Indlela ukucacisa polarity of the uxhumano? Phambili futhi polarity reverse

Sithola namuhla indlela ukucacisa polarity yoxhumano futhi kungani kudingeka ke. Ukwambula incazelo ezingokomzimba ubuningi.

Chemistry kanye Physics

Uma yonke eyala enikelwe ekutadisheni wonke, bahlanganiswe omunye definition. Futhi ama-astronomer kanye alchemy, futhi izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kwakunezazi zefilosofi. Kodwa manje kukhona ukwahlukana esiqinile zezigaba isayensi namanyuvesi omkhulu wazi kahle ukuthi kudingeka wazi ukuba zezibalo ukuthi - zezilimi. Nokho, esimweni chemistry yemvelo kungekho umngcele ecacile. Bavame Okusizayo ukungena nomunye, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zingabantu izifundo ngokulinganisa. Ikakhulukazi, into kuyinto impikiswano polarity uxhumano. Singakubona kanjani kule ndawo yolwazi physics noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali? Ngezizathu esisemthethweni - weSayensi yesibili: Manje abafundi bafunde lo mqondo njengengxenye amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, kodwa hhayi angenza futhi kungesemehlweni physics.

isakhiwo athomu

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukucacisa polarity yoxhumano, okokuqala udinga ukukhumbula ukuthi i-athomu. Ekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kwakwaziwa ukuthi amabhungane kuyiatom abathathi hlangothi sisonke, kodwa iqukethe izimo ezahlukene, amacala ahlukene. Rezerfod wathola ukuthi maphakathi athomu ngamunye esindayo, nakanjani icala kuyi-nucleus. Ecaleni nucleus yama-athomu uhlale inenombolo, okungukuthi, kuba ukubeka +1, +2, nokunye. Emhlabeni core kuyimali ohambelana ukukhanya electron omubi icala, inani okuyinto ngokuqinile sifana ophethe kuyi-nucleus. Okusho ukuthi, uma icala zenuzi +32 ke emhlabeni kufanele elise-electron amathathu nambili. Bona abanezikhundla ethile emhlabeni i-nucleus. electron ngalinye njengokungathi "zisakaze 'emhlabeni nucleus e orbitals yayo. ezakheke, isikhundla, kanye nebanga ukuze nucleus zinqunywa izinombolo ezine quantum.

Kungani polarity kwenzeka

I-athomu kokungathathi hlangothi elise kude nezinye izinhlayiya (isb, isikhala esijulile, kuyinto Galaxy), zonke isihlobo isikhungo ziyalingana esemkhathini. Naphezu ukuma eyinkimbinkimbi ehambisana abanye babo, noma iyiphi ezimbili orbitals we-electron musa aphambana at-athomu eyodwa. Kodwa uma athomu yethu eceleni ezithathwe vacuo ahlangane nendlela yawo enye (isib ungene ifu gas) ke ifuna ukuxhumana naye Valence orbitals we-electron yangaphandle bebheke silingo nakuyi-athomu elingumakhelwane, uhlangane nalo. Kuzobakhona jikelele electron ifu, entsha chemical kwakwakhe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ubuhlobo polarity. Kanjani ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi yiziphi athomu yayiyobizwa ukuthola ingxenye enkulu Imininingwane electron ifu, thina uchaze ngezansi.

Yiziphi izibopho zamakhemikhali

Kuye uhlobo lwama-molecule uxhumana, umehluko ukumangalela nuclei yabo namabutho ezivukayo Luhambo, zikhona lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo izibopho zamakhemikhali:

• omunye electron;
• insimbi;
• covalent;
• ion;
• van der Waals;
• hydrogen;
• ezimbili electron trohtsentrovaya.

Ukuze ucele mayelana nendlela ukucacisa polarity uxhumano enkompolo, kumelwe libe covalent noma ionic (ezifana, isibonelo, nosawoti ka-NaCl). Ngokuvamile, kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokukhulumisana ziyehluka kuphela kangakanani uhamba electron ifu bebheke omunye athomu. Uma isibopho covalent akuyona ezakhiwe athomu amabili ezifanayo (isib, O _2), njalo kancane lihlukaniswe. Isibopho ionic offset namandla. Kukholakala ukuthi isibopho ionic kuholela ekwakhekeni ion, njengoba omunye athomu "ucosha" electron nezinye.

Kodwa eqinisweni, ngokuphelele compounds polar abekho: ion eyodwa kuphela edonsela kakhulu inani electron efwini. Ngakho kangangokuba ibhalansi esele yocezu kungenziwa indiva. Ngakho, ngethemba, kwaba sobala ukuthi ukucacisa polarity ngesibopho covalent kungaba, kanye polarity ngesibopho ionic akwenzi mqondo ukuchaza. Nakuba kulesi simo umehluko phakathi kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokuxhumana - kuba kusondela imodeli kunokuba lo mkhuba kweqiniso ngokomzimba.

