Vinson - Antarctica afanayo. Incazelo, izithombe

Embozwe iqhwa okuphakade, unganakile lokhu ungenakunqotshwa, nezwekazi wesithupha iplanethi kwatholakala yakamuva. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Dzheyms Awe-Kuk ngowokuqala ukuwela Antarctic Circle ngoJanuwari 1773, i-Antarctica ingakamiswa kwehlwaywe.

Lapha, njengasezulwini noma iliphi elinye izwekazi, has "ezivundile" ayo nezimila, ocean ngisho Vinson Massif (uhlela 78,5833 ° latitude eningizimu, 85,4167 ° W-longitude).

Umlando Antarctica

Njengoba i zwekazi ezimele, ke lavulwa ngo-1820 ngu-Faddeem Bellinsgauzenom, ngaphambi omunye bamazwe amabili polar - Nathaniel Palmer izinyanga 10, no-Edward Bransfield 3 izinsuku.

Bellingshausen nalowo asebenzisana naye Mihailom Lazarevym akazange afinyelele Antarctica km 32 nje. Umuntu wokuqala unyawo phezu kwalelizwe Simakade, uthi Dzhon Deyvis, owafika kuleli zwekazi 07.02.1821 ngonyaka. Eyokuqala ucwaningo uhambo kwakuhlelwa United States Navy e 1839. Kususelwa kumiphumela yayo, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi kuvulwe entshonalanga Antarctica Balleny Islands, kanye ndawo wathola amalungu aso, kamuva ogama lakhe behlonipha umholi uhambo Wilkes Land. Ngakusasa wamazwe polar James Clark Ross e 1841 lavulwa siqhingi ezibizwa ngegama lakhe.

kakhudlwana Antarctica cwaningo yayo wanikezwa ekhulwini lama-20. Kuthoma kwekhulu nge kokunqotshwa South Pole uRoald Amundsen ngo-1911. Ngo-1912-ke kwalandelwa Robert Scott, ogama uhambo kulahleka ngokuphelele endleleni emuva Big Land.

Ngo-1928, indiza yokuqala Antarctica umshayeli Hubert Wilkins senziwa, okwakubekelwa kubhekwe impela feat, ucabangela ezingeni yentuthuko zezindiza ngaleso sikhathi. irekhodi Alien enganikanga ukuphumula aviators eziningi, kodwa kuphela wakwazi uRichard E. Byrd waya e Ngonyaka olandelayo ukundiza phezu South Pole.

Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi uhambo ngokugcwele elamiswa aphethwe futhi, amaMelika kusukela ngo-1945 kuya ku-1957, ngenxa esikhulu iziteshi-McMurdo isiphetho yayo yasungulwa. Soviet wabahloli polar wasungula isiphetho lokuqala ukuthula ngo-1956 ngosizo amatilosi lwemikhumbi ezimbili - "OB" futhi "ULena". Kancane kancane, sibonga ososayensi ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene, esahlala futhi esebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima of Iqhwa, futhi wakwazi ukuvula Ilokhi kumephu entsha bay, lezi ziqhingi ezwekazini capes abandayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezintabeni zakwa-Antarctica kuya maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 bephetha kuphela theory. I ubufakazi bokuthi ukhona yabo seyenziwe ngo-1958, ngesikhathi bethola umshayeli, okwenza indiza bakhe bawelela ngaphesheya kwesifufula zwekazi.

Laba bantu abanesibindi baye benza incazelo egcwele Antarctic, okuyinto eyaba yingxenye izincwadi geography imisebenzi yesayensi wabahloli yesimanje.

Izici Antarctica

Leli zwekazi ihlanganisa indawo ka 13975 thous. Km ^2, okuyizinto ezibalulekile izingqimba zeqhwa. Azikho zakhamuzi ezahlala unomphela, hhayi kuphela ngoba sezulu elibuhlungu liwukuthi efanelekayo penguins kuphela, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi iwukuphela kwezwekazi ukuthi ingeyona kunoma yiliphi izwe, futhi eka sonke isintu.

Ngokusho isivumelwano, ngemvume ngo-1961, amazwe anothile, zonke isikhala yasemhlabeni elise eningizimu 60 ° S. w., ukhululekile ukubeka isiphi isikhali futhi kufanelekile kuphela ucwaningo lwesayensi. Nakuba i-Antarctica iyizwekazi ocebile amaminerali, yezimayini wabo futhi akuvumelekile.

Lona nezwekazi eliphakeme emhlabeni, ngokwesilinganiso liyophuma ukuba 2040 m ngaphezu kolwandle, futhi iphuzu yayo eliphakeme - Vinson (afanayo Ellsworth Mountains) ifinyelela 4892 amamitha.

