Imisebenzi kanye nezinhloso sezokuvikela. ukuzivikela civil Eziyisisekelo

Omunye izidingo zabantu eziyisisekelo yisimo sokuthokoza zezokuvikela nokuzinza. Futhi kukhona okuningi izici, imicimbi kanye izinsongo ezweni lanamuhla, ekuvimbeleni abantu bazizwa belondekile futhi uzinze.

Yingakho wonke umphakathi ophucukile, kunemithetho ethile neziqondiso, owawuthi kuso sonke isibalo sabantu uhlala. Emkhakheni ukuphepha yesiteleka kakhulu umqondo futhi simiso izinyathelo ezinjalo, ebekwe kumthetho, kuyinto kwencazelo sezokuvikela.

Ngokusekelwe lokhu, zonke izakhamuzi isimo kudingeka bazi ukuthi kukhona emigomweni zokuzivikela civil, yini empeleni yayo.

Umqondo futhi ngokuyisisekelo ukuzivikela civil

State ukuzivikela civil (GO) - kuyinto uhlelo eziklanyelwe yezenzo izinyathelo, obonakaliswe ukuvikelwa sabantu futhi ingcebo yamasiko aleli lizwe kusukela abasafufusa ngenxa zokukhwabanisa yamasosha noma izingozi esiyingozi ngokwedlulele. Futhi kule ukuqeqeshwa nokufundiswa kwabantu kule ndawo.

Omunye wemisebenzi yombuso ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha labantu. Ukuze wenze lokho, amazwe baye bathatha izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene ukuze ulondoloze futhi CSOs.

imisebenzi Basic ukuzivikela civil usizo ngesikhathi esifanele, ukuvikelwa ukuhlaselwa isitha, izinhlekelele abenziwe abantu noma uhlamvu yemvelo, kanye nezinye izingozi enkulu ezinkulu.

Abaholi zokuzivikela civil ezingeni jikelele yesimanje, kukhona uhulumeni kanye nomongameli. Esikhathini Russian Federation, ngaphezu iziphathimandla ngenhla, ukuzivikela civil nazo ahileleke neziphathimandla esiphezulu ezindaweni yezwe kanye nomasipala zayo. In ngamunye lobeka abaholi lalo.

Imigomo Nezindlela Izinhloso

Ingabe imisebenzi ukuzivikela civil ezilandelayo:

• ukuqeqeshwa abahlali zasemizaneni ukuziphatha lesifanele ngesikhathi isinyathelo sezempi noma nesenzakalo yezinhlekelele zemvelo;
• wayexwayisa abantu ngokuphela khona ingozi noma ivela khona kungenzeka;
• ukususwa sabantu, amafa amasiko noma impahla ezindaweni ephephile;
• akunika izakhamizi izindlela ezidingekayo sokuvikelwa siqu, imithi nokwelashwa;
• ukuthola futhi ukufeza zonke izinyathelo ezidingekile ukuze kuqedwe ukungcoliswa ngemisebe, amakhemikhali noma yemvelo izikhali endaweni;
• kubuyiselwe ukuthula ezindaweni lapho ezempi Kwakuseshwa, noma inhlekelele engokwemvelo, kuhlanganise nokubuyiselwa ezibalulekile emphakathini, ukuhileleka kwabo kule nqubo;
• izinqubo decontamination, izakhiwo sanitizing, izakhiwo yobunjiniyela;
• elwa imililo okubangelwa impi noma izinhlekelele zemvelo;
• umcimbi zonke izinhlobo ukumaska;
• ukuhlinzekwa unomphela ukulwa ukulungela wonke amabutho iyatholakala futhi esebenzisa isimo;
• yokungcwaba izidumbu zabantu abayizisulu zempi noma eziphuthumayo.

