Uyini luhlolo radiographic? luhlolo Radiographic ka welds. luhlolo Radiographic: GOST

Ngesisekelo ukulawula emisebeni yikhono nuclei izinto ezithile (isotopes) ukubola ukwakha ionizing emisebeni. Ngo inqubo ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo uyakhishwa izinhlayiya aphansi, okuthiwa emisebeni noma ngemisebe ionizing. izakhiwo emisebeni kuxhomeke ohlotsheni izinhlayiya aphansi wukukhanya nucleus.

Corpuscular emisebeni ionizing

Alpha emisebeni ibonakala ngemuva kokuwa nuclei esindayo ane-helium. izinhlayiya sasikhipha aqukethe i-pair yama-proton kanye neutrons pair. Banezinhliziyo mass esikhulu nesivinini ongaphakeme. Lezi zidalwa esiwuphawu izici eziyinhloko: Ukungena amancane amandla enamandla.

Neutron emisebeni siqukethe neutron yokucucuza. Lezi zinhlayiya akudingeki yabo icala kagesi. Kuphela uma neutrons uxhumane nuclei we indaba icala ion okufakwe imisebe akhiwa, kanjalo ngaphansi neutron emisebeni elakhiwe yesibili radioactivity eyenga entweni okufakwe imisebe.

emisebeni Beta evela ukusabela ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana. Lokhu ukuguqulwa se-proton ku-neutron noma okuphambene nalokho. Kulokhu, ama-electron kuthiwa sasikhipha noma antiparticle - the positrons. Lezi zinhlayiya abe mass amancane ijubane eliphezulu kakhulu. ikhono lazo ionize ndaba incane, uma iqhathaniswa izinhlayiya-alpha.

Ionizing emisebeni nobunjalo quantum

Gamma emisebeni kuhambisana izinqubo ngenhla ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana alpha ne-beta izinhlayiya ekonakaleni ukuzulazula kwama-athomu IKhompyuthaYami. Kuvele ekushayweni ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya ecucuza, esiwumfanekiso emisebeni kagesi. Thanda ukukhanya, gamma emisebeni has a imvelo wave. Gamma kuyizinhlayiyana travel ngejubane lokukhanya, ngokulandelana, abe namandla angena.

X-ray Ubuye Nokho, isekelwe amagagasi kagesi, lokhu kuyefana kakhulu gamma-emisebeni. Futhi kubizwa bremsstrahlung. Ikhono singangeni ngaphakathi kuyo incike kwabantu impahla okufakwe imisebe. Thanda wokukhanya ukukhanya ke eshiya kwefilimu izindawo ezimbi. Lesi sici se-X-ray kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene umkhakha nemithi.

Radiographic NDT indlela ngokuyinhloko esetshenziswa gamma- futhi X-radiation, babe kagesi wave imvelo, futhi neutrons. Ukuze kukhiqizwe emisebeni usebenzisa amathuluzi akhethekile amadivaysi.

imishini-X-ray

X-ray etholakala ngokusebenzisa -X-ray amashubhu. Lokhu ingilazi noma soldered isilinda metal-Ceramic, okuyindawo emoyeni elomele ukusheshisa ukunyakaza electron. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi the electrode exhunywe nalokho nge amacala okuphambene.

I cathode - Kuvunguza of intambo tungsten olawula ugodo ezondile electron kuya anode. Lesi sakamuva ngokuvamile ezazenziwe ngethusi, kukhona i cut etshekile i-engela degrees 40 70. Maphakathi plate uye Tungsten, okuthiwa focus anode. I cathode ihlinzekwa i imvamisa kushintshana samanje 50 Hz ukudala umehluko engaba kuma-pole. Ukugeleza electron ugodo ipuleti tungsten anode kuyiphi izinhlayiya ezinyakazayo kakhulu kancane futhi oscillations kagesi zenzeka uwela ngqo. Ngakho-ke imisebe roentgen abizwa ngokuthi okusithiyayo. isilawuli Radiographic ngokuyinhloko esetshenziswa X-ray.

Gamma futhi neutron emitters

A-gamma umthombo emisebeni - isici enemisebe ngokuvamile IKhompyuthaYami ka ayibe, Iridium noma cesium. Esikhathini kudivayisi ke ibekwa ingilazi capsule ekhethekile.

