Ibhizinisi, Umkhakha
Polymer - kuyini? ukukhiqizwa polymer
Kuyamangalisa ukuthi ahlukahlukene izinto osizungezile, futhi izinto kusukela lapho kwenziwa. Ngaphambili, mayelana xv-XVI eminyaka, izinto ezisemqoka izinsimbi, ukhuni, ingilazi kamuva, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi, zobumba futhi izindengezi. Kodwa ekhulwini samanje - nesikhathi polymers, okuyinto Kuzoxoxwa.
Umqondo polymers
Polymer. Kuyini lokhu? Ungaphendula amaphuzu ahlukahlukene umbono. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-material yesimanje esetshenziselwa yokukhiqiza sebuningini izinto lobuchwepheshe nempahla yasendlini.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, singasho kuba kwemiqondo ngokukhethekile izidakamizwa zokwenziwa ezithathwa nge izakhiwo predetermined ukusetshenziswa lunye ububanzi.
Ngayinye yalezi zincazelo lilungile, kuphela eyokuqala ngokoMthetho yasendlini, kanti eyesibili - kusukela umbono we zamakhemikhali. Enye incazelo chemical kanje. Nokunye okuningi - lokhu compounds macromolecular okuncike izifunda esifushane iketango-molecule - monomers. Bona ziyabuya ngokuphindaphindiwe ukwakha polymer macrochain. I monomers kungenzeka compounds kokubili organic wezinto ezingaphili.
Ngakho nanku umbuzo: "? Polymer - kuyini" - kudinga impendulo enemininingwane futhi ngazo zonke izakhiwo futhi isebenzisa lezi izinto.
izinhlobo polymers
Ziningi ngeengaba polymers ngezici ezihlukahlukene (chemical nemvelo, ukushisa ukumelana, uchungechunge isakhiwo nokunye). Ithebula elilandelayo ukuxoxa kafushane izinhlobo eziyisisekelo polymers.
| isimiso | izinhlobo | definition | izibonelo |
| Ngu umsuka (ukuvela) | Natural (zemvelo) | Labo eziba khona ngokwemvelo ngokwemvelo. Wadala ngokwemvelo. | DNA, i-RNA, amaprotheni, isitashi, inhlaka, usilika, i-cellulose, iraba yemvelo |
| zokwenziwa | Etholwe endaweni yokucwaninga umuntu akanayo ubuhlobo nemvelo. | PVC, polyethylene, phenol formaldehyde resin, polypropylene, polyurethane nezinye | |
| yokufakelwa | Wadala umuntu endaweni yokucwaninga, kodwa ngesisekelo polymers zemvelo. | Celluloid, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose | |
| Ngokombono walaba imvelo chemical | ubunjalo organic | Ngaphezu kwakho konke polymers ezaziwayo. Esimeni organic monomer impahla (zenziwe ngama-athomu carbon kungase ushintshele ama-athomu N, S, O, P nabanye). | Zonke zokwenziwa polymers |
| ubunjalo wezinto | Ngesisekelo izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi Si, Gen, O, P, S, H, nabanye. Properties of polymers, akuzona nezimo, hhayi ukwakha macrochains. | Polysilanes, polidihlorfosfazen, poligermany, polysilicic acid | |
| ubunjalo organoelemental | A ingxube polymers organic wezinto ezingaphili. wesifunda Main - lo wezinto ezingaphili, ama side - engokwemvelo. | Polysiloxanes polycarboxylates poliorganotsiklofosfazeny. | |
| Umehluko uchungechunge main | Gomotsepnye | I chain main emelelwa noma carbon noma silicon. | Polysilanes, polystyrene, polyethylene, nabanye. |
| hetero | Uhlaka lwamathambo main ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ezahlukene. | Izibonelo nokunye - polyamides, amaphrotheni, ethylene glycol. |
Futhi ukuhlukanisa phakathi polymers yomugqa, isakhiwo cross-exhumene futhi branched. isizinda polymer kwenza ukuba Thermoplastic noma thermosetting. Baphinde babe umehluko ikhono deform ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile.
Izakhiwo izinto polymeric
izimo Basic ezimbili aggregate, okuvame ukuhlotshiswa ngayo polymers yilesi:
- amorphous;
- crystal.
Ngalinye libhekene awayo izakhiwo kanye sibalulekile ezibalulekile esisebenzayo. Isibonelo, uma i-polymer iqina esimweni amorphous ukhona, khona-ke kungenzeka ketshezi vyazkotekuschey kanye impahla lwengilazi kanye kwakwakhe Elastomeric (rubbers). It is kabanzi ezimbonini zamakhemikhali, ukwakhiwa, ubuchwepheshe, ukukhiqizwa izimpahla ezimbonini.
Isimo crystalline ka polymers abasakwazi ezivamile. Empeleni, lokhu Umbuso eyayihambisana izingxenye amorphous kwe-circuit, futhi ngokuvamile lonke i-molecule kuvela elula kakhulu ukwenziwa nezimo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo Imicu yotshani ephakeme futhi eliqinile.
Amaphuzu ukuncibilika ngokuba polymers zihlukile. Abaningi ncibilika amorphous ekamelweni lokushisa, futhi abanye zokwenziwa crystalline ukumelana namazinga okubanda afinyelela kahle eliphezulu (Plexiglas, ingilazi fibre, polyurethane, polypropylene).