Kuleli qophelo, 99% thatha ice, futhi kuphela ingxenye encane endaweni kungokwalabo "Oasis", ezimila wona, Izinhlobo, ulele athile kanye nesikhunta. Lapha siphile penguins nezimpawu.

Akekho ongamelana ebusika ukuze -89 degrees (abasengxenyeni esempumalanga yezwekazi endaweni esiteshini Russian "Vostok"). Amazinga isilinganiso ezinyangeni zasebusika, lonke sifinyelela -70 degrees, ihlobo - kusuka -30 kuya -50. Ogwini, cishe ibe "yinto" njengoba ebusika izinga lokushisa lapha zokhahlamba kusuka -8 kuya -35 degrees, kuyilapho ehlobo - 0 kuya 5. Incazelo-Antarctica ne isiphepho-amandla ayo imimoya futhi yesithwathwa iyindawo ezwekazini esiwugwadule kakhulu abavakashi.

Le ntaba kunabo bonke emhlabeni: Mount Everest futhi Aconcagua

Intaba iplanethi - eyabangela hhayi kuphela kwayo nobuhle, kodwa futhi umlando kumiswa amazwekazi. Enhlabathini, 6 no-7 sencwadi amazwekazi iphakama lobukhulu kunabo bonkhe bekutsi zanqotshwa, ngamunye ngesikhathi sako, daredevils kabani isibindi uphefumulela abantu ukuphinda feat yabo.

Ingabe intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni - Mount Everest (Asia), kunqoba kolwandle 8.848 m ukunqoba Ezazimzungezile -. It ukuze avivinye ukufaneleka for abaqwali. Beginners musa ukuyinqoba, lapha ngisho wazibonela abaqwali ingozi yokufa, ngakho entabeni inonya ongenakusondela kuko.

Mayelana izikhathi 50 bomkhankaso ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene wazama anyukele phezulu yingozi, kodwa wakwazi Meyi 29, 1953 waseNew Zealand Edmund uHillary. Ngemva wanqoba Everest nge ezinhlangothini zalo ezahlukene, amadoda nje kuphela kodwa futhi abesifazane, olokuqala owawungumnyaka umgibeli Japanese ngo-1976

Aconcagua kuyinto - lena eliphakeme intabamlilo yokuqothulwa emhlabeni elise eNingizimu Melika. Ukuphakama le "phezulu" Argentina kuyinto 6962 amamitha. Gore Kuvezwe ngokuqondene ushayisile izingqimba ezimbili zomhlaba - lo Nazca naseNingizimu Melika. Omunye nje lokho izinhlekelele ephelezelwa ezinjalo izinqubo ezinkulu eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Lokhu isiqongo kufanelekile ukuqeqeshwa wabaqalayo, ngoba akubhekwa nzima kusukela umbono we izintaba. It yanqoba ngisho nezingane.

Mount McKinley

Seven Izingqungquthela Ngesimo zomhlaba - lena ezintabeni enkulu aphakeme kwenye amazwekazi planethi. McKinley -. Iphuzu esiphezulu Alaska, kuba ngetulu kwetintfo emhlabathini 6194 m Ngesikhathi, lokhu kwaba intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke ye-Russian Empire, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i ayinzima - Big Mountain. Ngemva ukudayiswa insimu Melika, kuba kunawo wonke eNyakatho Melika.

Kusukela 1917 kuya 2015, intaba okuthiwa omunye oMongameli USA - McKinley, kodwa babuyiselwa igama lakhona loqobo Denali, okwakusho phezulu Omkhulu lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu Athabasca ulimi (Indian isizwe). Waqale yanqoba ngo-1906 Frederikom Kukom, owayebizwa ngokushesha osolwa ngokuthumba falsification lokhu enyuka. Kuze kube manje, usuku abaqwali phikisana ukuthi sekube ekhuphuka eside enjalo.

Kilimanjaro

Le ntaba abadumile Afrika kufakwe esigabeni "Eziyisikhombisa Izingqungquthela Ngesimo zomhlaba." Akhiwe Tanzania, yena kuwo wonke abahambi ekuhlaba umxhwele. Bheka iqhwa yayo cap e phakathi savannah ashisayo sebenzisa be emangalisayo, kodwa namuhla ososayensi abaningi okuzwakalisa inhlabamkhosi, ngoba ice age ubudala iyancibilika kancane kancane ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

INtaba iKilimanjaro, zokuhlobisa iziqongo zazo ngaphambili seqhwa ezizungezile endaweni, namuhla ilahlekelwe esembozweni sawo ice ngu-80%. Ngokokuqala ngqá we 5895 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle, zanqotshwa abase Hans Meyer e ezikude 1889. Ukuze usaqala, ifakwe imishini ekhuphuka yesimanje, lokhu phezulu akunzima, nakuba umqansa kuvame ukuthatha isikhathi eside ngenxa yezinkinga acclimatization.

