ICE - kuyini? Yangaphakathi omlilo injini: nezinhlamvu, circuit

Akulona ihaba ukuthi iningi amadivayisi self ezinezinjini namuhla anemisila yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini ngamacebo ezahlukene besebenzisa imibono ehlukene lomsebenzi. Noma kunjalo, uma sikhuluma ngemgwaco. Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa kabanzi ngokuningiliziwe yangaphakathi omlilo engine. Kunjani ukusebenza kule yunithi, lokho okungukuthi yayo ngobuhle nangobubi bawo Uzofunda ngokufunda ngakho.

Umgomo we operation ye yangaphakathi omlilo injini

Isimiso esemqoka ye yangaphakathi omlilo injini kusekelwe eqinisweni ukuthi uphethiloli (okuqinile, uketshezi noma igesi) uyaphakama kulesi sikhundla ozinikele ngaphakathi kweyunithi ngokwayo, ukuguqulela energy ezishisayo zibe amandla lokukhanda. Ukusebenza ingxube esilazayo ku amasilinda we onjalo injini is phansi kokucindezelwa. Ngemva ukuthungela yayo esebenzisa amadivayisi ezikhethekile kuphakama amagesi overpressure ukuphoqa piston ukubuyela endaweni yalo. Lokhu kwakha komsebenzi umjikelezo njalo, ukuguqulela esebenzisa izindlela ezikhethekile we energy kinetic ku-torque engu.

Kuze kube manje, kudivayisi ICE ungaba nezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• ezimbili-unhlangothi injini, kaningi okubizwa ngokuthi ukukhanya;
• ezine amandla iyunithi, okuvumela ukuba kuzuzwe ephakeme amazinga ukusebenza kahle amagugu;
• Negesi ophephela ukufakwa, kokuba ngcono amandla izici.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye ukulungiswa amaqhinga eziyisisekelo ukuthi ngcono izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene lolu hlobo amandla plant.

Izinzuzo yangaphakathi omlilo injini

Ngokungafani amandla amayunithi, esinika amakhamera zangaphandle ICE kunezinzuzo abalulekile. Khona-ke abakhululiwe eziyinhloko:

• icwecwe ngobukhulu okuningi;
• ephakeme amagugu amandla;
• ukusebenza ngekhono elilungile.

Kufanele kuqashelwe, ebhekisela yangaphakathi omlilo engine, kuba idivayisi, okuyinto ezimweni eziningi evumela ukusetshenziswa zokubasa ezahlukene. Lokhu kungaba uphethiloli, udizili, igesi yemvelo noma liquefied petroleum gas, iziketekete ngisho izinkuni plain. Lokhu universalism Nilethé lo injini umqondo udumo okufanele, ubiquity nobuholi embulungeni yonke.

Umlando omfishane

Kukholakala ukuthi yangaphakathi omlilo injini ibala nomlando wayo kusukela kwasungulwa lesi engumFulentshi de Rivas e 1807 a unit piston esetshenziswa njengoba uphethiloli, i-hydrogen esimweni gaseous ekuhlanganisweni. Nakuba kusukela lapho iyunithi DVS iye yashintshwa abalulekile kanye ukuhlela kabusha, umbono eyisisekelo yaleli okusunguliwe esasetshenziswa nanamuhla.

Eyokuqala ezine-unhlangothi omlilo yangaphakathi injini, sakhishwa ngo-1876 eJalimane. Maphakathi nawo-80-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XIX eRussia yasungulwa carburetor ukuthi avunyelwe tekukhipha uphethiloli ku amasilinda injini. Khonokho ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, unjiniyela abadumile German Rudolf Udizili ukusikisela umqondo ukuthungela inhlanganisela ezivuthayo ngaphansi kwengcindezi, okuyinto kakhulu kuthuthukisa amandla izici yangaphakathi omlilo injini kanye nekusebenta ukusebenza amayunithi yalolu hlobo ukuthi awusenalo okuningi okufanele oyifunayo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini waya ikakhulu maqondana sithuthuka, ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa kwezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ngcono.

I izinhlobo eziyinhloko futhi izinhlobo yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini

Noma kunjalo, emlandweni weminyaka engu-100 ngaphezu lolu hlobo amayunithi avunyelwe ukuthuthukiswa izinhlobo eziningana eziyisisekelo zezitshalo amandla nge fuel amandla omlilo. Ziyahlukahluka kuye hhayi nje ngenxa yokwakheka ingxube zokusebenza ezisetshenziswa, kodwa izici design.

likaphethiloli izinjini

Njengoba leli gama lisikisela, le lokubolekwa yaleli qembu Asetshenziswa njengezitolo izinhlobo ezahlukene uphethiloli nophethiloli. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, lezi zitshalo amandla kungenziwa selihlukene laba amaqembu amabili amakhulu:

• Umshini emotweni lapho kuhlanganiswa khona umoya nomusi kaphethiloli. Ngo mishini, ingxube nophethiloli ngaphambi lingena amasilinda is ahlanganiswe emoyeni uquqaba idivayisi ekhethekile (umshini emotweni lapho kuhlanganiswa khona umoya nomusi kaphethiloli). Ngemva kwalokho kwenzeka ibangelwa i kagesi inhlansi. Phakathi abameleli evelele kunazo zonke zalolu hlobo kungenziwa ngokuthi model of Vaz, le yangaphakathi omlilo injini okuyinto isikhathi eside kwaba kuphela carburetor hlobo.
• Umjovo. Lena uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho umjovo fuel ku amasilinda Kwenziwa isihloko ekhethekile kanye Imibhobho esemzimbeni. Kungenzeka kokubili athutha futhi esebenzisa idivayisi ekhethekile electronic. Ukuyedlula kubhekwa ngqo ngqo umjovo uhlelo "Common Rail". Kufakiwe cishe zonke izimoto zanamuhla.

