Indlela yokukhokha amanzi kumamitha. Amanani ngamanzi (2014)

Umndeni noma isabelomali sezinkampani cishe njalo kuhlanganisa into enjalo yentengo njengokukhokha kwamamitha amanzi. EMoscow, eSt. Petersburg, elinye idolobha labantu abayizigidi noma idolobha lesifundazwe, akunandaba - izakhamizi eziningi zinokubala. Kunenqwaba yezinhlobo zokubala, kanye nezixazululo zezobuchwepheshe, ezisekela ukusebenza kwale madivayisi. Kunezinhlayiyana eziningi zokufaka nokubeka amadivayisi esikhundleni.

Indlela yomlando yalezi zinhlanganiso ezithakazelisayo, amaqiniso mayelana nendlela nokuthi amamitha amanzi asungulwa kanjani futhi. Ukukhokha ngokusebenzisa i-intanethi yamarisidi wezindlu nezesevisi zomphakathi, ukusebenzisa izinkokhelo zezimoto ngekhadi lesikweletu, izicelo ezihlukahlukene zeselula zokubalwa kwezindleko zezinsizakalo zomphakathi ziyizimo zesikhathi sethu esazijwayele. Kodwa akusikho konke okuthakazelisayo ukubuka imininingwane yokubonakala kwamadivaysi ajwayelekile afana nama-metres kumlando we-retrospective.

Izibalo zilula ukufaka. Kusukela ekubukeni komthetho, zingasungulwa ngokuzimela, kodwa ngokujwayelekile izinhlangano eziningi ezinomthwalo wokubhalisa amadivaysi anqabe abanikazi bezindlu eziye zafaka imitha ngokwabo. Ziyini izizathu zalokhu kuziphatha kwalezi zakhiwo? Futhi ngokujwayelekile, kungabe kunenzuzo kangakanani ukufaka amachashazi amanzi?

I-Counter: iyini le divayisi

Imitha ekhethekile idinga ukulinganisa ngokunembile inani lemanti eladliwa yizakhamuzi zendlu noma indlu yamanzi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukukhokhelwa kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi kungahamba ngokuvumelana nesimo esijwayelekile noma ngokubala inani lamanzi, ukukhanya noma igesi ezitholwa ngumthengi. Ama-counters anika abaninikhaya ithuba lokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi futhi ngaleyo ndlela bagcine imali: ezimweni eziningi, izinsiza ezibala amafomula ahlanganiswe kumgangatho wenza ukusetshenziswa kombhobho wamanzi kunenzuzo encane kunokuthi uma ukhokhiswa ngokusekelwe ekufundeni imitha.

Ukufakwa kwamanzi ama- metering amadivaysi kunenzuzo ngokukhethekile uma indlu ihlelwe abantu abaningi. Izinga elikuleli cala lizonyuswa inombolo yabo. Ngisho noma umuntu obhalisiwe engahlali endaweni ehlala kuyo, ukukhokhelwa kwamanzi kuzobekwa icala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lingabandakanya inani lemisebenzi yomphakathi, elikhulu kakhulu kunezakhamuzi ezihlala. Ukwenza ukukhokhelwa kwamamitha ngamamitha, njengombuso, kungcono kakhulu ngokwezomnotho.

Ukusetshenziswa kwedivayisi enjalo kufaka phakathi ama-nuances amaningana. Okokuqala, ukuthatha ubufakazi obuvela kubalimi, kanye nokuwadlulisela emakhaya nasezindaweni zomphakathi, abanikazi bezindawo zokuhlala kufanele bafeze ngokuzimela. Okwesibili, akuvumelekile ukwenza izinguquko zokufakelwa kulezi zibonakaliso. Okwesithathu, kubalulekile ukudlulisa izinombolo kusuka kumamitha ngesikhathi: uma lokhu kungenziwanga, inkampani yesevisi inelungelo lokukhokhisa inani lemanzi ngokusho kwemininingwane (futhi lokhu kungabi nzuzo kakhulu). Amadivayisi we-Accounting kuya ezindlini afakwa, njengombuso, amabili: i-counter yamanzi ashisayo nedivayisi efanayo ebandayo. Okunye okungahle kube yindlela yokukhetha lapho ifulethi liwu-heat heater. Kulesi simo, ukukhokha kwamanzi abandayo kuphela kwenzeka - kumitha noma ngaphandle.