Ungaphinde ukhethe imisebenzi elandelayo emkhakheni wezokuvikela civil, okuyinto kumelwe zigcwaliseke ngumbuso:

• ekufezeni a eyinkimbinkimbi zokuqinisa ukuzinza izindawo kwezomnotho ukuthi ibambe iqhaza ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza GO ngesikhathi eziphuthumayo;
• imfundo ekhethekile, ukuqeqeshwa kanye ukuphinda uqeqesho, uma kunesidingo, ukuzivikela civil nabaphathi civil;
• Foundation ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuzivikela ukuphepha komphakathi (isib, zokukhosela);
• ukulawula kanye nokudidiyela imisebenzi izinhlangano ehilelekile ukubikezela, ukunqanda kanye nokuvikelela ukwenzeka izinhlekelele zemvelo nezenziwe abantu;
• ukusungulwa nokugcinwa ezilungele amasistimu isixwayiso yomphakathi, izinhlelo sizibone kanye nokuqapha zamakhemikhali, umonakalo omkhulu obangelwa imisebe futhi imvelo bayo begazi;
• Ukucinga osizini mkhathi, izindiza, imikhumbi-ngwenya nemikhumbi;
• ukuqeqeshwa izakhamizi yokukhiqiza esizimele izembatho zokuzivikela, amasu wokutakula kusukela izikhali zembubhiso (senuzi), ukuphathwa sokutakula eziphuthumayo imisebenzi.

Ngakho, injongo kanye civil imisebenzi ukuzivikela kahle washiwo umthetho, kodwa umkhuba ngokuvamile kukhona ukwehluleka ohlelweni. Ngenxa yalokho izwe inabantu ukulahlekelwa ezinkulu, ingasaphathwa ingcebo eningi.

Imithetho elawula ukuzivikela civil we Russian Federation

Isixazululo imisebenzi ukuzivikela civil, umqondo walo kakhulu futhi okushiwo Russian Federation kulawulwa uMthetho Federal № 28 "Ngo-Civil Defense". Umthetho wamukelwa ngonyaka ka-1998, futhi izinguquko zamuva kuso enziwa ngo-December 2013, kakade ngaphansi kobuholi zamanje yezwe.

Lo mthetho sisungula umqondo wokuvikela civil, imisebenzi esemqoka kanye nezici. Futhi uchaza kwekhono iziphathimandla zomphakathi kanye namalungelo, izibopho, nemisebenzi zezakhamizi esikhathini GO ndawo.

Ngaphandle uMthetho eziyisisekelo yezokuVikela, sivumele isishaya-mthetho ubeka ezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama GO kwezinye izenzo zomthetho kanye neziqondiso zikahulumeni. Kulokhu, zonke zoMthetho Federal noma oluphathelene naye lowo GO, awaphikisani uMthethosisekelo kanye Civil Code.

uhlelo

Ngemva ke ezazikhulunywa eHholo Imibandela lokho ukuzivikela civil, umqondo nezinhloso zalo ngokuvamile, ukuya esikhathini esingamahora anga-Ukubuyekeza of GO ku Russian Federation. Njengoba isimiso sakhe.

Uhlelo GO kuhlanganisa:

• Izilawuli Civil Protection;
• okwenza imali impahla (ukudla, imithi, ikhambi) izimali futhi alondoloza;
• control izinhlelo, isixwayiso nokuxhumana, kudingekile uma kwenzeka ingozi;
• ngezinye izindlela namandla adingekayo ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi sezokuvikela.

ukuzivikela Civil yakha isakhiwo ayo, hhayi kuphela ngesisekelo isimiso indawo, kodwa futhi kusukela ukukhiqizwa. elementi wayo lomkhulu inhlangano kwezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, ifektri, inyuvesi, nokunye. D.

Ngakho, isici sendawo kumiswa ukuzivikela civil ukuba wenze kanjalo ezindaweni ezahlukene, e ezahlukene ezindaweni, izindawo, izifunda, imizi kanye nemizana of Russia, ngokuvumelana izigaba zokuphatha yezwe.

Ukwenza Isimiso esifanayo siyasebenza ukuba ahlele amabutho e muntu neminyango, zezinkonzo, amabhizinisi kanye nezinjongo namanani ahlukene.