Neutron emitters lwenziwa inqubo efanayo, isetshenziswa kuphela amandla yokucucuza-neutron.

esimweni

Ngokusho indlela yokutholakala Imiphumela zehluke radioscopic, radiometric nokulawula radiographic. Indlela yokugcina ungachazwa ukuthi imiphumela sokuqhafaza eqoshiwe ungene ifilimu noma plate. luhlolo Radiographic kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ukuchayeka emisebeni ukushuba into ilawulwe. Esikhathini ngezansi into umtshina ukulawula isithombe livela lapho izindawo nemidwa avele ukukhubazeka kungenzeka (izimbobo emazinyweni, ikhule ezimbotsheni uqhekeke) eyakhiwa imigodi egcwele umoya, kusukela ionization izinto ezahlukene lapho inhlanganiso okufakwe imisebe kwenzeka inhomogeneously.

Ukuthola amapuleti esetshenziswa materials ekhethekile, ifilimu, X-ephepheni.

Izinzuzo ukushisela wokuhlola indlela radiographic futhi amaphutha ayo

Lapho ehlola izinga Welding ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa kazibuthe, radiographic futhi ukuhlolwa ultrasonic. Esikhathini uwoyela negesi umkhakha izindawo ikakhulukazi bahlola kahle ashiselwe ipayipi amalunga omzimba. Kuyinto kule mikhakha radiographic wokuhlola indlela ithandwa kakhulu ngenxa izinzuzo undoubted phezu kwezinye izindlela ukulawula. Okokuqala, kubhekwa ezisobala kakhulu: phezu umtshina ungabona ifothokhophi esiqondile isimo sangaphakathi ndaba nge izindawo zikhubazeke futhi zibe zezinkulumo yabo.

Enye inzuzo - ngokunemba esiyingqayizivele. Lapho uqhuba ukulawula ultrasonic noma ecucuza-esangweni siyohlale Amathuba ukuthola amanga ngenxa ofuna ukuthintana ne semfene ukushisela. Lapho abantu abangewona contact ukuhlolwa radiographic kungenzeka, ie, evele engalingani noma kanzima akuyona inkinga.

Okwesithathu, indlela ikuvumela ukulawula ezihlukahlukene izinto, kuhlanganise non-magnetic.

Ekugcineni, indlela kufanelekile ukusetshenziswa esimweni sezulu esibi futhi izimo lobuchwepheshe. Kube ukulawula radiographic uwoyela negesi amapayipi kungenzeka kuphela. imishini Magnetic kanye ultrasound ngokuvamile linikeza eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa ngenxa okushisa aphansi noma izici kwesakhiwo.

Nokho, it has bokwenza eziningana:

• Indlela ukuhlolwa radiographic amalunga ashiselwe esekelwe ukusetshenziswa imishini ezibizayo futhi okudlekayo;
• Yena kudinga izisebenzi abaqeqeshiwe;
• Ukusebenza emisebeni enemisebe kuyingozi empilweni.

Ukulungiselela yokulawula

Ukulungiselela. Njengoba emitters esetshenziswa imishini-X-ray noma gamma icala. Hlanza ebusweni, kuhlolwe ngamehlo ngoba ebonakalayo iso ukukhubazeka, esiwuphawu ukuhlolwa izindawo zesihloko kanye wokugubha zabo ngaphambi kokuqala wokuhlola radiographic ka welds. Hlola nekusebenta imishini.

Ihlola ezingeni ukuzwela. Ezindaweni aliveza izindinganiso ezifweni nokuhlola:

• wire - ukubopha ngokwayo, perpendicular ke;
• grooving - kokuhamba umphetho akuyona esingaphansi 0.5 cm, anemifantu isiqondiso - perpendicular umphetho;
• Plate - kokuhamba umphetho okungenani 0.5 cm noma omhlophe isithenjwa wokugubha izimpawu kufanele zingabonakali isithombe.

ukulawula

Ubuchwepheshe nezifunda radiographic ukuhlolwa welds achazwayo, esekelwe ukujiya, ukuma, nesakhiwo nezimpawu zokuhlela izinto elawulwa, ngokuhambisana esifakiwe. Umkhawulo ibanga ovumelekile kusukela into control ifilimu radiographic - 150 mm.

I-engeli phakathi isiqondiso ray kanye evamile ukuba ifilimu kufanele ibe ngaphansi 45 °.

Ibanga kusuka umthombo emisebeni isivivinyo Kwamanzi ibalwe ngokwendlela sebhithi yezinhlobo ezahlukene welds ukushuba impahla.

Ukuhlolwa imiphumela. Ikhwalithi ukuhlolwa radiographic incike umtshina esetshenziswa. Lapho usebenzisa i-ifilimu radiographic ngaphambi kokufaka iqoqwana ngalinye kumele ihlolwe ukuze ivumelane imingcele edingekayo. Reagents izocubungulwa izithombe futhi lwahlolwa ukuze sokufaneleka ngokuhambisana esifakiwe. Film belungiselela Control Nokuphathwa izithombe esiphelele kufanele ibe nendawo ekhethekile amnyama. izithombe Finished kumele kucace, ngaphandle akufanele ngobugebengu izindawo ezingadingekile emulsion ungqimba. Izithombe sokuhlolisisa amazinga kanye amalebula kufanele futhi ibhekwe kahle.