Umlando wokubukeka kwamamitha amanzi

Kukhona ulwazi lomlando ukuthi isilwane sokuqala sokubheka amanzi sisevele siseMinyaka Ephakathi. Emithonjeni ye-encyclopedic kuthiwa amakholomu enye yezindela zamakhompeli eLombardy athengisa amanzi angaphezulu asetshenziselwa ukuchelela amadlelo. Ukukala ubuningi bawo, amanzi amamitha asetshenziswe ngendlela yezakhiwo ezinomgodi ngamasentimitha ambalwa, lapho okwesikhathi esithile kanye nasenhloko ehlala njalo egeleza eyodwa amanzi aseMilanese.

Esimweni esingaphansi kwesimanje, i-counter for water yabonakala ngekhulu le-19, ngenxa yemizamo yomqambi waseJalimane uKarl Wilhelm Siemens. Le divayisi yayiyimishini. Wasebenza njengomshini wamanzi ngesincane. Kwakukhona umgodi kuwo - isici esivumela amanzi ukuba agijime emaceleni futhi adlulisele ukujikeleza kwendlela yokubala, bese udayela. Eminyakeni embalwa, idivayisi eyenziwe yisayense yathola ukuthandwa eJalimane, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ukushintshwa kwakhe kwafika eRussia.

Izici zokushaja kwamanzi ashisayo

Ukunikezwa kwamanzi ashisayo eRussia kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili. Owokuqala ubizwa ngokuthi yi "izinhlelo zokuvalwa kwamanzi ezivaliwe". Izindleko zamanzi zinqunywe yinkampani yomphakeli, ngokusekelwe ekufaneni komthamo. Ngenye indlela, kunezinhlelo "ezivulekile": kuzo izindleko zamamitha ayi cubic amanzi kumthengi liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: amanani amanzi abandayo kanye izingcaphuno for okuthiwa umshini othwala.

Ngokuqondene nalesi simiso sokushaja emadolobheni ahlukene wezwe, imithetho ingahluka kakhulu. Kodwa emithonjeni eminingi imibono ibanjwe ukuthi amanani wamanzi ashisayo ezinkambulweni ezivulekile aphansi kakhulu kunezivaliwe. Ngakho ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokubala kuzo kubaluleke nakakhulu futhi kukuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze.

Ukukhokhelwa kwamanzi ashisayo eMoscow

Ake sibone ukuthi yikuphi ukukhokhwa kwamanje kwamanzi abizayo kakhulu - ashisayo - uma usebenzisa izibalo zezakhamuzi zaseMoscow ngo-2014 (isibonelo, izingcaphuno ezivunywe yi-MOEK). Thatha inketho yamanethiwekhi avaliwe. Ukukhokha intela kwabakhileyo enhloko-dolobha (ngabanye) - ama-ruble angu-126.93 ngamamitha ayi-cubic eyodwa epholile ngaphambi kuka-Julayi 1, 2014 nama-127.57 amayunithi wemali yaseRashiya - ngemuva. Kukhona imibiko yokuthi amanani kusukela ngoNovemba azofinyelela kuma-ruble angu-135.79 ngamitha yamakhikili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona insizakalo - kusukela ngoJulayi 1 kuya kuNovemba 1 kuyoba ngama-rubber angu-21.05.

Izimiso zokunquma intengo yamanzi abandayo

Eshibhile ukuthi umthengi asebenzise amanzi abandayo. It isetshenziselwa inombolo enkulu yezidingo zomkhaya. Ngokusekelwe yiziphi izici ukukhokhelwa kwamanzi abandayo eRussia? Okokuqala, lokhu kuyinani lentengo yokuthola. Ngaphambi kokuba amanzi angene empompi, igeleza emgodini wamanzi, futhi ngisho nangaphambili kudlula izigaba zokuhlanzwa okunzima kunazo zonke ngemuva kokuthola emfuleni noma emanzini.

Kumele kuqaphele ukuthi ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi abandayo, ngokuhambisana nemithetho yaseRussia, akuyona ibhizinisi (naphezu kokuthi izinkampani zamanzi kamasipala ngezinye izikhathi ziyizinhlangano zangasese), futhi izimali zokugcina zomthengi zakhiwe ezingeni lamagunya kamasipala (futhi kwezinye izimo Izikhungo ze-Federal zixhumeke kulokhu). Inani lentengo, ngaphezu kwezinqubo zezobuchwepheshe, lifaka izindleko zabasebenzi kubasebenzi bama-hydro-canals, izindleko zokunciphisa izindleko, izindleko zogesi kanye nezinye izinsiza ezisebenzayo. Ukubika ukukhokha kwamanzi abandayo kufakazelwa njalo emanzini okulahlwa kwamanzi.

