izilwane zasendle, imvu inyama kudliwa kuphela njengendlela yokugcina, lapho ukuzingela akuphumelelanga. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa nengcula nemicibisholo. Imikhumbi Ceramic egcinwe ketshezi. Ukuze uhlinza esetshenziswa amathuluzi zamatshe, enziwa lapha. Lokhu kufakazelwa imikhiqizo imfucuza, okuyinto atholakala nge archeologists.

Namanje ayiqondakali kahle indlela yokusebenzisa emhumeni isiko ungowokuzalwa Bronze Age.

Ukuze kwesikhathi umSkithe libhekene ezifakwa enamandla kwamasiko, okubonisa ukuhlala komuntu isikhathi eside emhumeni. It iyisilondolozi sokudla - inyama, okusanhlamvu kanye nemikhiqizo yobisi, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi kwadingeka lokushisa ongaphakeme.

Huns nabaseTurkey esetshenziswa kule nto ngokwemvelo emikhosini isiko. Ngenani okutholakele okutheni, lizinga ukubaluleka kwabo isayensi, ososayensi abaningi bathi lokhu emhumeni amazing imibhoshongo ecijile yaseGibithe lasendulo. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi imiphumela ekumbeni kwenziwe Denisova Umgede, umphakathi jikelele nomuzwa wokuthi ngaphansi ukuthusa kuka waseGibhithe. Nokho, kwatholakala into okwasusa esinamathambo emhlabeni yesayensi.

ukutholakala emangalisayo

Abavubukuli baye bathola kusukela ungqimba nanye emhumeni uhlala kohlobo ezazingaziwa isayensi yomuntu lasendulo. Kuleli, ososayensi kubika iphephabhuku i-Nature ngo-2010. Abantu abavela Denisova Umgede ngokulinganayo ezikude ngofuzo kokubili Neanderthal kanye yesimanje Homo sapiens. Ngalokhu buka, Abacwaningi ngemuva kokuthi etholwe ufuzo, esigcinwe amasampula izicubu - amathambo phalangeal we isithupha izinyo izinyo lomhlathi.

ingcebo engenakuqhathaniswa

Minyaka yonke, njalo mshini wathola Denisova Umgede baba ulingeke abacwaningi. Kwanqunywa ukwakha kule ndawo ekamu ensimini ngokwesayensi. Kusukela ngo-1982, ososayensi Novosibirsk eqala ukuhlola emhumeni njalo. Ukuze umsebenzi wakhe, bona bakhangwa ochwepheshe amaphrofayli ezahlukene ezivela eRussia nje kuphela kodwa futhi waseJapane, US, Korea, Belgium nakwamanye amazwe.

Denisova emhumeni ivikelwe UNESCO. Manje ikamu ucwaningo isibe yesayensi socwaningo ne laboratory edeskini. It elibamba umsebenzi eyinhloko zobuciko ezitholakele. Minyaka yonke kukhona izifundo ezingaphezu kuka-100 abavubukuli Ochwepheshe abavela kwezinye imikhakha yesayensi. Sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 kumbiwa, ososayensi bakwazi ukuhlola kuphela sekuvele ingxenyana encane emhumeni.

Kulungiswa abakhileyo DNA Denisova Umgede

Namuhla efunda okwakubhalwe kulowo mbhalo impahla ekhishwe ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu kanye izinyo, futhi izifundo DNA uqinisekise ukuhlonza labantu omusha wabantu ezweni lasendulo. Ngemiphumela yocwaningo ukucacisa indlela lokho athuthukile. Genome lokhu ndlovu kuqhathaniswa ne genomes yabangamashumi amahlanu-abantu abane ababephila ngesikhathi sethu kusuka wonke amagumbi omhlaba, ne-DNA yomuntu lasendulo futhi AmaNeanderthal eziyisithupha.

Imiphumela ngempela ezithakazelisayo. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi "denisovtsy" lasuka ukuthuthukiswa zakudala legatsha womuntu ayisigidi edlule futhi waqala nokuguquguquka bebodwa, kodwa, ngeshwa, ngale ndlela Kwatholakala ukuze ziqedwe efile.

kwemvelo iye yathuthuka bebheke AmaNeanderthal futhi Homo sapiens. eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane 400 edlule, lezi zinhlobo waya izindlela ezahlukene zokuthuthukisa. Eyesibili kwaholela ukuvela umuntu wanamuhla, futhi owokuqala uye wangena ekupheleni efile.

Denisova Umgede e-Altai ngabanye nasezintweni ezazisetshenziswa kudala yayo

Manje ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi isiko abahlala emgedeni zazithuthuke ezingaphezu kuka AmaNeanderthal, ubani ayeke ahlala idwala ezizungezile.

Ingabe AmaNeanderthal kwadingeka ngamathuluzi (scrapers, arrowheads, njll), ngokubukeka sifana into Western. I Denisova Umgede athole izinsalela isiko kanye ukuphila, eyaqala eminyakeni 50,000. Ngokusho izici bemivubukulo okuhambisana ngokugcwele mpilo esintu, has a ukubukeka yesimanje ngokomzimba.

Kuye kwatholakala hhayi kuphela itshe kodwa futhi bone izinto, amathuluzi. Kodwa babephathwa izindlela ezingcono. Njengoba isibonelo, i-miniature (mayelana 5 amasentimitha) izinaliti itshe, eyayibonakala yamba lugs.

isongo enhle

Ngaphezu kwalokho, emgedeni bafumana umhlobiso olukhulu itshe, eshintsha bezibona indoda lasekuqaleni. Lawa izakhi emibili hloditolita isongo - itshe, okuyinto kwalethwa kusukela baseRudny-Altai, elise amakhilomitha angamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu emhumeni.

A amaminerali ezingavamile ukuthi ungashintsha umbala kuye ukukhanya. Isongo ulandelela wazalela yangaphakathi, kodwa Into eyangimangaza kunazo zonke ukuthi imishini wenziwa umshini.

Le ubuchwepheshe esetshenziswa kuphela ezikhathini Neolithic, ngakho ngaphambili kukholakala ukuthi wayengeneme iminyaka engaphezu kuka-nanhlanu ayizinkulungwane. A isongo emangalisayo satholakala ukuphola ungqimba emuva ayizinkulungwane 50 iminyaka!

isongo Ucwaningo luveza ukuthi, mhlawumbe, kwaba isihloko oluyinhlanganisela. Esikhathini ungqimba efanayo, ubuhlalu atholakele elenziwe ngesikhumba igobolondo nentshe Iqanda yaletha esuka Transbaikalian noma Mongolia. Konke lokhu kusikisela ezingeni lelisetulu ukuthuthukiswa abakhileyo Denisova Umgede - lo ezingokomoya, ezingokwenhlalo, tebuciko nakwezobuchwepheshe.

Kungani wanyamalala "denisovtsy"?

Impendulo ngqo kulo mbuzo ayitholakali. Manje singakwazi kuphela ngokuqiniseka ukuthi endulo yayikhona Altai olunye uhlobo lwabantu lasendulo. Nasemihumeni, elise sosedsttvu Denisov, izinsalela AmaNeanderthal atholakele, okuyizinto cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlobo ezimbili phansi ekhuluma ngabantu basendulo ukuxhumana. Nokho, idatha esemthethweni yesayensi ayikabi bikho okwamanje.