Imithombo yamayunithi angama-phraseological. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-phraseological units enkulumweni

Ulimi lwesiRashiya ngenye yezinto ezicebile kakhulu futhi ezivelele kakhulu ezweni ngenxa yobuningi bezindlela zokuchaza. I-Phraseology iyisigaba sezinlimi lapho kuhlanganiswa khona amagama amaningi okungaqondakali, okubizwa ngokuthi amayunithi akhethekile. Ngosizo lwabo, inkulumo iba mhle kakhulu.

Kuyini okusho ukuthi "i-phraseology"? Incazelo yeThemu

Umuntu ngamunye usebenzisa imishwana enamaphiko enkulumweni yakhe ngamabomu noma ngokungazi ukuthi amnike umbala womzwelo. Kuye wonke umuntu uyazi imithombo yemvelaphi yezinhlamvu kanye nokuthi yini ehlukile kwezinye izinkulumo. Ukuze uqonde imisebenzi yemisho ephikisanayo futhi ungawadibanisi nezinye izingxenye zokukhuluma, kubalulekile ukwazi izici zabo.

Ama-Phraseological units ahlale eyinkimbinkimbi ekwakheni, okungukuthi, ahlanganisa amagama amabili noma ngaphezulu.

2. Yiba nencazelo eyodwa. I-Phraseology ayikwazi ukuhlukaniswa, kepha ingabonakaliswa ngamanye amagama-amagama okufana. Isibonelo, inkulumo ethi "umgqomo wokugubha" isetshenziswe ngomqondo wokuthi "uhlambalaza umuntu ngokungenangqondo".

3. Ngokungafani nemishwana yamahhala, izingxenye zamagama ezibhekwayo zibhekwa ngokuqhubekayo kokubunjwa - izingxenye aziguquki ezinombeni nasesigabeni (awukwazi ukusho ukuthi "ikati yakhala" esikhundleni senhlanganisela yeklasi "ikati yakhala" noma esikhundleni se "izinkukhu azikhazi" - "ama-cocks awakhulumi", ngendlela, ama-phraseological unit Ngencazelo yokuthi "eziningi" futhi "ezincane" ngokuvamile kuvame ukusetshenziswa enkulumweni).

4. Ukuhlelwa kwamagama kufakwe emabintweni ephiko. Kuyiphutha ukusho ukuthi "amathambo nesikhumba" kunokuthi "isikhumba nethambo." Lo mthetho usebenza kuwo wonke ama-unitological units.

5. Imishwana enamaphiko olimi olulodwa, njengombuso, awahumushi igama ngezwi elinye. Uma ngesiRashiya kukhona inkulumo ethi "ukukhafulela esigangeni," isiNgisi sizosho ukuthi "hlala uphenduke ngesithupha sakho", kanti incazelo iyoba yinye - "ukuzulazula".

Imisebenzi yamayunithi angama-phraseological ngolimi

Imishwana enamaphiko inika inkulumo ye-vivacity nemifanekiso. Ulwazi lwe-phraseology ludluliselwa kuzo zonke izindawo zomsebenzi wesintu, ngokuvamile izintatheli ziphendukela kumasu anjalo emidwebo yezithombe kanye nezinhlobonhlobo, kepha lokhu kuyadingeka ukwazi kahle ukuthi imisho yezinhlamvu zisho ukuthini. Ukusebenza kwe-humorist noma i-satirist iyacaca futhi ibonise ngokucacile uma efaka imisho emaphiko enkulumweni yakhe. Ukusetshenziselwa kwama-phraseological units ezihlokweni zephephandaba bekulokhu kusebenza, futhi ngokuvamile umlobi we-athikili ubabeka ekuguqulweni kokudala. Kukhona amacala angu-5 lapho ibinzana eliphiko linye liphethe incazelo entsha.