Amanani abandayo eMoscow abiza malini?

Ake sibone ukuthi yini efakiwe emalini ka-2014 ngamanzi abandayo enhloko-dolobha yaseRussia ngesibonelo samanani asethwe yi-OAO Mosvodokanal. Ngo-2014, kunezinkathi ezimbili lapho izintela ezahlukene zisebenza khona - kuze kufike ngoJulayi 1 nangemva kwalokho. Ezingxenyeni zokuqala zamanzi abandayo, ama-muscovites angu-28 abiza ama-rubec angu-40 ngamamitha ayi-cubic (plus 20.15 yokulahlwa kwamanzi). Kusukela ngoNovemba 1, amanani azokhula kakhulu. Ngamamitha ayi-cubic amanzi wamanzi abandayo, izakhamuzi zenhloko-dolobha zizokhokha ama-ruble angu-29 kopecks angu-19 (kanye nokudonsa amanzi - 20.69). Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi lezi zindleko azibandakanyi ikhomishini engenzeka, okuyinto amabhange athatha uma ukufundwa kwamamitha kukhokhwa ngokuya kwabathengisi.

Amanzi abandayo emazweni angaphandle abiza malini?

Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-Russia enkulu yokuthengisa izimpahla lubonise ukuthi izindleko zamanzi ezibandayo zaseMoscow azizona ezibiza kakhulu, kodwa hhayi ezishibhile kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukuqhathanisa: izakhamuzi zamanye amadolobha aseDanishi ziphoqeleka ukukhokha ngamamitha ayi-cubic amanzi amanzi angama $ 10 (ngokulahlwa kwamanzi). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhamizi zaseTurkmenistan zingenza ngaphandle kwamanzi nhlobo, uma nje idliwe angabi ngaphezu kwama-250 amalitha ngosuku. Phakathi kwamazwe anamanzi abizayo kakhulu - iBelgium, eNorway, eJalimane (kukhona amanani - cishe ama-dollar ayi-6 kuya kwangu-7 ngamamitha ayi-cubic, kufaka hlangana nokuhlanza amanzi). Amanzi ashibhile kakhulu e-Indonesia, eSaudi Arabia, eCuba. Umitha wamakholomu ufanele amasheya ambalwa.

Ngingayikhokha kanjani amanzi

Khokha amanzi nezinye izinsizakusebenza (njengomthetho, zonke izinkokhelo ziya ku-irisidi eyodwa kusuka ku-HOA noma inkampani yokuphatha) ingaba ngezindlela eziningi. Phakathi kwendabuko - uhambo oluya ebhange nokukhokha "efasiteleni" ku-cashier. Kukhona ithuba lokwenza okufanayo, usebenzisa iziteshi zamabhange (uma kunesidingo, umxhumanisi wesikhungo sesikweletu uzosiza ukwenza lokhu). Enye indlela ukusebenzisa i-analog yalezi zinsiza kusuka ohlelweni lwezinkokhelo ezikhethekile (QIWI, uhlelo lwe "City", njll). Zombili lezi zikhetho zilungile ngokuntuleka komugqa. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amacala e-database abahlinzeki bokukhokha abane-HOA noma inkampani yokuphatha - lesi sici sigcina amaRussia amaningi ekukhokheni ngalezi zindlela.

Abantu abaningi baseRussia banelungelo lokubona indlela entsha evumela amanzi ukuba akhokhwe ngamanani wokubala, kanye nezinye izinsiza - amabhange ase-intanethi. Iqiniso, kufanele ixhunywe ngenqubo ehlukile futhi ikwazi ukusebenzisa kahle leli thuluzi. Enye yezimfanelo ezingavumelekile zalendlela ukuthi emininingwaneni yebhange kunamathuba aphezulu kunoma iyiphi i-TSZH noma iCC yedolobha. Ukujabulela nakho futhi ukuthi wonke amaresidi agcinwa ngekhompyutha. Kanye nama-banking e-intanethi, amabhontshisi e-electronic of systems yokukhokha (i-QIWI efanayo, i- "Yandex.Money", njll) isetshenziswa njalo. Kodwa zibhekene nezinkinga ezitholakala ekugcineni kwezimali zokukhokha. Kukhona nezinsizakalo ezikhethekile ze-intanethi ezikuvumela ukuba ukhokhe amanzi ngamanani wokubala, kanye nezinye izinsiza eziningi nge-VISA noma i-MasterCard.

