Ifomu, umqondo kanye nesakhiwo isimo. Ngokuhlelwa komphakathi isimo

Ngesisekelo iziphi izimiso kwesimo isebenze? Kuyini ukuvela amafomu yenhlangano zezombusazwe emphakathini? Yiziphi izimiso esiyinhloko ukuqaliswa amandla izinhlangano yokuphathwa komphakathi emazweni yesimanje futhi, ngokukhethekile, eRussia?

Sinjani isimo?

Ngaphambi kokuhlola lokho isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi isimo, ichaze ngelakho ngakho ukuthi kushiwoni ezinjalo. imiqondo theory kulokhu, kunezindlela eziningi. Phakathi ezivamile - ncazelo elandelayo. State - lena kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi nokuxhumana phakathi abantu abamunye ngesisekelo ubuzwe noma indawo, wadala ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi izimiso eziyisisekelo izinga lempilo, ukulondeka nenkululeko zonke izakhamuzi.

Abantu uyaqaphela ngokukhetha ukuhlala ezimeni ezifanele, ungene "inkontileka social" nge uhulumeni, "abanye" Ukuphathwa iyona Uhulumeni (iPhalamende) noma zisebenzise ukuzibusa eenkambisweni wokulungile nokubonakalisa umphakathi. Amafomu bokuqala wekuba sive, uma kuziwa endabeni ngokuletha abantu ndawonye endaweni sincane, ucishe eyohlobo zinhlanga nakutemasiko, isidingo "ithimba" wayengekho. Izakhamizi babe ngokwanele ukuba akhethe, ake sithi, i "umholi" abanolwazi noma iqembu yalo ngenjongo izimiso self-ukuhlela.

Njengoba ukwandisa amasimu "abaholi" uyekile ezingabanjwanga nhlobo. Noma, phakathi ukuphikisana baqala ukuvela, okwakudinga ukuzithiba ngcono onobuhle. Okokuqala, umsebenzi we "umholi" waqala ukugxila kulokho engikufundayo ezandleni abambalwa abaholi - ekugcineni, inkosi kuphelaa. Kamuva baqala avele akhethwe iziphathimandla. Ngokwesibonelo, isakhiwo isimo Old sakhiwe National Institute Chamber. izakhiwo ePhalamende akhiwa amazwe aseYurophu. Ifomu ucishe yesimanje zokubusa zezombusazwe ithi eNgophezukonke Kwakhiwa 17 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni nele-18. Kwakukhona eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma zibonisa izimiso ka ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla. Kwezinye izifundazwe baye busuka umkhuba. Manje usebenza ngokuhambisana zezombusazwe emazweni amaningi.

Njengoba kuchazwe focus ukhiye yokutadisha kwethu encane, singaqala ukuhlola lokho Isakhiwo nemisebenzi isimo. Thina siqale eThemini.

Icacisa isakhiwo isimo

Uyini "isakhiwo isimo"? Ngokusho ethandwa phakathi kwencazelo zezombusazwe Russian, kuba simiso izinhlangano zezombusazwe izikhungo ukuthi enze imisebenzi afaneleko ukwenza olufanele izifundo ukulawula igunya. isakhiwo isimo njengoba injalo manje uvame wezwakalisa njengoba uhla imizimba ezahlukene, ihlukaniswe amazinga amathathu obusebenzayo: umthetho, mphathi zokwahlulela. Yikuphi, esikhundleni salokho, sahlukana phakathi kwaba inani elikhulu amayunithi kwesakhiwo obhekene ezindaweni ezithize ukuqaliswa izinqubomgomo nokubusa - zezinkonzo, ejensi, amakomiti, njll ...

Abanye ochwepheshe ukhombe isici esihlukile kule nokwakheka isimo amabutho ahlomile, kanye izidumbu kwakheka kwenzeka izimo eziphuthumayo eziphuthumayo - elinjalo, isibonelo, uhulumeni wesikhashana phakathi nesikhathi 1917, ayizange ekuqaleni olunikezwa kwemithetho yamanje yezwe. ZamaKhono futhi uhla amandla, okuyinto afakwa imigomo abafanele amandla izakhiwo kuchazwe nokulawula Inqubomgomo Izinjongo izinhlangano.

Kukhona imigomo ungwaqa okwengeziwe ngendaba, kodwa izigaba ezahlukene ngokwesayensi. Ukuze labo, ngokwesibonelo, inikeza umqondo ezifana "isimo senhlalo." Luhilela Ukwahlukaniswa labantu amaqembu athile ngesisekelo isimo setepolitiki izakhamuzi. Njengoba inketho - basonta amakilasi. Lokho, isibonelo, isakhiwo zomphakathi KweNkathi Ephakathi isimo angase emelelwa amaqembu ezifana abalimi, onxiwankulu abaninimhlaba nabakhulu t. D. abezombangazwe izikhungo zikahulumeni incazelo yaleli gama ngaleyo ndlela sengqondo sasivumela Okuqukethwe akuzwakali.