Kusukela ulwazi wathola kuyacaca, okuyinto sezokuvikela. Isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi ke kuhlobene eduze. Njengoba isixhumanisi ngamunye GO wenza eziningi imisebenzi engena ngaphansi kwalokho enekhono lakho ukuthi, idatha kohlelo kwakha indlela enamandla futhi ngempumelelo.

ukuzivikela Civil ongenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ubunjalo global ukuxhumana eduze amagatsha ezahlukene zikahulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga, kanye abaphathi nalabo abangaphansi izinhlangano ezehlukene kanye namabhizinisi. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba acabangele ukuthi zonke izingxenye ukuzivikela yomphakathi ngalunye ngokuhlukile, futhi ubuhlobo babo lapho sezigcwaliseka izimpokophelo.

GO amandla

Esahlukweni sesihlanu zoMthetho Federal "Ngo-Civil Defense" ezomvikela Civil awashintsheki. Lezi zihlanganisa zokwakheka lempi ukubaluleka federal, umlilo futhi eziphuthumayo kanye bamayunithi, okuyinto afeze imisebenzi esemqoka ye Civil Defense.

Inqubo amabutho Russian Federation eqondiswa ngumthetho, nokuzimbandakanya kwabo ubutha, ukuvimbela noma ayisuse imiphumela ngezimo ezisheshayo olunqunywe uMongameli we Russian Federation. kumiswa okungavamile efanayo abahilelekile ngokuvumelana uhlelo zokuzivikela civil, ngesinqumo somthetho we esemthethweni, oyinhloko ye-Civil Defense endaweni inkokhelo lapho idingeke khona.

Futhi FZ wabonisa izisekelo umsebenzi amayunithi akhethekile amandla wezokuphatha okuyinto ogunyazwe ukuxazulula inkinga Russian Federation of Civil Defense. okungukuthi:

• imishini ekhethekile futhi izikhali (isibhamu abandayo) ku izinhlangano isimo ehlome kule ndawo.
• Military wokutakula amayunithi banikezwa isitifiketi ekhethekile, isampula ezithile, okuyinto ukuqinisekisa isimo sabo. Kanye zezempi izimpawu ngamazwe okubonisa ukuthi basonta amabutho sezokuvikela.
• usizo Komphakathi, ngezimali kanye umsebenzi wenziwa amabutho sokuya empini imithetho Russian Federation. Ngakho ngezimali eyabelwe zona on emazingeni ehlukene (federal, zezifunda kanye sendawo), kuye ngokuthi yiziphi kumiswa uxhaso.

Ngesikhathi sempi, ahlomile amabutho Russian baqale ukuqhuba kusukela ukumenyezelwa komthetho amasosha nguMengameli futhi sokuthula, uma kwenzeka kubhubhane, izingozi, uhlobo ezenziwe umuntu, izinhlekelele noma izinhlekelele, izinhlekelele zemvelo.

ubuholi

GO Guide eRussia ngokuhambisana nomthetho wenziwa yi-Government. inqubomgomo State endaweni efanayo egcina umzimba federal kwamandla esiphezulu ngesisekelo amandla sona nguMongameli. Ezingeni le nomasipala izinhlangano ukubusa ukuzivikela civil umsebenzi esiphezulu izinhlangano kanye nomasipala ngokulandelana. Chiefs ukuphendulela ngokuphelele futhi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela futhi ukufeza imisebenzi ukuzivikela sabantu.

Ukuze ngesikhathi esifanele, endaweni efanele, futhi siye sahlangana ngokugcwele izinjongo emkhakheni ukuvikelwa civil, ku Russian Federation elandelayo umthetho iziphathimandla Ukuvikelwa civil yeBhodi:

1. isigungu emkhakheni abangekho empini ukubaluleka sikahulumeni.

Leli gunya inikeza isiqondiso esifanele zonke izindikimba ezincane ezingeni nezinhlangano. It has amalayisense ekhethekile, imisebenzi zokulawula kanye okugada, ukuze unikezwe Izinjongo kanye nemisebenzi ye-Civil Defense.

2. Endaweni esiphezulu emizimbeni kwamandla aye empini.

Lokhu izindawo zokuqeda nemiphumela yezinhlekelele zemvelo, wokusiza ngesikhathi esifaneleyo eziphuthumayo jikelele ogunyaziwe ukuxazulula noma yiziphi ukuzivikela civil ensimini ka yomkhakha owodwa noma umasipala. emizimbeni ezinjalo agwedlayo angaba servicemen amayunithi lempi igunya kahulumeni, kanye nezikhulu eziphezulu of the ukwakheka federal inkonzo umlilo kanye nabasebenzi abangekho empini.

