I-180 (Fighter): umlando indiza, ukufa Valery Chkalov

Plane-180 (bomlilo ekuhlaseleni) yasungulwa ngo okb Polikarpov. Ngaleso sikhathi-ke kwadingeka kakhulu indiza izici, bangaqhubeka kg ibhomu ibhodi 200 futhi kwaba ifakwe ezine synchronously siqhumisa izibhamu.

Umlando sokudalwa

UMklami Soviet owaziwa Nikolay Nikolaevich Polikarpov neze wahlala khona. ngokucacile Waqaphela ukuthi idatha ku kakhulu ngcono indiza idinga injini enamandla. Fighter-monoplane mina-16, akhiwa kuye ngo-1932 futhi kwaba enkonzweni kweSoviet Lasemoyeni, ngemva kweminyaka engu-5 ayisekho nezimfuneko yesimanje.

Polikarpov, ngo-1936, baqala ukucabanga mayelana nendlela ukwenza ukuguqulwa ezibucayi I-16 ne-base injini M-62. Kodwa akazange afeze lo mbono, ngokushesha Zaporozhye inombolo isitshalo 29, esungulwe ukuqalisa izinjini ezintsha M-88, eyayintula umthamo useduze nakakhulu oyifunayo. Ngakho kwakukhona amaphrojekthi mina-164 futhi 165. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ifektri isikulufa sayalwa ukuba sibe nezinhloli ukuthuthukisa kwenombolo iphimbo bendiza. Naphezu kwalokhu, ke inhloko-Air Force ayizange ababonise isithakazelo esincane ku izindiza. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona isinqumo umklamo lomunye fighter.

Indiza entsha

Polikarpov Design Bureau waqala okuklama. Ukuthuthukiswa entsha yakhethwa mina-180. Fighter kwaphela ngo-February 1938. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-design jikelele I-180 sifana I-16, kodwa kwaba inkudlwana ngosayizi. Ekuqaleni babehlele ukuhlomisa izindiza ezine synchronously siqhumisa izibhamu, futhi kamuva omunye esikhundleni sabo noma enkulu osezingeni izibhamu.

Emva ukudluliselwa okb Polikarpov, inombolo isitshalo 156 kwakubikwa isimo esibi, okungadingi neqhaza ikhwalithi kanye ukukhiqizwa okusheshayo izingxenye edingekayo. Iqiniso lokuthi ekuqaleni kwalo ibhizinisi ikakhulukazi wahlanganyela ekukhishweni izindiza ezinkulu, futhi manje yena kwadingeka ukuthi ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze likhiqize izinhlobo ezingaphezu fighter ukukhanya.

Kokuhluleka kokuqala

Dedela walo mshini yena wayephethe Chief Belyaykin ukuphathwa. Mangisho ukuthi wayehlale washesha ukuze aqedele inhlangano yabantwana bakwa-abantu ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi kwakuba nezikhathi lapho waze wangenela ngqo inqubo ukukhiqizwa. Lezi zenzo sewenze uvalo xaxa emsebenzini njengoba bureau kanye zalesi sihlahla iyonke. A neqhaza elikhulu esivumelwaneni ukusheshisa umsebenzi kanye wenza umqondisi wenkampani ye-MA Usachev. Ngakho-ke, le ndiza lakhiwa ngo-November 1938

Ekuqaleni kuka-December imoto kahle zihlolwe, ngemva kwalokho wathola futhi ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi, futhi njengoba abaningi 190 ukukhubazeka (!), 40 ezitholakala motooborudovanii. Kodwa nge amaphutha amaningi kangaka kanti udedelwe mina-180. Fighter namanje ayiswe airfield, ngemva ekuqedeni ezitolo, iningi labo.

Mangisho ukuthi abaklami ngokwabo zempi zihlale ebucayi kakhulu futhi kuyakhandla sengqondo amaphrojekthi zabo, plus, ngaphezu kwanoma ubani omunye, yazi intengo iphutha elithile. Yingakho Polikarpov njengoba ungase bephikisana ekubalekeni ekulungiseleleni izingane zabo ukuba zisebenzise Ovivinyweni lokuqala, okuyiwona umisiwe emsebenzini olwengeziwe.