1. Ukwandiswa kokubunjwa ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwamazwi okucacisa: "Amakati, hhayi ama-fluffy amancane, kodwa amakhulu, anezigqoko ezibukhali ezingcolile, agcobe inhliziyo yakhe." Kulokhu, i-phraseology eyaziwayo yaqedwa ngamanye amagama.
2. Ukwamukela ukunciphisa (ukunciphisa) kuboniswa ochungechungeni oludumile lwe-TV ethi "Ungabi Namahle". Ikhuthaza ukuqhubeka: "futhi uzalwe ujabule."
3. Imithombo yemisebenzi yomlobi yombhali itholakala ekuhlanganisweni okuhleliwe okuvamile. Ngakho, inkulumo yesiLatini ethi "veni, vidi, vici" ("yeza, yabona, inqobe") umlobi wezindaba angakwazi ukwenza ngendlela yakhe: "weza, wabona, ebhaliwe."
4. Ukuhlanganisa izinkulumo eziningana: "Akukona yini lokhu ukwesaba kubizwa ngokuthi ukwesaba, ukuthi uBan unkulunkulu uhleke ngesikhathi sokukhuleka kweHoeric laughter?" Ukuxhumeka kufanele kube yimpumelelo, ukuze inkulumo ingabheki.
5. Ukubhujiswa kwencazelo engokomfanekiso, lapho i-phraseology inencazelo eqondile, hhayi imifanekiso, isibonelo: "Isithombe seBuddha sasinezandla zegolide".

Imishwana enamaphiko ivela kanjani?

Ukwakhiwa kwesiko kwabantu ngabanye kwaqala amakhulu eminyaka, ifa lezwe elilodwa laqala ukuthakazelisa abanye, ngenxa yalokho umuntu angaqaphela ukuthi kwenzeke kanjani. Imithombo yamayunithi e-Russianologicalological units ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: okuyisisekelo-isiRashiya futhi ebolekiwe. Izinkulumo ezinamaphiko ngesiRashiya zazibolekwe ezilimini zesiSlavic nezilimi ezingekho isiSlavic. Kusukela esiNgisi kwafika imishwana ethakazelisayo "isiphepho esigumbini samanzi," "ukuba noma kungabi khona," "indodakazi yenkosi ekhoneni." Kanti, izingxenye zeRussia ezinamazwi asemthethweni zanda emhlabeni jikelele. AmaCzech kanye nabaseBrithani namanje bajabule ngamazwi amaphiko okuthiwa "inkonzo yebhebhe", "iqhawe langesikhathi sethu" nabanye abaningi.

Amayunithi okuqala aseRussia ahlukaniswe amaqembu amakhulu amathathu: obscheslavianskie, vostochnosljanskie kanye nesamo-russkie. Ukungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi kungenxa yensizakalo lapho basakazwa khona.

1. I-Slavic yesendulo kunazo zonke noma i-Proto-Slavic ingabhekiselwa ku-phraseology ngezihloko ezihlobene ne-motifs yeBhayibheli, isibonelo, "uKristu esifubeni" ngencazelo "ngokuphepha okuphelele."
2. Amayunithi angama-East Slavic asetshenziswa yiRussia, i-Byelorussians kanye nama-Ukrainians ("ubeke ingulube" - "yenza inhlanhla," "hhayi isigxobo noma inkantolo" - "akukho lutho").
3. Izinkulumo ezinamaphiko aseRussia: "ngekhala le-gulkin" - "kancane", "gcina umlomo wakho uvaliwe" - "uthule."

Izigaba ze-stylistic ze-phraseology

Umuntu usebenzisa inkulumo yakhe inhlanganisela yamagama enencazelo ephathekayo, ngaphandle kokucabanga ngakho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezinye zazo zibonakala zingcolile. Ososayensi bahlukanisa zonke izingxenye ze-phraseological zibe izingxenye ezintathu kuye ngokuthi umbala wabo wesitayela.

1. Inhlanganisela yokungathathi hlangothi , njengokuthi "Unyaka Omusha", "iphuzu lokubuka." I-Phraseologisms enezincazelo zalolu hlelo, njengombuso, kulula ukuhumusha, ngoba umuntu uyayisebenzisa enkulumweni yakhe kaningi.
2. Ibhuku . Angasetshenzisiwe kuphela ezincwadini eziphrintiwe, kodwa nangenkulumo yansuku zonke - lokhu kuzobonisa imfundo yomuntu ("iBabilonian pandemonium", "Achilles" isithende "). Kodwa-ke, akulungile ukusebenzisa ibhulogi yezinhlamvu ezingenasimo noma ngokuvamile.
3. Ingxoxo . Usetshenziswe kaningi "isikhala esimhlophe", "i-buffoon peas" namanye amayunithi angama-phraseological. Ibanga lesi-6 yisikhathi esifanele kakhulu sokufunda umfundi ngokusho okufanayo, ukuze aqale ukuwasebenzisela.
4. Amayunithi angama- phraseological angenakuvunyelwa enkulumweni yomuntu ofundisiwe, ikakhulukazi esimweni esisemthethweni. Ngesici, ungakhetha inhlanganisela yegama elihloniphekile. Ngakho-ke, inkulumo ethi "isiwula esiqongelekile" ingashintshwa yi-phraseology "ifika njengendluvukazi."