Izinkanyezi zokufakwa

Ukufakwa kwe-counter kuyinto engathandeki ukukhiqiza kubanikazi bendawo. Lokhu kufanele kulandelwe ochwepheshe. Ungabathola ngokuxhumana nenkampani yokusiza izindlu noma inhlangano enomsebenzi oyinhloko ofaka amamitha. Ikati, okudingekayo ekufakweni kahle kwamamitha amanzi, ngokuvamile kufaka phakathi izinto ezilandelayo zokufakelwa kwamapayipi. Lona i-valve yebhola enezintambo (zangaphandle, zangaphakathi), izihlungi ezimbili zamanzi zokuhlanza amafutha, empeleni imitha yamanzi ashisayo kanye ne-analog yayo ebanda. Uzodinga futhi amabili okuthiwa ama-valve wokuhlola (awavumeli ukuthi izibalo zibuyele kabusha). Ngemuva kokufaka amamitha emipayipi kufanele eze ochwepheshe besiteshi samanzi kamasipala. Bafaka amadivaysi wokubhalisa uphawu, ngaleyo ndlela babhalisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo.

Isidingo sokufaka isicelo kochwepheshe kufanele ngenxa enkulu yokuthi uma ufaka amamitha, ngezinye izikhathi kufanele ukhubaze okwesikhashana ezinye izinhlelo zesevisi ezihlobene nezinye izindlu. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokuqinisekisa ukuphazamiseka komakhelwane futhi ekupheleni kokuvalwa okulungile kwezinhlelo ezibucayi, ochwepheshe onolwazi uzokwazi kangcono ukufaka amamitha.

Izinkanyezi zokufaka esikhundleni

Imitha yamanzi, njenganoma iyiphi enye indlela, ingahluleka ngezizathu eziningi. Kuzodinga ukushintshwa. Akunconywa ukwenza lokhu ngokwakho, njengalokhu kwenzeka ngokufaka. Kukhona amacala lapho umnikazi wendlu efaka zonke izinqubo zezobuchwepheshe ngokungenasici, kodwa e-Gorvodokanal wenqatshelwe ukubeka uphawu lwamadivaysi, ngokubhekisela ekufakweni okungewona ochwepheshe.

Kodwa-ke, uma umnikazi wefulethi enesifiso sokwenza indawo yamamitha eyedwa, kufanele acabangele ama-nuances alandelayo. Okokuqala, kukhona umcibisholo emitha yamanzi ngayinye - kufanele ihambisane nesiqondiso sokugeleza kwamanzi. Okwesibili, i-counter kufanele ihlelwe ukuze ibanga eliphakathi kwalo ne-riser lingekho ngaphansi kuka-30 cm. Okwesithathu, ukudayela kwedivayisi kumele kubekwe ukuze kufundwa kubonakale ngokucacile. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukukhokhwa kwamanzi ashisayo emitha (njengoba umkhiqizo obizayo kakhulu wezindlu nezesevisi zomphakathi) kudinga ukudluliswa kwedatha enembile kakhulu kubaphakeli. Ukulungiswa kwemibono engalungile, ezinye izindlu nezinhlangano zomphakathi ziyanqikaza.

Kuzokwenzekani uma ungafaki i-counter

Ukukhokha kwamanzi ngaphandle kwe-counter, Yebo, kungenzeka. Kusenziwa ngamaphesenti amaningi kakhulu ngesisekelo samazinga. Kodwa amaRussia akhathazekile ngombuzo walokho okuzokwenzeka uma izibalo zingekho. Ngokwezinye izazi, umthetho awukwazi ukunikeza impendulo ecacile yalo mbuzo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMthetho we-Federal No. 261 "On Energy Saving" ubophezele abanikazi bendlu yokuhlala ukuba baqale ukukhokhela amanzi ngamamitha ngaphambi kukaJulayi 1, 2012. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, azikho izindlela zethonya lokuphatha kubanikazi bezindlu zokuhlala, okuyinto imitha engayifaki okwamanje, njengoba ochwepheshe bethi, isishayamthetho asizange sinqume.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunemithetho eminingi ekhona, kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2015, kulawo mafulethi lapho kungenzeka khona ukufaka amamitha, kodwa lokhu akukwenziwanga, izindinganiso zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ziyokwandiswa yi-coefficient ekhulayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkokhelo zokukhokha amanzi kumamitha ziyoba amathuba okuba nenzuzo kakhulu kunezibalo zamazinga.