I metal sekukaningi emhlabeni - ukuthi siyazi ngayo?

Ukuze ukwazi ukubona okuyinto kwensimbi sekukaningi emhlabeni, kudingeka ucabangele contender ezimbili eziyinhloko sesihloko - okungukuthi, osmium futhi Iridium. Amabili obukhulu kakhulu lwezakhi isici anayo ke, ngokulandelana, izindawo olunezinombolo 76 futhi 77. Le inhlanganiso lezi zinsimbi siyisisekelo izakhiwo zabo 22,6 amagremu ngamunye isentimitha cubic.

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kuyinto heavy metal kakhulu, ingafaniswa ezejwayelekile kukakhokho ngesivalo eyenziwe noma iyiphi ummangali ukuthi isihloko "I metal sekukaningi emhlabeni." Ngakho ukuthi ibhalansi ukulingana, uzodinga kancane ngaphezu sezimoto ezivamile womgwaqo, ngenkathi they fanele ukulinganisela eyodwa kuphela eyenziwe osmium noma Iridium.

Bobabili izinsimbi Kwatholakala ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX. ukutholakala yabo udumo usosayensi S. Tennant, eyayiqhutshwa 1804 kwezulu ukuhlaziywa etholwe kucutshungulwa-platinum okuyigugu "aqua regia" (ingxenye eyodwa nitric acid nezingxenye ezintathu ze-hydrochloric acid). Ngo inzika wafundelwa futhi ebona izakhi ezimbili ikhemikhali babelwa igama osmium futhi Iridium. Iridium uye wathola igama layo kusukela igama lesiGreki elisho rainbow. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi usawoti isici ukushintsha umbala kuncike kule mibandela.

Kwakuba nezifundo ezinjena baqhubeka yi Usokhemisi waseRussia Karl Klaus, ngubani, kusukela 1841, lithole axhasa ngayo ucwaningo zabomdabu-platinum ukucutshungulwa izinsalela ukuze bathole izingxenye ezengeziwe lokhu ensimbini eyigugu. Umgomo ayizange izuzwe, kodwa ngokuhamba umsebenzi ososayensi wanquma ukuqhuba balifundisise izakhi asalile.

Isizathu esenza kunzima ukunquma ukuthi liyini heavy metal salezi zici ezimbili wukuthi umehluko ukuminyana ingenye-wokuhamba a igremu. Lesi simo sahlanganisa yokuthi izakhi lwendabuko ayiqhubeki iphila.

Khiphela iningi esindayo metal okuyigugu okuyizinto elibona nxazonke ruthenium, osmium, platinum, palladium kanye Iridium uqobo. I element okuholela kuyinto into powdery, okuyinto kokuzihlanganisa ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Iridium okubizwa ngokuthi "i-platinum izinsimbi" esichaza ezinye impahla yayo, kuhlanganise amasosha omzimba okugcwele acid Izingxube yalo. Ngokwesibonelo, nokuxhumana ne "aqua regia" aliholeli yilutho. Iridium ancibilikisa kuphela Izingxube ezithile alikhali, isib, i-potassium disulfate.

Ukuze lokho ukusetshenziswa iyona heavy metal? Crucibles wenza therefrom okuyizinto ekahle ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwesibeletho, kanye okwakuvela ohlotsheni olukhethekile lwenkanyezi die, esetshenziselwa ngokukhiqiza ingilazi refractory. It kungabuye atholakala ephezulu umthombo izibaya futhi obungangenhloko kakhanjana izibaya e izinduku. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngenxa nezindleko eziphansi, Iridium steel esetshenziswa embonini yezimoto, lapho kabanzi lisetshenziswe womshini inhlansi plugs. Kumele kuqapheleke futhi ukuthi lezi amakhandlela ezibizayo, kodwa ukukhiqizwa yabo ulungisiswa, kusukela umphumela uba izingxenye okuhlala kakhulu futhi enokwethenjelwa.

Intengo yanamuhla ukuze metal olusindayo kuyinto 35 aseMelika igremu ka Iridium ngayinye.