Izinkulumo ezinamaphiko kwezinye izilimi

Zonke izizwe zomhlaba zinamagugu amasiko amasiko, okungafakwa ezincwadini. Imishwana enamaphiko ayikho kuphela ngesiRashiya, kodwa nakwezinye eziningi. Ngokuvamile, izingxenye zishintsha, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuqonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini i-phraseology, kodwa incazelo yalo ihlala isilingana. Ezinye umehluko zingatholakala esibonelweni solimi lwesiNgisi.

• Inkulumo ethi "inyoni engajwayelekile" ("i-rara") ivela kuLatini. NgesiRashiya kwavela inkulumo ethi "isikhala esimhlophe", futhi ngesiNgisi ukuhunyushwa akuguqukanga.
• "Lwela njengenhlanzi eqhweni" - ngakho-ke bathi ngomuntu osebenza emsebenzini onzima futhi ongenalutho. NgesiNgisi, le nkulumo izwakala sengathi "udonse umzila ngomsila".
• I-Phraseologisms "yokwenza intaba ukusuka emaphandleni" kanye "nokwenza nge-elephant fly" yizilinganiso eziphelele, kodwa owokuqala utholakala kubantu baseYurophu.
• NgesiNgisi, inkulumo eyamaphiko "njengoba umoya uvunguza" izwakala sengathi "iyanyamalala emoyeni ocacile." Ngakho bathi ngendoda eyashesha ngokuzuma ngaphandle kokuchaza.
• Inkulumo edumile "efana kabili kabili amabili" ngesiNgisi imisindo ihluke kakhulu: "ngokucacile njengekhala empilweni." Ingabe ihlobene nolwazi olubuthakathaka lwezibalo?
• NgesiNgisi, i-phraseology "ukubiza izinto ngamagama abo afanele" izwakala ngaphezulu: "shayela ifosholo umfowuni." Umbuzo othakazelisayo ungase uphakamise: "Kungani ithuluzi lensimu, hhayi ipudding noma ikhofi?"

• Uma indoda yaseRussia ithi "gcina umlomo wakho uvaliwe," isiNgisi uyokwenza "ibhathini" likhulume ngezindebe zakhe. Ukuze wazi ngokucacile ukuthi i-phraseology isho ukuthi awuzange uzwe ngaphambilini, udinga ukuphendukela kwisichazamazwi.
• Imisho eminye yemigomo evela kubantu abahlukahlukene emhlabeni igcina ngokugcwele isakhi sesichazamazwi ekuhumusheni. Ngakho-ke, izingxenye zokukhuluma "zihamba emlilweni nasemanzini", "isifo sohudo", "umphefumulo ovulekayo" nokuthi "ukufuna inaliti endaweni yokudla" kuzwakala okufanayo kokubili isiNgisi nesiRashiya.

Izinkulumo ezinamaphiko zababazi, olosolwandle nabanye

Ngolimi lwesiRashiya, iqembu elikhulu lihlala ngamagumbi ezinkulumo eziye zasetshenziselwa uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi. Qaphela ukuthi ama-phraseological units aphakama kanjani kumbuthano omncane wabantu, okwathi kamuva uba obalulekile kubantu. Ngakho-ke, amazwi athandwayo asolwandle "ukugijima phansi" nokuthi "ukuhamba nokugeleza" anencazelo engokomfanekiso - "ukuhlala engenalutho" nokuthi "ukulalela izimo." Le nkulumo "akusikho i-hitch noma i-hitch," "unciphisa ngaphansi komkhiqizo" futhi amanye asetshenziselwa ababazi bezemisebenzi, futhi kamuva konke okunye. Uma abadobi basebenzisa inkulumo ethi "bahambe" noma "bahambisane ne-hook" enkulumweni yabo, abanye bathi kanjalo ezimweni ezingahlobene nokudoba. Ngakho-ke, imithombo yamayunithi angama-phraseological ingatholakala emisebenzini yobuchwepheshe yomsebenzi.