Nokunye kungenziwa zipendwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene, ngaphandle kwemingcele. Ngenxa isakhiwo sabo, bayakwazi ukuncela upende, nokuthi uzuza njani imibala yesiteleka kakhulu futhi engavamile.
Chemical Properties of nokunye
izakhiwo Chemical ka polymers zihlukile ongaphakeme yamangqamuzana isisindo izinto. Lokhu kungenxa ubukhulu engqamuzaneni, khona amaqembu ehlukene ukusebenza oyiyo, stock ezivamile amandla wokwenza kusebenze.
Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo eziningi eziyisisekelo ukusabela nobuntu polymers:
- Ukuphatheka lokhu kuzoshiwo group obusebenzayo. Lokho, uma i-polymer iqina iqembu OH, alcohols ejwayelekile, ngakho-ke, ukusabela lapho kuyoba nsé nalezo alcohols (amanzi emzimbeni, namachibi, ukunciphisa, ukuntuleka kwamanzi emzimbeni, njll).
- Ukuxoxa HMC (compounds ephansi yamangqamuzana).
- Ukusabela phakathi polymers ukwakha amanethiwekhi macromolecular crosslinked (inethiwekhi polymers, branched).
- Ukusabela phakathi kwamaqembu obusebenzayo phakathi macromolecule polymer.
- Nokuwohloka macromolecule phezu monomers (chain nokucekelwa).
Zonke kuvamile kakhulu practice, ukulungiswa polymers nge izakhiwo kusengaphambili futhi indoda ukhululekile. Polymer Chemistry ikuvumela ukudala ukushisa ukumelana, acid alikhali-ubufakazi izinto, okuyinto ngesikhathi esifanayo Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo eyanele nokuzinza.
Isicelo polymers kwansuku
Ukusetshenziswa lezi zakhi lonke. Bambalwa bangakhumbula amasimu umkhakha, umnotho, isayensi nobuchwepheshe, Akufanele polymer. Kuyini - umnotfo polymeric futhi ukusetshenziswa kabanzi, futhi kanjani it isiphelile?
- umkhakha Chemical (yokukhiqiza plastic, tannins, zamagama organic compounds ezinkulu).
- isiqoqi sama-softwe, zezindiza, uwoyela zokuwuhluza.
- Okwelapha Nokuhlinza kwemithi.
- Ukuthola udayi futhi iziqhumane, izibulala-zinambuzane yokubulala ukhula, zinambuzane kwezolimo.
- umkhakha Ukwakhiwa (steel alloying, design umsindo nokushisa ukwahlukanisa, izinto zokwakha).
- Ukwenza amathoyizi, izitsha, amashubhu, amabhokisi, izinto zasekhaya kanye housewares.
Polymer Chemistry ivumela ukuthola kakhulu, kuba izindawo jikelele we izinto, ukuthandwa okungabanga bikho kuso phakathi izinsimbi noma phakathi kwemithi noma ingilazi.
Izibonelo izinto polymeric
Ngaphambi kokuthi akhulume imikhiqizo ethile kusuka polymers (bona azinakwenzeka uhlu konke, kakhulu kwehlukahlukana yabo), okokuqala udinga ukuqonda ukuthi yini ukunika i-polymer iqina. Indaba, okuyinto etholakala Navy, futhi ziyoba isisekelo imikhiqizo esizayo.
izinto Basic wenza kusukela polymers, yilezi:
- amapulasitiki;
- polypropylenes;
- polyurethanes;
- polystyrene;
- polyacrylates;
- phenol formaldehyde inhlaka;
- epoxy inhlaka;
- Capron;
- viscose;
- nylons;
- Imicu yotshani polyester ;
- anamathelayo;
- ifilimu;
- tannins nabanye.
Lena kuphela uhlu encane yini ezihlukahlukene inikeza i-chemistry yesimanje. Kodwa lapha kakade kuyacaca ukuthi izinto kanye nemikhiqizo zenziwa kusukela polymers - cishe kunoma iyiphi impahla yasendlini, imithi nezinye izindawo (amawindi plastic, amapayipi, ekhishini izitsha, amathuluzi, ifenisha, amathoyizi, amafilimu, njll).
Nokunye okuningi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi nobuchwepheshe
Sesike yayithinta umbuzo ezindaweni lapho zisetshenziselwa polymers. Izibonelo obonisa ukubaluleka kwabo isayensi nobuchwepheshe, kungaholela kulokhu okulandelayo:
- isicelo injoloba;
- ezinengilazi antistatic;
- izihlangu kagesi;
- Kuvulwe amacala amabili cishe yonke zikagesi zasendlini;
- transistors;
- LED, nokunye.
Azikho imingcele ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphinde zisebenziseke polymeric emhlabeni fantasy namuhla.
ukukhiqizwa polymer
Polymer. Kuyini lokhu? Kuyinto cishe konke okusizungezile. Zitholakalaphi namiphi imiphumela?
- Petrochemical (yokucwenga) umkhakha.
- izitshalo Special ukwenziwa izinto polymeric kanye nemikhiqizo kuzo.
Yilesi isisekelo main lapho etholwe (kwemiqondo) izinto polymeric.
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