Ukuze ukuhlola imiphumela izilinganiso ukuqapha ubukhulu ukukhubazeka Kutholwe usebenzisa izifanekiso ekhethekile, magnifiers, nababusi.

Ngokusho imiphumela zokuqapha, isinqumo phezu kwemukeleka, ukukhanda noma ukungafunwa abantu, okuyinto eyenziwe namajenali uhlobo NTD aqine.

Ukusetshenziswa imitshina filmless

Namuhla, ezobuchwepheshe uya lithathwa ukukhiqizwa yezimboni, kufaka phakathi radiographic non-elimazayo ndlela yokuhlola. Kunetintfutfuko eziningi yasekuqaleni izinkampani zasekhaya.

Lapho digital idatha ukuhlelwa uhlelo ngesikhathi radiographic isebenzisa esebenza ipuleti nezimo eyenziwe acrylic noma phosphorus. X-ray bawe phezu ipuleti, ngalokho laser ihlolelwa, futhi isithombe iguqulwe ku qapha. Lapho ukulawula ipuleti ilungiselelo indawo analogously ifilimu imitshina.

Le ndlela has eziningi eziwusizo ecacile kuqhathaniswa ifilimu esimweni:

• Asikho isidingo e isikhathi eside ifilimu processing imishini kanye ikamelo ekhethekile le njongo;
• asikho isidingo njalo ukuthenga ifilimu kanye reagents ngoba wakhe;
• inqubo ukuchayeka kuthatha isikhathi esincane;
• ilethwe ngokushesha yedijithali ikhwalithi yesithombe;
• yomlando kuyashesha futhi isitoreji idatha ku zobuchwepheshe;
• ikhono lokusebenzisa ipuleti amaningi;
• emisebeni amandla lilawulwa zingancishiswa ngesigamu, kanye sokungena inyuka ukujula.

Okungukuthi, kukhona ukonga izindleko isikhathi nokwehlisa izinga ukuchayeka, futhi kungakho ingozi ukuze abasebenzi.

Ukuphepha ngesikhathi sokuhlola radiographic

Ukuze unciphise umphumela ongemuhle ray enemisebe ku impilo umsebenzi liyadingeka ukulandela ngokucophelela izinyathelo zokuphepha ukuze kuqalise ukusebenza zonke izigaba ukuhlolwa radiographic amalunga ashiselwe. Basic imithetho yokuphepha:

• Yonke imishini kumele kube semgwaqweni, babe amaphepha adingekayo, nabadlali - ezingeni edingekayo yokuqeqeshwa;
• ezonini lokulawula Ungavumeli abantu abangahlobene ekukhiqizeni;
• emitter ngesikhatsi kokuhlinzwa, umqhubi kumele itholakale ngakolunye uhlangothi isiqondiso emisebeni akuyona esingaphansi 20 m ;
• umthombo emisebeni kumele ifakwe isivikelo, okuyinto kuvimbela ukuhlakazeka imisebe emkhathini;
• Ungahlali zone yezingozi njalo yokuchayeka emisebeni ye imikhawulo isikhathi eside;
• Kushisa bhé kule ndawo amazinga endaweni elihle lokuthola abantu kumele njalo ukugadwa usebenzisa dosimeters;
• indawo kufanele ifakwe izindlela isivikelo umphumela eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini lemisebe ezifana phambili amashidi.

Imininingwane ngemibhalo yomsebenzi, GOST

Radiographic ukuhlolwa welds yenziwa ngokuvumelana GOST 3242-79. Imibhalo Key ngokuhlola radiographic - GOST 7512-82,-MDR 38.18.020-95. Usayizi izimpawu wokugubha kumele athobele GOST 15843-79. Uhlobo namandla wemithombo emisebeni is akhethiwe kuncike ukujiya kanye kwabantu impahla okufakwe imisebe ngokuvumelana GOST 20426-82.

Class luvelo uhlobo ejwayelekile kulawulwa GOST 23055-78 futhi GOST 7512-82. Ukucutshungulwa izithombe radiographic Kwenziwa ngokuvumelana GOST 8433-81.

Lapho ukusebenza izinto ezinemisebe kufanele kuqondiswe zoMthetho Federal "Ngo Kushisa bhé kule ndawo Safety we-Population", JV 2.6.1.2612-10 "Basic yenhlanzeko Imithetho Kushisa bhé kule ndawo Ukuphepha", SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09.