Izinkulumo ezinamaphiko nesikhathi esidala

Izwe lanamuhla linomthelela omkhulu kumasiko aseGrisi naseRoma, njengoba izibonelo zobuciko zobuciko zazibekiwe kule nkathi. Izingcaphuno ezivela emlandweni wamandulo kanye nama-epics asetshenziswa ezincwadini zanamuhla. Imithombo yama-phraseological units ilandelwa e-Ancient Greece neRoma, njengoba izihloko zasendulo bezilokhu zithanda umphakathi.

Namuhla akuvamile ukuzwa i-phraseology "ingena ezingalweni zikaMorpheus," futhi ngaphambi kokuba inkosi yegama ivame ukuphendukela kule nzuzo. Imvelaphi yezwi elinamaphiko lihlotshaniswa ngokushesha ngezimo ezimbili. I-morphine yokulala itholakala emakhanda embali ye-poppy, futhi unkulunkulu uMorpheus waseGrisi lasendulo wayefafazwe ngezimbali ze-poppy futhi akazange avule amehlo akhe.

Hymen ezweni lasendulo - umphathi womshado. Ekhuluma ngobumbano babathandi ababili, bavame ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela yegama, equkethe igama elifanekisela izintambo, imigqa noma ezinye izakhi zokuxhuma. Ngezibopho eziboshelwe umuntu oyedwa komunye - ngakho-ke kubonakala sengathi i-phraseology "izibopho ze-Hymen", okusho uthando lwaphakade lwabantu ababili.

Esikhathini esidlule, unkulunkulukazi wenkani u-Eris wanquma ukuphindiselela onkulunkulu, abangazange bememele emkhosini. Wawaphonsa i-apula yegolide ngokubhalwe "iHera enhle kakhulu, i-Aphrodite ne-Athena." Owesifazanekazi abathathu baphikisana isikhathi eside okufanele bembethe lesi sihloko, kodwa uParis wenza ukukhetha kwakhe kunkulunkulukazi wothando. Ngenxa yalokhu, wamsiza ukuba athole u-Elena, ngenxa yokuthi iHarry War yaqala isikhathi eside. Ngakho kwavela inkulumo ethi "apple of discord".

I-Ancient Greek fabulist i-Aesop ayinikezwanga wonke umuntu. Enkulumweni yakhe, wayevame ukusebenzisa indlela yokukhuluma, ngenxa yalokho abantu abazungezile babengakwazi ukuqagela ukuthi wayekhuluma ngani. Namuhla, inkulumo ethi "ulimi lwe-Aesopian" lisho ikhono lokuveza imicabango yabo ezinkulumweni nasemifanekisweni.

Indima yama-phraseological units kwi-media

Umsebenzi wezincwadi eziphrintiwe ukuheha abafundi futhi bakuthole izilaleli ezinkulu ezibhekiswe kuzo, ngenxa yokuthi isidingo sephephandaba sizohlale siphakeme. Izintatheli ezifundiswayo zivame ukuzama ukuthola isihloko esiqhakazile, esekelwe kwi-phraseology. Emazweni e-CIS ahlonipha futhi akhumbule abalobi baseRashiya be-Golden Age, yingakho bavame ukukhetha isihloko se-athikili isisho esidumile sikaGriyedyedov "Bangobani abahluleli?" Kusukela emsebenzini wakhe "Woe kusuka kuWe". Ngokuvamile, abalobi basebenzisa ama-phraseological units noma bawafaka ngezingxenye ezintsha zesilulumagama. Ngakho-ke, esihlokweni esithi "IziMithetho azishisi," kukhona uxhumano noMikhail Bulgakov nesisho sakhe esidumile esithi "Imibhalo yesandla ayishisi." Ngakho-ke, imithombo yamagumbi angama-phraseological nawoyiqiniso. Imisho yabantu abanamaphiko "umkhumbi omkhulu wokubhukuda" futhi "izinkukhu ekukholweni zikholelwa" izintatheli ziye zashintsha "i-ruble enkulu kakhulu ukubhukuda" futhi "izinqumo zikaMeyi ekwindla zikholelwa." Ochwepheshe baqinisekisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-unitological units e-media njalo kubangele abafundi. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi kusho ukuthini isithunzi ngasinye, ukuze kungabi namahloni.

Amaphutha ekusetshenzisweni kwama-unitological units

Umuntu ofundele uzama ukuhlobisa inkulumo yakhe ngemishwana enamaphiko, sebenzisa imigomo yobuchwepheshe namagama angaphandle. Ngokuvamile ukusetshenziswa kwefomu elilodwa noma okunye kuyiphutha, okungathinta incazelo yomongo bese uyishintsha ngokuphelele. Kunezinkinga eziningana ezivame ukuboniswa enkulumweni yomuntu.