Abaholi zemizimba indawo esiyakuqokwa nezicashisiwe ngomyalo federal isigungu. Khipha sabo njengoba uMongameli liyoba nelungelo.

3. ukwahlukana Bezakhiwe ka federal amandla omkhulu we nemvelo.

4. izingxenyana izinhlangano (abasebenzi).

Amandla uMongameli kanye Government of the Russian Federation emkhakheni Civil

Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi FZ-28 lichaza injongo kanye civil imisebenzi ukuzivikela, ichaza umqondo kanye netimphawu, liphinde isahluko ahlukene sinquma kwekhono le iziphathimandla zikahulumeni kule nsimu.

Ngakho, esahlukweni Art yesibili. 5 wawuthi uMongameli igunyaziwe:

• ukunquma ngesisekelo inqubomgomo ezivamile emkhakheni wezokuvikela civil;
• vumela futhi okumisa GO Hlela njengoba yonke indawo WaseRussia futhi izifundo ngabanye;
• inombolo isimangalo, ukwakheka, isakhiwo wokutakula amayunithi lempi, isikhundla enhlanganweni yabo ushintsho.

Ngokuhambisana Art. 6 UHulumeni Russian Federation ukuba ziye kwenziwe imisebenzi ukuzivikela civil, unelungelo futhi duty:

• ukuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa kwenqubomgomo esihlanganisiwe emkhakheni wezokuvikela;
• beqondisa ukuziphatha jikelele izikhathi lwenhlangano ukuzivikela emphakathini;
• ukhiqiza ezihlukahlukene imithetho neziqondiso emkhakheni wezokuvikela futhi bahlele ukuthuthukiswa zoMthetho Federal;
• ukunquma oda inkomba endaweni amaqembu ukuzivikela emphakathini;
• ukusungula inqubo kuhlengwe abantu, impahla kanye nemagugu emasiko kusukela eyingozi;
• ukusungula imithetho wokuqeqesha izakhamuzi emkhakheni wezokuvikela;
• ukunquma oda ukudalwa zokukhosela zokukhosela, kanye isitoreji, ukusetshenziswa kanye yokugcina ezihlukahlukene kumadivayisi zokuzivikela, ukudla kanye nemithi.

Amandla iziphathimandla esiphezulu emkhakheni Civil

Ngokuhambisana Art. 7 emizimbeni kwamandla esiphezulu kule mkhakha GO can futhi kufanele:

• zamukele imithetho kule ndawo, ukuletha ezithebeni ulwazi oluqukethwe kuyo, izinhlangano abanekhono ukuqapha nokugcina kwawo kanye nokusebenza kwawo;
• iqhinga ukuzivikela civil, kuyilapho wokuxhumanisa ngayo uhulumeni;
• ukuze bafeze imisebenzi kanye nezinqubo ukuzivikela civil ukudala amabutho ezidingekayo futhi indlela yokuzivikela;
• afeze eziyinkimbinkimbi wezinyathelo ukongiwa lezinto, kubalulekile ukusebenza emnothweni kanye ukusindiswa kwabantu;
• ukudala futhi nizibhale amandla egcwele ukuphathwa lobuchwepheshe amayunithi civil ukuzivikela, kanye ngokuba izinhlelo wazise umphakathi;
• dala futhi ukuqapha zigcine ukuphepha hlinzeka imithi nezinye izinto ezidingekayo.

Civil CSOs

Ukuze uvikele sabantu ngokumelene izingozi, ngaphezu izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kukhona kumiswa GO ezingeni kwamabhizinisi. Ngo CSOs civil ezinjalo Ungafaka zonke izakhamuzi omdala, abangazange sokumpeshena, ngaphandle kwabesifazane abakhulelwe, abantu abakhubazekile, omama nezingane ezincane (eneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-8) namanye imikhakha izakhamuzi.

FL-28 iqokomisa inkinga izinhlangano ukuzivikela civil ezivamile amandla abo. okungukuthi:

• ekuhlela nekuhlelenjiswa kwalokucuketfwe imisebenzi ku ukuzivikela;
• ukuqaliswa ukuqeqesha abasebenzi ayo emkhakheni wezokuvikela;
• ukudala futhi sigcine yokusungula yabo kwezinsiza phakathi nenhlekelele, nemithi, amalungiselelo.

