Ingozi Kuyamukeleka - Iyini? Umqondo futhi nomqondo

Umuntu ngamunye nsuku zonke, uyaqaphela noma cha, isengozini. Kuyinto inhloso ngempela futhi lihambisana cishe noma yimuphi umsebenzi. Abantu engozini, zokunqoba izingozi ekhaya, ezokuthutha, ezokukhiqiza. Cabanga phambili umqondo lobungozi eyamukelekayo.

Uhlolojikelele

Ubungozi isilinganiso yenkathazo olulindelekile, ukwehluleka, ingozi nemiphumela emibi ukuze abantu. Lihlanganisa imihlola ezithile nesenzakalo ematfuba yakhiwa isiza ekubuyiseleni izinto ezibonakalayo. Nge elithi "ingozi" zefilosofi ephathelene (lomqondo) indlela ukuze ukuphepha ukuphila nomsebenzi. Ngo ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaphela womuntu zobuchwepheshe sphere ubunjalo izinsongo kubonakala ngezindlela ezahlukene.

izindlela eziyisisekelo

Okokuqala, kumelwe kuphawulwe nomqondo ukuphepha ngokuphelele, noma "ingozi zero". Lendlelanchubo yakhiwe-mbono yokuziphendukela nokwethenjelwa esiphezulu ezaziwayo. Ngokusho ke kucatshangwa ukuthi kudingekile impahla izindleko ukuqeqeshwa, imishini zokuzivikela, nokulawula okuqinile ukuhambisana nemithetho nemigomo kuzoqinisekisa ukuvikeleka egcwele. Kukhona indlela deterministic, noma nomqondo izingozi ezivamile. Lo mbono yasungulwa ngawo-80s kwekhulu elidlule kwamanye amazwe. Phakathi kwabo, ikakhulukazi, UK, Netherlands, USA. Okwamanje, le ndlela ngenkuthalo isakhiwa emazweni amaningi. Ngaphansi lo mbono ibona ukungakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha ngokuphelele. Umqondo kuhilela ukucabangela ingozi izinhlekelele ezinkulu, kwaba nemiphumela emibi. Okwesithathu, indlela kuhlanganiswe ibona kwesiphetho izingozi, kodwa kuhilela ukuncishiswa esekelwe kokuhlaziya izinsongo ekuklanyweni izinhlelo, kanye igunya izimali izinyathelo zokuvikeleka, bawuhloniphe ngokuqinile umthetho, iziqondiso kanye nemithetho.

I deterministic indlela

Kusekelwe nomqondo ingozi eyamukelekayo. Njengengxenye usongo tiyori, ngakolunye uhlangothi, siyafana ngokwezinga ukuphepha ngokuzwakalako. Ngamanye amazwi, ingozi kuyehla ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungaba nengozi eyamukelekayo - ezingeni okunengqondo okumele izuzwe zokuphepha ngokuya ezingaqedwa engenayo-ibhalansi. Lo mbono ungaboniswa amagama alula. Ukuphepha oku indlela deterministic - kufana nokuthi umuntu azimisele ngalo ukuvumelanisa yokuyikhokhela.

ithiyori bendabuko

Yayisekelwe kuyi-isifiso sokuba "ukuphepha ephelele". Ingqikithi yale theory kwaba wokuthatha amagadango ukuqeda usongo ubuchwepheshe, ukwethulwa zonke izinyathelo kunokwenzeka zokuzivikela. Ngaleso sikhathi samanje, esintwini sebefike ukuqaphela ukuthi ukulondeka okuphelele ongenakuwufinyelela noma lihlotshaniswa izindleko omkhulu futhi ngokuvamile okungasekelwe ndawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nezidingo indlela yendabuko, ngaphakathi spite of imigomo ngenhlonipho, ujike kubantu kungaba inhlekelele ngempela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuhlinzekwa zero usongo ohlelweni usasebenza nanamuhla akunakwenzeka. Ngakho umuntu kufanele ucabange ukuphila engozini.