Ezinye zinciphisa ngokungadingekile ukwakheka kwe-phraseology ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ingxenye: "impumelelo yomfundi ifuna okungcono" kunokuba "impumelelo yomfundi ishiyeke kakhulu." Ifomu lokuqala lisetshenziswe ngephutha. Ukushintshwa kwesinye sezingxenye kungase kube ngokoqobo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kubangele ukuhleka.

Abasebenzi bezindaba bavame ukusebenzisa i-phraseology ezinkulumweni zabo "lapho unyawo lomlobi lungahambanga khona." Ngenhlanganisela ezinzile, kulokhu, esikhundleni segama elithi "umuntu", omunye wakhethwa.

Ukuguqula ingxenye esondelene ngomsindo yiphutha elingenza umuntu ofundisiwe ukuba amise. Ngakho, esikhundleni sefomu elungile elithi "ungapheli amandla" ungase uzwe "hhayi inhliziyo elahlekile" - isenzo esikhathini esidlule sasikhethwa esikhundleni sokungapheli.

Ukuguqulwa okungafaneleki kwamafomu wegrama, nakho, kungabangela ukuhleka, ikakhulukazi uma esikhundleni se-phraseology "imisa isikhwama" abantu bezwa "izibungu eziqhwa." Ukushintsha ubunye kunobuningi akuvumelekile.

Ngokuvamile iphutha lizibonakalisa enhlanganisela yemishwana emibili. Ama-Phraseologisms "anentshisekelo" futhi "adlala indima" angahle adidane nomunye nomunye, okuholela ekutheni "i-play value".

Ukuhluleka ukuqonda incazelo yezinkulumo ezinamaphiko kuyinkinga enkulu, ngoba lokhu kungaholela ekusikiseni iziphakamiso ezingenangqondo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi izingxenye ze-phraseological zivela kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izimo okufanele zisetshenziswe. Ngakho-ke, inkulumo ethi "abaqeqeshiwe abajabule benza ingoma yabo yezingoma" (ingoma ihlolwe yinyoni efayo) izwakala ihlekisa, ngakho-ke uma ungaqiniseki ngokusetshenziswa kwe-phraseology, ungathathi ingozi.

Sisebenzisa kaningi kangakanani inhlanganisela yamazwi? Ama-Phraseologisms enkulumweni yansuku zonke

Umuntu usebenzisa imishwana enamaphiko enkulumweni kaningi kunalokho abonakalayo. Njengomthetho, lokhu kwenzeka ngokungazi. Ngakho, ngolunye usuku abanye bathi izinkulumo ezimbalwa. Ngokuvamile ikharikhulamu yesikole ihlanganisa izingxenye zamagama (ibanga lesi-6 nangaphezulu).

Sibiza ngokuthi "i-scapegoat" umuntu okufanele aphendule ngokungahambi kwabanye, futhi athukuthele komunye umuntu, athi "Ngizokubonisa uz'kina wami!" Ukuzama ukufeza umphumela oyifunayo ngawo wonke umzamo, "siba njenge-squirrel esitokisini", futhi sivila, siqala "ukusebenza ngemikhono." Ukubona owesifazane omdala onokuthula, onesizotha, sizombiza ngokuthi "i-dandelion yaphezulu," futhi umuntu ovelele njengecala elibi lomlingiswa - "izimvu ezimnyama emndenini."

Ngokuvamile abantu bafuna ukuthatha izingxenye zezinkulumo eziqaphele ngokucophelela, ukunikeza imibala yobuhle bokukhuluma. Abathengi, ngokuya ngesihloko senkulumo yabo, baqale ngemishwana enamaphiko, ukuze abalaleli babonise isithakazelo esijulile. Amadvodza amancane avame "ukudubula umcibisholo" ukuze athole ubuhlobo, futhi ngaphambi kwalokho anquma "ukugcoba imbongolo" ukuze athole amandla. Izingane ezingekho esikoleni "azilahleki izindlebe" zeziyalezo ezihlakaniphile zabazali bazo, "ngazo ezinhliziyweni zabo" zizisola eminyakeni kamuva. Ngakho-ke, i-phraseology iye yasungulwa ngokuqinile empilweni yomuntu wonke.