Elbrus

Le ntaba kuyinto ajwayelekile ngisho kulabo abangenalutho ukwenzani izintaba. Kuyinto intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke e-Europe. Itholakala kwi nomngcele ophakathi Kabardino-Balkaria futhi Karachay-Cherkessia. Lolu hlelo entabeni Main Caucasian Ridge. Ngokokuqala ngqá e ukuphakama yayo 5642 m iwine lo mkhankaso yesayensi Russian ngo-1829. Lalihlanganisa se-physics, sezilwane, isazi sezitshalo, umhloli wamazwe futhi umculi, abangagcini nje wenza ummango, kodwa futhi sketched futhi wafundelwa isakhiwo yezimila kanye izintaba.

Namuhla kukhona achazwayo kahle ingqalasizinda izivakashi nge lithathelwe eziyisisekelo okuhlushwa, futhi intaba ngokwayo iyindawo yokugogobala hhayi abaqwali kuphela kodwa futhi bezintaba amateur anqobile hhayi ngisho vertex olulodwa.

Ngaphandle abanqobi namandla Elbrus edonsela skiers, okuyiwona imizila enzima nelula futhi agcinwe slalom imincintiswano ihlelwe lapha ngonyaka. A ingqalasizinda ehleleke kahle ubeka evulekile lapha base izivakashi ezingeni elifanayo ne-European ski resort.

Puncak Jaya

Australia Ubuye zokhahlamba, lapho Indawo ephakeme kakhulu isiqongo Puncak Jaya (4884 m). Mount Jaya eyaziwa ngoba yileyo esiphezulu esiqhingini elise. Ezinye izazi zigomela ngokuthi iphuzu enkulu Oceania has a ukuphakama 5030 m.

Ngoba entabeni emhlabeni uvuliwe umDashi-Jan Carstens ku 1623. Lokhu umcwaningi babengigcona iningi lososayensi sokuba bathi bake babona i-Glacier ezindaweni ezishisayo nenkabazwe. Kamuva entabeni wanikezwa igama lalo, elisho wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1965.

Nakuba-ke kwenzeka endulo, okokuqala ngilinqobile abaqwali Austria ngo-1962. Esibuyiswe igama layo wakuqala ukuhumusha kusuka ulimi Indonesian kuzwakala moi Peak.

Vinson Massif

Izintaba-Antarctica - ikhava okuqhubekayo ice. Mhlawumbe yingakho abakwazanga lude ngakho ukuthola, kodwa kwakuthiwa kuphela ibalwa ukuthi bakuphi ku leli zwekazi. Lokho ice yilona isithiyo esikhulu e ummango beya kubo.

baqinisile eliphakeme Vinson - afanayo ubude 21 km no-13 km ububanzi. Kudinga isibindi ngempela nobuchwepheshe ukunqoba lo phezulu nzima. Isilinganiso lokuqala senziwa Antarctica ashisayo ngokungalungile (5140 m). Dala i-value okuthembekile etholwe kuphela ngo-1980, lapho ukuze Vinson (ilungu elifanayo) wenyukela abaqwali kweSoviet futhi efakwe lapho ifulege. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi nesilinganiso kwaba 4892 amamitha.

zeqhwa Conquest

Uma sibheka afanayo Vinson kumephu, ungabona ukuthi ukusuka eSouth Pole it is ahlukaniswe km 1200 kuphela. Labo abaye phezu kwalo, bethi inikeza umbono breathtakingly elihle ice, esikhanyayo nelanga elikhanyayo.

Akukhona nje kuphela yeqhwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kodwa futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuba anqobe entabeni. Vinson Massif izinyanga eziyisithupha bacwiliswa ebusuku polar, ngakho kufanelekile ekunqotshweni "ihlobo" inkathi kusukela November kuya Januwari, lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka degrees 30 ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa. Summer isibhakabhaka phezu phezulu Licwathile ngokuphelele futhi ilanga likhanya ubusuku nemini.

Naphezu ukufudumala kancane emoyeni, kukhwela ngokuvamile thiya imimoya enamandla futhi yancibilika ice kusuka elangeni elishisayo.

Antarctica namuhla

Namuhla kukhona 37 iziteshi Antarctic yesayensi ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ososayensi ukutadisha izimo ice, izinguquko yawo yamakhemikhali ukwakheka kanye ngesilinganiso ukuncibilika. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo kanye Izazi wafunda zinhlobo angakwazi ukuphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima of eyiqhwa.

Ngaphezu mikhankaso yesayensi, ukuhamba ejensi ukuhlela izinkambo daredevils kakhulu ukugibela ngesikhathi Vinson. Amalungu afanayo isibe ngempela indlela ethandwa futhi lidumile bezintaba.