Ukunqunywa polarity

Sethemba, umfundi uye baqonda ukuthi polarity izibopho zamakhemikhali - ukuphambuka wokusabalalisa emkhathini we Imininingwane electron ifu zilingana. Futhi ukusatshalaliswa yakhoibrium ukhona nakuyi-athomu angawodwa.

izindlela polarity nesilinganiso

Indlela ukucacisa polarity of the uxhumano? Lo mbuzo ikude ngalokuvakalako. Ukuze uqale, mangisho ukuthi kusukela wesimethri fu electron kuyi-athomu ye athuthukisiwe uhlukile we hlangothi, kanye-X-ray spectrum ushintsho. Ngakho, displacement imigca e bohlu utawuphendvula umqondo walokho polarity uxhumano. Futhi uma ufuna ukuba baqonde indlela ukucacisa polarity of ukukhulumisana engqamuzaneni ngokunembe kakhudlwana, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi nomkhakha we ekushayweni noma ukumuncwa. Ngangifuna ukuthola:

• Ubukhulu abathintekayo ngenxa ama-athomu;
• umangalela nuclei zabo;
• okuyinto uxhumano Kwamiswa ngesikhathi athomu phambi ukuvela kwalesi;
• zonke kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isakhiwo;
• Uma isakhiwo crystal, okuyinto ukukhubazeka ezikhona kulo, Indlela Ezisithinta zonke izinto.

I polarity of uxhumano ubizwa ngokuthi uphawu engenhla ezilandelayo: 0,17+ noma 0.3. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi uhlobo olufanayo ama-athomu kuyodingeka uxhumano ngokungafani polarity ngokuhlanganyela izinto ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, e-nitrous BeO mpilo ebangeni 0.35 polarity, futhi MgO - 0,42-.

I polarity ye-athomu

Umfundi angase abuze lo mbuzo: "? Indlela ukucacisa polarity ngesibopho zamakhemikhali, uma izici eziningi kangaka" Impendulo alula nanzima. izinyathelo quantitative ka polarity kuchazwa ngokuthi amacala ngempumelelo zama-athomu. Lokhu value umehluko phakathi isiyalezo electron kanye namaphesenti ahambisana core esifundeni etholakala endaweni ethize. Ngokuvamile, lokhu ubuningi muhle ngokwanele akhombise quin electron ifu ukuthi kwenzeka ngesikhathi kumiswa isibopho zamakhemikhali. Ubunzima itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi yiziphi indawo ithola kulokhu kungokwalabo electron (ikakhulukazi yezinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi) cishe kungenakwenzeka. Ngakho, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-ukwehlukana izibopho kwamakhemikhali ionic futhi covalent, ososayensi iphendukele simplifications kanye tinkhulumo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, benqaba le izici kanye namagugu ezithinta imiphumela kakhulu.

I ngomqondo ongokoqobo uxhumano polarity

Lisho ukuthini igama elithi ezingokomzimba abakuzuzile polarity? Cabanga ngalesi sibonelo. H-hydrogen atom ifakiwe ku hydrofluoric acid (hf), kanye usawoti (HCl). polarity Its 0,40+ hf e HCl - 0,18+. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inani electron ifu okuningi baphambukile ekufezeni sasekhaya kuka chlorine ohlangothini. Futhi lokho kusho ukuthi electronegativity kuyi-athomu ye sasekhaya kuyinto electronegativity Sinemandla kuyi-athomu ye-chlorine.

Ama-athomu omoya polarity-molecule ngayinye

Kodwa umfundi Cabangisisa bayohlale bekhumbula ukuthi, ngaphezu compounds elula lapho athomu amabili akhona, zikhona eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, kwakha i-molecule ye-sulfuric acid (H ₂ SO ₄₎ zidinga athomu amabili e-hydrogen, omunye - isibabule, abantu abaningi kangangokuthi abane-mpilo. Khona-ke kuphakama omunye umbuzo: kanjani ukucacisa enkulu uxhumano polarity e-molecule? thina Ukuze uqale, kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi noma iyiphi uxhumano has a isakhiwo ethile. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana sulfuric acid - akuyona enqwabelanisa zonke athomu e inqwaba enkulu, futhi isakhiwo. Ukuze central sulphur athomu bajoyine ama-athomu amane oksijini, ukwakha uhlobo esiphambanweni. Kusukela zombili ezibhekene athomu-mpilo enamathiselwe sulphur izibopho kabili. Ezinhlangothini ezimbili ezisele ukuzulazula kwama-athomu-mpilo enamathiselwe sulphur izibopho olulodwa futhi "libambe" Ngakolunye uhlangothi maqondana hydrogen. Ngakho, i-molecule ye-sulfuric acid, okulandelayo zokuxhumana:

• OH;
• SO;
• S = O.