Ingabe umqondo wegama elithi "isakhiwo isimo". Kwezinye izimo nezakhiwo, kungase kubhekwe njengokweba lahlotshaniswa. Kodwa njengoba umthetho, limelela uhlobo iyunithi zezombusazwe, inkampani noma inhlangano nelincane maqondana isimo. Okungukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni - Yebo, isakhiwo isimo. Kanye, isibonelo, i-Federal State yezefundo "Ulwazi Nobuchwepheshe Centre". Noma JSC "Gazprom". Konke lokhu - izakhiwo isimo. Yidla wafunda esifundweni sethu amancane, igama elithi main kulezo timongcondvo lapho umbuzo ezikhungo ezithintekile noma izinhlangano, kufanele siqaphele ukuba sigweme amaphutha semantic.

imisebenzi zezombusazwe

Umqondo "isakhiwo isimo" ngokuvamile ephambana nomunye umqondo - "ithuluzi lezombusazwe". Ngokwengxenye enkulu, kokubili - lo mkhuba oda efanayo. Zibonisa izimiso netindlela ngesisekelo okuyinto uhulumeni is ukusebenzisa izibopho ngokuhambisana inkontileka nomphakathi. Nokho, uma isakhiwo isimo - iqoqo izikhungo, okungukuthi ngaphezulu "yamathuluzi" kwamandla, imisebenzi zezombusazwe - lokhu, ngokuvumelana umbono othandwayo, ezimqoka futhi imisebenzi lapho ohulumeni abafanele ukuphi. Singasho ukuthi "umsebenzi" ngezinga elithile ukunquma "isakhiwo." Ngaphansi izinselele zamanje ezihambisana wokwengamela izinqubo zezepolitiki, kukhona izikhungo ezithile Owadala isakhiwo amandla State.

Ngo isayensi yesimanje zezombusazwe ukuze uhlukanise imisebenzi zezombusazwe zalo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa kwemtsetfo, komthetho, imisebenzi kwezomnotho, ezenhlalo, amasiko kanye nezemvelo. Ukuze yesibili - ukuzivikela nakwezombusazwe (ezinye izazi ziye zakhomba njengengxenye wakhe ngokuthi "ngokubambisana", ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto ekwakheni ubungane nokubambisana enkundleni ngamazwe).

Umgomo we ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla

Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi isakhiwo sepolitiki kwamazwe anamuhla ekusebenziseni isimiso ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla. Kuyini lokhu? Njengokulotshiweyo ukuthi ahlelwe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo isimo indlela? Kusolwa ukuthi amandla sehlukaniswe amagatsha amathathu main ukusebenza - zomthetho, mphathi zokwahlulela. Ngamunye wabo isebenza ngokuzimela ngokuya ekhuluma ukuphathiswa nguMthethosisekelo noma ezinye izenzo zomthetho zezinkinga, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo abasebenza ngaphakathi Izinjongo olulodwa ukhiye inhlangano.

Kule ndaba, kwaba khona isidingo sezisebenzi zokwehlukanisa amandla? Ngokwe luvame umqondo theory, lolu hlobo isakhiwo mshini isimo - umphumela ukuthuthukiswa lungelo entando yeningi kanye zavela kancane kancane esikhathini setepolitiki ukwazi umbandela: amandla akufanele bagxila yisiphi isikhungo esithile noma ophethwe ngamunye. Ngakho, amagatsha zomthetho, mphathi sokwahlulelwa ukuphathwa zenzelwe Okusizayo kukhawulwe igunya enombono ukunciphisa amathuba usurpation zezombusazwe kwamakhono ukhiye.

ephalamende

I isakhiwo sepolitiki isimo namuhla, njengoba umthetho, kusho ukuba khona iziphathimandla ePhalamende. Yiziphi izikhungo eliphakeme isiShayamthetho. IPhalamende izici ezilandelayo esemqoka: ukuthuthukiswa kwemithetho ukuthi bamele izimfuno bezinhlanga ezahlukene zomphakathi kwezombusazwe, kanye ukulawula imisebenzi ngqongqotshe.