Inhlangano ye-1 no 2 futhi abanye ekilasini 3rd ingozi (ukukhiqizwa obangelwa imisebe noma izingozi zenuzi, imisele yamanzi) kuyadingeka ukuze wakhe futhi hlale njalo ukulungela wokutakula kumiswa ongaphilile. A 1st futhi amakilasi 2 ingozi okwamanje futhi izinhlelo zendawo yokuxhumana ingozi.

Ezinye izici ze-Russian Federation of Civil Defense

Ungengeza futhi ukuthi yonke imisebenzi civil ukuzivikela isiRashiya, kuncike jikelele esimweni sangaphakathi nangaphandle, kwenziwe izindlela eziningana:

1. Imisebenti yemalanga onkhe - ukusebenza sokuthula, emigomweni, ngokungabi bikho zezinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo futhi manmade.
2. Ukwandiswa ukuzimisela - izenzo nosongo okusobala impi, Ukuwohloka isimo yamakhemikhali ngemisebe, uhlamvu yokuzamazama noma ezimbonini.
3. Isiboneleli Sokuveza - isimemezelo impi, umthetho karate, kwentando langempela le nhlekelele ingozi.

A amazwi ambalwa mayelana nendlela ngokuvamile ziphenduke futhi ushintshe ukuvikela civil. GO imisebenzi lwenziwa futhi iguqulwe, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni ingozi ezisengozini kuleliya lizwe ngesikhathi esinikeziwe njalo.

Ngokwesibonelo, e-30s kwekhulu lama-20 wadala isimiso ukuvikela ukubaluleka wendawo. Kuyinto ngokuqondene ukuvela ukwanda nokubhonywa ngaleso sikhathi wodweshu (efunwa amaRoma German). Nale zesistimu neutralized sebuningini amabhomu, umlilo luqede lenqwaba kanye nohlobo izingozi zezimboni is kuvinjelwe.

Phakathi nekhulu le-20 kwaba khona usongo zenuzi, ngakho ngalesi sikhathi, kuleli zwe landa ezingaba enuzi ukuze bazivikele. Ivame ukwenza ukuqeqeshwa izindlela labantu nezenzo kudingekile ukuvikela kuqhuma ibhomu lenyukliya.

Namuhla uhulumeni ngaphezulu wadalula kwamaphekula ezigelekeqe zokwakheka. Futhi inhlekelele sina (umlilo, izikhukhula). Ngakho, wonke amabutho wombuso kanye isizwe asethwe silwe nabo. Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo ku Russian Federation kusukela ngo-January 1994 kukhona Ministry of Izimo eziphuthumayo.

isiphetho

Sesihlole ngaphezu elithi "Ukuvikelwa civil" nenchazelo yenkinga ezweni lanamuhla. Ngokolwazi etholwe, singaphetha ngokuthi eRussia khona namuhla uhlaka ngempumelelo kakhulu kwezomthetho emkhakheni GO. Nokho, unyaka nonyaka zenzeka ezimweni ezahlukene kusukela lapho kusobala ukuthi izinkinga kule ndawo kuseyimfihlakalo kakhulu. Ngenxa unharmonized, abazange banake, connivance izikhulu eziphezulu namalungu iziphathimandla esiphezulu yezwe lisheshe esikhulu ukulahlekelwa ukuphila izakhamuzi zakhona eziningi.

Kule ndaba, kuwufanele ukugqamisa Amathrendi main ekuthuthukiseni zokuzivikela civil:

1. State ezibeka phambili ngenxa yokubaluleka ngezimali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi zomsebenzi.
2. Ukugcizelela of iziphathimandla abanekhono kwi ukuqeqeshwa ehlelekile izinto eziyisisekelo yokuvikela njengendlela amaqembu ezizimele kanye nezinhlaka ukuzivikela civil, kanye labantu elula wezwe.
3. izinhlawulo kwandisa ukusebenza engafanele imisebenzi yizikhulu emkhakheni wezokuvikela civil.