Njengoba kuchaziwe ngaphansi lwemibhalo polarity ngayinye yalezi zixhumanisi, ungathola kufike komkhulu wabo. Nokho, kuwufanele ukukhumbula ukuthi uma ekupheleni neketanga eside kwama-atom kufanele isici kakhulu electronegative, kungaba "ukuhudula" amafu electron izibopho angomakhelwane, okwandisa polarity yabo. Ngo uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho neketanga, isakhiwo Kungenzeka ukuba eminye imiphumela.

I polarity yezinhlayiya lihlukile polarity of the uxhumano?

Indlela ukucacisa polarity uxhumano, siyatshelwa. Lisho ukuthini igama elithi ngokomzimba umqondo, sike ingamboziwe. Kodwa la mazwi ayatholakala kweminye imishwana ezihambelana kulesi sigaba yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Ngokuqinisekile abafundi abanentshisekelo ukuthi kufanele ixoxe kanjani izibopho zamakhemikhali polarity yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Impendulo: imiqondo lawa Okusizayo ayahambelana futhi akunakwenzeka ngokwehlukile. Lokhu kuzokwenza uzosizakala kanjani ngokufihla lolu isibonelo zakudala yamanzi.

Esikhathini molecule H ₂ O amabili uxhumano ezifanayo HO. Phakathi kwabo engela 104,45 degrees. Ngakho isakhiwo yamanzi molecule okuthile okunjengesizwe imfoloko enamazinyo amabili ne-hydrogen enisemikhawulweni. Oxygen - kuyinto athomu electronegative Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudansela isiginci sakhe amafu electron we hydrogens ezimbili. Ngakho, lapho jikelele electroneutrality namazinyo ekuphambukeni etholwe kancane oqondile, futhi base - kancane negative. Ukwenza Ukuphila Kube Lula imiphumela ukuthi molecule amanzi has izingongolo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-molecule polar. Ngakho-ke, amanzi - kuphela ezinhle, umehluko amacala ukuba ezinye izinhlayiya ukuba kancane alibale amafu electron ezinye izinto nokunqamula zinhlayiya ku-molecule ye, futhi i-molecule ye - ku-athomu omoya-.

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani amangqamuzana e ukungabikho icala polarity ukhona, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi kubalulekile nje kuphela ukuba ifomula amakhemikhali izidakamizwa kodwa isakhiwo engqamuzaneni, izinhlobo nezinhlobo izixhumanisi evelayo kuwo, umehluko electronegativity zama-athomu yayo ephambili.

Okubangelwa noma ophoqelelwe polarity

Ngaphezu polarity ayo, futhi kukhona unxenxwa noma kubangelwa yizici zangaphandle. Uma i-molecule ye is isinyathelo ensimini zangaphandle kagesi, okuyinto kakhulu ekhona phakathi kwamabutho molecule ke uyakwazi ukushintsha ukucushwa kwamafu electron. Okusho ukuthi, uma i-molecule ye-oxygen ukudansela isiginci sakhe amafu hydrogen H ₂ O, futhi insimu sangaphandle codirectional lesi senzo, ukwanda nokwehlukana. Uma ngabe inkambu njengoba kungenalo umoya-mpilo, i-polarity isibopho kancane encishisiwe. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isidingo sokwenza butho elikhulu ngokwanele ukuba ngandlela-thile kuphazamise polarity yezinhlayiya, ngisho nangokwengeziwe - ukuthonya polarity ngesibopho zamakhemikhali. Lo mphumela abayifunayo kuphela endaweni yokucwaninga nezinqubo cosmic. microwave Ezivamile kwandisa kuphela amplitude athomu amanzi namafutha. Kodwa lokhu akuphazamisi polarity uxhumano.

Kuleso simo kunengqondo isiqondiso polarity

Mayelana nomkhosi wokuhlanganisa eside, okuyinto kubhekwa yithi, ingasaphathwa ukuthi okunjalo polarity futhi reverse. Uma kuziwa amangqamuzana, le polarity kuyisibonakaliso "plus" noma "lokususa". Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-athomu noma lukhipha electron yayo ifu futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuba okuningi kancane omuhle, noma okuphambene nalokho, efwini ukudansela isiginci sakhe phezu futhi eqala icala ezimbi. A polarity isiqondiso kunengqondo uhamba icala kuphela uma, okungukuthi, lapho umqhubi elamanje. Njengoba kwaziwa kahle electron ukuhambisa kusuka emthonjeni yabo (omubi icala) endaweni okudonsa (omuhle icala). It kuzokhumbuleka ukuthi kukhona inkolelo yokuthi electron empeleni ezihambayo kolunye uhlangothi kusukela omuhle emthonjeni omubi. Kodwa ngokuvamile akunandaba, kubaluleke kuphela iqiniso ukunyakaza kwabo. Ngakho-ke, kwezinye izinqubo, ezifana Welding metal izingxenye, kubalulekile lapho awananyatheliswe isigxobo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ukuxhuma polarity ngokuqondile noma kolunye uhlangothi. Kwezinye amadivaysi, ngisho yasendlini, nalo libalulekile.