uhulumeni

Kwasetshenziswa emazweni amaningi wesimanjemanje indlela isimo, umqondo kanye oyiyo, conceptualized e imibono yezombangazwe, kusikisela ukuba khona ohlelweni ukuphathwa wezwe, hhayi kuphela ePhalamende kodwa futhi ezikhungweni zikahulumeni. Yikuphi umzimba ophakeme kwamandla esiphezulu. Imisebenzi Tikhungo letinyenti tahulumende - zezinkonzo, ejensi, amasevisi (uma sivuma ukuthi lichaza yokutholwa eRussia mshini isimo - umqondo kanye nesakhiwo othile wezifundo zezombusazwe yasekhaya musa abangele mpikiswano iyonke) - encishisiwe ukuqaliswa lesifanele yokutholwa ezingeni asephalamende izenzo zomthetho, kanye imithombo - izimiso, izimiso, njll ...

ezinkantolo

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, namajaji kuxazululwa izinkinga ezihlobene practice zomthetho kwe-aspect emithethweni ekhona. Noma, njengoba kunjalo kwamanye amazwe, yena ishicilela yemithetho ngesimo eyandulele, kuqhakambisa izidumbu zomthetho neyokuphatha ukuthi yakha mshini isimo. Umqondo kanye nesakhiwo umthetho icala sihluke kakhulu okubizwa ngokuthi "Roman" imithetho ekusebenzeni kwenqubo, lapho ukwamukelwa of izenzo zomthetho yezinkantolo akuzona ngqo iqhaza.

Yikuphi onobuhle ababili ukuthi kusebenze kakhulu - isihloko mpikiswano okukhulu. Noma kunjalo, kuvamile "Roman" uhlelo emhlabeni, kuhlanganise eRussia. umthetho Ikesi amaningi e-USA, nase UK.

State kanye nomthetho

Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi isidingo isimo uvele lapho abantu ayefisa ukunikeza ngokwabo nge isiqinisekiso ukuphepha lokuhlala, inkululeko, nge izinga okuhambisanayo zokuphila. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu "isifiso" yaguqulwa kwesokudla noma inhlanganisela labo. Ukuhambisana baba umbandela saziso namuhla. Ngakho-ke enganele ngaphakathi elilodwa noma kwenye isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona esebenza kuphela isakhiwo olinganiselayo isimo. Futhi amalungelo ezakhamizi kanye okumele yenziwe ngaphandle kwemibandela.

Lezi zindlela lapho isimo sezombusazwe ezweni kuchazwa nekhono ukubhala kwamalungelo wobuntu civil zihluke kakhulu. Ngezindlela eziningi, essence yabo kunqunywa linqoba namasiko omphakathi namasiko abantu. Kwezinye izifundazwe, isibonelo, ilungelo lokuveza izithakazelo zezombusazwe awacatshangwa kube into eza kuqala. Ngamanye wamukele ukuthi kuleli zwe sase zonke izidingo ukugcwaliseka izidingo zezakhamizi ukukhuluma obala ngezindaba isikhundla ezabo izindaba yokubusa. Isakhiwo isimo kanye nomthetho khona - kokubili ngokoMthetho imibono theory mayelana ekahle yesimiso sezombangazwe e Academia, futhi ukhiye umkhuba ukuphathwa kwamabhizinisi - kuhlanganise khona esiyisibopho izikhungo ezifanele.

izingxenye amandla

Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa esisemthethweni ukwaba yezingxenye eziyisisekelo amandla ezombusazwe, ezivame ukuba zonke izinhlobo zezikhungo zomphakathi. Phakathi kwalabo - amandla, amalungelo, nendlela yokukhuthaza, nokuziphendulela. Ngempela, yonke ekhona izimiso zezombusazwe, kungakhathaliseki, eqinisweni presents isakhiwo, uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni. Ngisho noma thina sicabangele izibonelo inhlangano izikhungo kwamandla ezinkathini zomlando lapho kwakungekho ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla, lezi zingxenye ukulawula zezombusazwe abelokhu ekhona njalo. Nokho, ngamunye wabo kukholakala osopolitiki yesimanje, kumele ibhalansiswe ngokuya abheke ukuthi kungenzeka i-subject ethize imisebenzi yamandla. Okungukuthi, ne kwesikhathi futhi inqubo engokwemvelo ukuthuthukiswa nezombusazwe saveza imiqondo kanye nezimiso ukuba ahole abantu onohlelo lokubusa ngokubambisana kulandelwe lo nenqubomgomo. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla, ngokuvumelana abahlaziyi bezombangazwe, isibe omunye izindlela eziyinhloko ngcono theorists kanye nodokotela yokuphathwa komphakathi ukufuna ukulinganisela phakathi kwezingxenye ezine eziyinhloko of ukuphathwa zezombusazwe.