Okuqukethwe nomqondo ingozi eyamukelekayo

Kusukela ekupheleni-yalolucwaningo 70-80. kwekhulu elidlule emazweni anezimboni kohlaka zocwaningo ezihlobene nokuphepha, waqala sikhipha imfundiso yokuziphendukela egcwele zokuvikeleka. Uma usebenzela ngenkathi ososayensi bangase babuze: "Sichasisele lo okuqukethwe nomqondo ingozi eyamukelekayo," babeyoba nalo wachaza ukuthi okushiwo ndlela ukunciphisa usongo kuze kufike ezingeni lokuthi umphakathi kuthatha isikhathi esithile.

izinkomba

Okwamanje ke wathola isamba eyamukelekayo lobungozi uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi. Kuyinto yokukala ingozi lapho umphakathi ngalesi komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane yayo kungenziwa sibekezelele. Ngamanye amazwi, izinga elemukelekile ingozi yokufa, ukukhubazeka, ukulimala kwabantu akuphazamisi nokuvikeleka inkampani, umkhakha wezomnotho noma isimo sisonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo umkhankaso sibalo okuphambene. ingozi Ingamukeleki - yizinga lapho isinyathelo okumelwe sizithathe ukuze kuqedwe ingozi. Ezinye zezici ezibangela imiphumela yesikhathi eside elimazayo, kufanele akukho senzo embundwini. Uma uqale ukuba nomthelela kuphela okweqa kwezinkambiso (isibonelo, emakamu avumelekile enkompolo), esiphezulu ingozi eyamukelekayo uzohlangana lokhu embundwini. Ukuze simiso semvelo ipharamitha enjalo yisimo lingalimala ngaphansi okungenani 5% biogeocoenose. Ngendlela Ayamukelayo (eyamukelekayo) ubungozi oda 2-3 ezidlula "ezibophayo kakhulu" Eqinisweni, ukuthi, yaqhubeka isebenzisa okuhloswe ngqo ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa lomuntu.

ngokucacile

ingozi Kuyamukeleka - ngumkhawulo esabekwa kucatshangelwa izici zezombangazwe, ezomnotho, lobuchwepheshe. He is ukusilela ezithile phakathi degree edingekayo zokuphepha kanye nomthamo impumelelo yayo. Njalo umphakathi antulayo ngokwezimali. Uma ukutshala imali ngokungadingekile enkulu izimali emisebenzini igxile ekunciphiseni izinsongo lobuchwepheshe, ngezimali le kwezenhlalo, ezomnotho kanye nezinye sphere kuzoncishiswa. Ngamanye amazwi, begodu kukhula izindleko ukuphepha izinsongo kuzoncishiswa. Nokho, ukuvelela izingozi kwenhlalo yomphakathi kanye nomnotho. Kujika khona izinsongo ezuziwe kuyodingeka ubuncane esikhungweni isilinganiso esithile phakathi utshalomali emkhakheni kwezenhlalo kanye lobuchwepheshe. Kuchazwa ingozi eyamukelekayo, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele.

zindlela nokuphepha

Esikhathini kohlaka theory wasebenza ezinye izici imishini okuyinto inquma eyamukelekayo ingozi ngabanye kanye degree of usongo emphakathini uwonke. Lezi zindlela zibandakanya:

1. Amathuba zezibalo umonakalo akuyona ezingaphezu kuka-1% imali yomphakathi ukudalwa, ukusetshenziswa ekucwileni ezikweletini into. Inkomba sikhombisa ingozi uyamukeleka umphakathi.
2. Amathuba ekulimaleni okubucayi noma ekufeni akazidluli umonakalo ezifuywayo ngephutha izinto omubi ezinomthelela. Lokhu umbandela isethelwe umuntu sabantu.
3. Amathuba empilweni ayisekho kunokuba ubuchwepheshe zokusebenza akuyona ingozi. Lokhu umbandela isethelwe abasebenzi.

izimiso

Incazelo izinkomba, okuhambelana ingozi eyamukelekayo - inqubomgomo olukhethekile kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi, ogxile eziningi zoMthetho ayisisekelo. Izimiso eziyinhloko ukuqaliswa yayo zihlanganisa:

1. Ukubeka Izinjongo qualitatively entsha kanye nezinhloso nokuvikeleka. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, ukuba ngithuthe inqubomgomo ukususwa ephelele izinsongo okuhloswe kuphela at ekuthuthukiseni technosphere, izinkomba, wagxila ekwenzeni ngcono imvelo, impilo zonke izakhamuzi kanye nomphakathi wonkana.
2. Ukuthuthukiswa izindlela for ukuhlaziya ambalwa of izingozi, ingcuphe ezisekelwe ocwaningweni indlela.
3. Reorientation isimo nokuvikeleka uhlelo lokulawula. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, kuyinto yenguquko ukusuka okugxile izinsongo ukulandela ngomkhondo umthelela wabo nempilo yabantu kanye imvelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kumelwe silondoloze ukulawula izimo ezimbi.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa izindlela sokunquma ukulinganisela evumelekile phakathi izinsongo nezinzuzo letsite. Lezizindlela kumele kusekelwe ukuhlolwa izintandokazi emphakathini, amathuba ezomnotho ekhona mani kwemvelo.

Imininingwane yalolu ukuqaliswa

I degree of isingeniso umqondo emhlabeni namuhla lihlukile. Kwezinye izifundazwe, livikeleke umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Netherlands ke kwavunyelwana yiPhalamende ngo-1985 futhi waphakanyiselwa elisezingeni isenzo normative. Leli zwe kubhekwa njengesibonelo isimo lapho esetshenziswa kakhulu izindlela probabilistic emisebenzini esisebenzayo ezihlobene nokuvikeleka izakhamuzi 'ekuqhubeni ukukhiqizwa izindawo. Kwamanye amazwe, njenge-Japan, Canada, kanjalonjalo., Scale ukuqaliswa kwe-mqondo encipha. Nokho, kuwo wonke amazwe, kukhona ukuthambekela ukunweba imingcele uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza. Njengoba-Russia, ingozi eyamukelekayo kakhulu kunakunoma kwamanye amazwe njengoba kungamukeleki.

ezingeni Depreciatingly eliphansi usongo

Ngalesi lobungozi kubhekwa ukuthi sisabalalise izinyathelo zokuvikeleka okungalungile. Lesi sikhundla kubangelwa yokuthi imisebenzi okwalandela kuzodinga izindleko ezinkulu. Kulokhu, imvelo kanye labantu, noma kunjalo kuyoba kuncike cishe namanje engozini ngenxa umthelela nezinye izinto. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona ezingeni enkulu usongo. Lesi sibalo angeke lidlule, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu izindleko. Phakathi kwalezi zimo amazinga kukhona indawo enezakhiwo okuyinto edingekayo ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi ngokuthola ukusilela phakathi ukulahlekelwa kwezimali nezinzuzo zezenhlalo.

isiphetho

Ngaphansi kohlaka eyamukelekayo ingozi theory ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo lazo zonke izakhamuzi is lagodlwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-nokuqaliswa kwalo akusho acabangele ngento yezenhlalakahle (inzuzo) ubuchwepheshe eziphambili, okuyinto emabangeni kokuqala kungenziwa ephelezelwa kwengozi kulabo eyisebenzisa. Lokhu kubangela bo rejection emphakathini. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ubuchwepheshe obusha kusenziwa kwakhiwa futhi kwasetshenziswa izingxube umuntu njengendlela yokuthola nokusinda ezingozini kanye izinga okwalandela zokuphila. Kule ndaba, isilawuli ukuphepha komphakathi, kanye nomqondo usongo ezinengqondo ukusebenzisa imfundiso yokuziphendukela ingozi kuthethelelwe. Ngokusho ke, iyona engcono kunazo inkomba ingozi, okuyinto efanele umphakathi. Ukuphepha ingozi ngokushesha lezakhamuzi isigaba esithile wentuthuko engokwesayensi neyezobuchwepheshe ayikwazi luzuzwe ezingeni elemukelekile. Kule ndaba, amalungu omphakathi kumele bathole inhlawulo kwezomnotho. Abakwazi luboniswe uhlobo noma imali. Ngenxa yalokhu, uma kungekhona encishisiwe ke okungenani, mitigated umthelela ezintweni ezingezinhle.