Umjovo uphethiloli izinjini ubhekwa ukonga ngaphezulu futhi unikeze ukusebenza kahle ephakeme. Nokho, izindleko amayunithi enjalo iphezulu kakhulu, kanye ukugcinwa kanye nokusebenza - kakhulu nzima.

diesel

Njengoba sekuzoqala amayunithi yalolu hlobo ngokuvamile kungenzeka ukuzwa ihlaya mayelana yangaphakathi omlilo engine, okuyinto idivayisi odla uphethiloli, nehhashi, futhi ihamba kancane kakhulu. Njengoba sekunezikhali injini diesel, ihlaya kancane balahlekelwa ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo. Ikakhulu ngoba udizili uyakwazi ukusebenzisa uphethiloli kuyinto izinga ephansi kakhulu. Ngakho, ngesikhathi ishibhile kuka uphethiloli.

The main eziyisisekelo umehluko diesel yangaphakathi omlilo injini okungukuthi ukungabi khona bephoqeleka ukuthungela kukaphethiloli ingxube. Diesel is injected amasilinda we Imibhobho esemzimbeni akhethekile amathonsi ngabanye uphethiloli ibangelwa ngenxa ingcindezi osikweni piston. Kanye izinzuzo injini diesel enezinto eziningi ezingezinhle. Phakathi kwabo kukhona lokhu okulandelayo:

• amandla ingasaphathwa kuqhathaniswa ngophethiloli powerplants;
• Ubukhulu nesisindo izici ezinkulu;
• nobunzima kanye kwethulwa extreme sezulu kanye sezulu izimo;
• yokuntuleka ephezulu torque ukuthambekela ezingadingekile amandla ukulahlekelwa, ikakhulukazi ngesivinini kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhanda yangaphakathi omlilo injini yohlobo udizili, avame ukuba okuningi kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi izindleko ezingaphezu kuka ukulungisa noma nokuvulwa ukusebenza likaphethiloli unit.

igesi izinjini

Naphezu eziphansi Igesi yemvelo isetshenziswa njengoba uphethiloli, idivayisi kuyinto yangaphakathi omlilo injini egijima ku igesi, lukhulu nzima, okuholela kokwenyuka kwezinga izindleko iyunithi iyonke, ukufakwa yayo kanye nokusebenza ngokukhethekile. Ngo izitshalo amandla zalolu hlobo, noma uketshezi igesi yemvelo ingena uMbhalo ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwenkonzo ekhethekile gearboxes, amadamu kanye Imibhobho esemzimbeni. Ignition ingxube fuel yenzeka ngendlela efanayo e uphethiloli carburetor ukufaka - nge inhlansi kagesi lovela ipulaki inhlansi.

Inhlanganisela izinhlobo yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini

Bambalwa abantu bazi mayelana inhlanganisela ICE izinhlelo. Kuyini futhi isetshenziswa lapho? Kuyinto Yebo, akukho mayelana wesimanje hybrid izimoto ukuthi ingaqalisa ku kokubili kaphethiloli kanye kusukela motor kagesi. Combined omlilo izinjini abizwa ngokuthi lokubolekwa, okuyinto ukuhlanganisa tincenye ezahlukene izimiso fuel izinhlelo. Omele ovelele umndeni injini kuthiwa gazodizelnogo ukufakwa. Bona fuel ingxube yanikezwa yangaphakathi omlilo injini iyunithi kakhulu ngendlela efanayo e-gas amayunithi. Kodwa akukho kokhela fuel ikhiqizwa usebenzisa osenyameni kagesi kusukela inhlansi ingxenye inhlansi diesel, njengokungathi ezivamile udizili.

Nokugcinwa nokulungiswa yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini

Naphezu ezihlukahlukene esikhundleni ububanzi zokuguqulwa, zonke omlilo izinjini yangaphakathi akheke ngendlela efanayo eyisisekelo kanye nababonisi abajikelezayo. Nokho, ukuze qualitatively afeze nokugcinwa nokulungiswa yangaphakathi omlilo engine, kubalulekile ukwazi idivayisi kahle, ukuqonda izimiso zomsebenzi kanye bakwazi ukuthi iyini ngempela inkinga. Ukuze wenze lokhu, yebo, kudingeka sitadishe ngokucophelela Umklamo yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini ezinhlobo ezehlukene, ukucacisa isabelo ngokwaso izingxenye ezehlukahlukene, yesifunda imishini nezinhlelo. Iphuzu liwukuthi akulula, kodwa esijabulisayo! Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kulungile.

Ikakhulukazi bebuza izingqondo abafuna ngokuzimela ukuyiqonda yonke izimfihlakalo izimfihlo cishe kunoma iyiphi imoto, i umdwebo okuyisibonelo olotshiwe wesakhiwo yangaphakathi omlilo injini okuvezwe lapha esithombeni ngenhla.

Ngakho, sathola ukuthi lo iyunithi amandla.