Modern izakhi isimo indlela

Kusobala ukuthi lesi sakhiwo amafomu isimo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziphenduke. Yilokhu sibonile ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko: lokuqala, "abaholi", bese amakhosi, kamuva wabonakala ephalamende kanye ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla. Pho-ke, "olwakhiwe" isimo zanamuhla? Politologists ukwaba ezifanele uhlaka lwenqubomgomo izakhi. Indlela yencazelo ingahluka kuye ngezimo zezwe ngalinye. ERussia, ngokuvumelana iphuzu ezivamile buka, lolu hlobo izakhi ihlukaniswa njengoba:

- ohulumeni (federal, lesifunda kanye kamasipala ezingeni);

- izinhlangano isimo (siloviks, ukulawula isevisi, ukubhekwa, njll ...);

- nezikhungo zomphakathi (izikole, izibhedlela, imitapo, njll ...);

- bezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni.

Kwamanye amazwe, ezinye izakhi ngenhla Ngakho advantageously kungasese. ERussia, zingabantu isimo (ngokuvumelana abanye abahlaziyi, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuphambana namasiko zomlando nemigomo yokuphathwa komphakathi, elisungulwe kwamaSoviet).

Uyini "igunya"

Ake abahlala elementi yohlobo sokuqala, okungukuthi, uhulumeni. Yiziphi izici yalo eyinhloko? imiqondo lesimanje lesayensi ukuthi uchaze ukuthi kumele ibukeke uhlobo isimo, bese okuhlotshaniswa yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu, zihlanganisa elandelayo zindlela. Ngakho,:

- obumba, ngokusekelwe intando izinhlangano zezombusazwe okulawula;

- lucwaningo imisebenzi ukuthi kuchazwa imibhalo yemithetho;

- it has nesakhiwo senhlangano esichaza ngokucacile izimfanelo ngokomthetho;

- has ngamakhono ezithile, amalungelo, imisebenzi;

- ukusebenza endaweni ethile (ezweni lonke sisonke othile esifundeni, idolobha).

Phakathi izici ezengeziwe ngazo iziphathimandla - ukutholakala kwemithombo yezinto (izakhiwo ehlukile, izindlela zokuxhumana, njll ...), The izinhlelo ukusatshalaliswa obusebenzayo igunya izikhulu (isikhundla, isikhundla), kutiphendvulela izakhiwo ephakeme kwamandla.

State kanye nomasipala

kanjani umqondo kanye nesakhiwo isimo zihlobene nezimiso zalo hulumeni kamasipala? Delimiting umbandela main lapha - ukuhlobana imisebenzi ezingeni elifanele ukuqaliswa amandla. Umasipala - a ehunyushelwe iyunithi zokuphatha-indawo - idolobha, isifunda, County. Ububanzi imisebenzi, ikhambi zazo sabelwe izikhonzi zikahulumeni zendawo, njengoba umthetho, sihluke kuleso okuyinto sici federal amandla izakhiwo. Izinto zesimanje uhlobo isimo, umqondo kanye nesakhiwo, okuyinto zamukelwa njengoba eziyisisekelo imiqondo theory ezikoleni yesayensi, ihilela izinga elithile elikhulu ukuzimela komasipala - ngenxa nje yokuthi, ngokulwa kwe-aspect zendawo, iziphathimandla ngeke cishe ukuxazulula izinkinga esiphuthumayo kalula kakhulu kunezimoto ezivamile abaphezulu zezombusazwe ukuphathwa isakhiwo.

Kuthiwani umkhuba wokusebenzisa delineating igunya abafanele eRussia? Amagama athi "isimo" kanye "kamasipala" emandleni imithetho RF eklanywe. Noma kunjalo, izimiso ayisihluthulelo zezombusazwe nokubusa izinhlelo lisisebenzisa izikhonzi ukuphathwa zezombusazwe zalo zombili izinhlobo, ngokusho abahlaziyi abaningi bezombangazwe, futhi njengoba kufakazelwa ekwakhiweni inqwaba imithetho ezithi azifane kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi cishe ezifanayo. Ngo izici eziningi "isimo" kanye neziphathimandla "kamasipala" eRussia zihlukile ngaphandle igama.

Nokho, ukwamukelwa ezikoleni eziningi imibono yezombangazwe isakhiwo isimo kusho ukuthi ukuphathwa izinga yezwe kungenzeka kuphela uma ukuzimela eningi ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezingeni lomasipala. Ngakho-ke, naphezu ukufana sangaphandle izimiso, amandla ngesikhathi sikahulumeni, zezifunda kanye lendawo ezingeni kumele kwenziwe eRussia ngesikhathi izifundo ngokwanele obuqand nokuqaliswa kwalo yokuzimela.