Kwaziqondanela nje ukuba Obulalayo

Winter 1938 Valeriya Pavlovicha Chkalova ngokuphuthuma kwaxoshwa iholide. Cause: ukuhlola entsha indiza-180. Fighter kuhlelwe ukuhlola Disemba 15, kodwa gijima wakhe wokuqala owaqhutshelwa ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambili. It lakhomba inani ukukhubazeka, kuhlanganise zokugwema ukuphuka itholakele futhi traction ukulawula Gaza. Inkinga ixazululwe, futhi usuku ngendiza yokuqala uhlala ingashintshiwe. Ngo kulungiselelwa, ekhishwe Tchkalov wayalwa ukuba fly phezu airfield at 600 m imizuzu 10-15 nezwe ngaphandle kokukhipha chassis, okuyinto ngaphezu kwalokho babe Lock bangaphambi.

Mangisho ukuthi ngaphambi ngalolo suku kwesibhamu eMoscow emasontweni ambalwa, isimo sezulu esibi. Ekuseni, leli dolobha yehla inkungu awugqinsi, ngezinye izikhathi ke Lalikhithika. okushisa emoyeni zazisuka 0 kuya -2⁰C. Nokho, ngosuku test esibhakabhakeni usule. kwelanga okugqamile, kodwa izinga lokubanda lehla -27 ⁰ C. Lolu shintsho okungazelelwe awuzange kulindeleke, kodwa indiza esihleliwe okungazange kukhanselwe.

Disemba 15, njengenjwayelo ekuhlolweni prototypes lokuqala, wonke kusukwe zavalwa, futhi imisebenzi airfield awazange kwenziwe ngalolusuku. I-180 wama ngasemnyango lendlu yebhanoyi. Ahamba kahle amalungiselelo okokugcina indiza yokuhlola indiza: ukukhwezwa amadivayisi ukulawula kanye amayunithi ezidingekayo, kuhlanganise amakhethini. Aye emsebenzini, Chkalov yabuza ukuthi kungakuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuzifaka. Wathi cishe 2-3 amahora, mhlawumbe isikhathi eside. impendulo enjalo ezingacacile bengalamukeli Valery Pavlovich, abaqaphela ukuthi indiza ngalolo suku kungenzeka eziye zenzeka kusukela kwakusebusika, futhi sekuqala ukuhwalala kusesenesikhathi. Wanquma fly ngaphandle amakhethini kokufaka, cishe ethemba ukuthola umphumela omuhle uvivinyo.

Ukufa umshayeli № 1

Emzuliswaneni wokuqala umshayeli akazange yini wayalelwa: ekuphumeni emoyeni, indiza phezu airfield endaweni engamamitha 500-600 m Wabe esehamba round yesibili, kodwa endaweni engamamitha ayizinkulungwane 2-2.5 metres uphinde uthele kancane buqamama ezihamba phambili ukusuka esikhumulweni sezindiza .. . Lapho wehlisa negesi aqala ukuncipha ababehlose nomhlaba indiza, injini okulahlekile. I airfield kwaba ikude kakhulu, futhi kungabonwa ezansi emabhalekisini zokuhlala kanye umsakazo okusezingeni eliphezulu lukamakhalekhukhwini.

Njengoba yaziwa, indiza babe Lock chassis, futhi uma banyukubala Chkalov baqonda ukuthi bona angathinta ophahleni kwelinye ikamu, lapho ngaleso sikhathi, cishe, kwakukhona abantu. Omunye umshayeli akakwazanga ngakho hhayi sicabange ngalo, ngaphandle ophahleni Cishe amunca buhlungu. Nokho, Chkalov unqume aphambuke, futhi izindiza nge injini inoperative ishayisa ephezulu voltage ukwesekwa metal.

Chkalov Punch enamandla ngisuka ngaphambili nge izilawuli. Falling, umshayeli hit ekhanda lakhe. Ukulimala lalingahambelani yokuphila, bese ngemva kwamahora angu-2, yena washonela esibhedlela Botkin. emngcwabeni Chkalov senzeka eMoscow. I isitsha nge umlotha walo namanje ogangeni Kremlin.

Izimbangela le nhlekelele

Ukufa Valery Chkalov ngokushesha emenza inqwaba amahemuhemu nama-legends. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kukhona isiphetho olusemthethweni eyenziwe umsebenzi okhethekile ukuphenya le nhlekelele, zikhona ezinye izinguqulo ukuthi behlele umbuzo owodwa: ukuthi kwakungokomthetho inhlanganisela kubulawe izimo noma umshayeli baba omubi futhi nje angabulawa?

. Ikhomishini ezisebenza ngo-1938 futhi ngo-1955, kwabe sekwenziwa iziphetho ezingefani, kodwa yinye into esikhathaza base ngazwilinye: le ngozi yenzeke ngenxa injini fighter hypothermia, kanye amaphutha kudivayisi mpintsha control. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphenyo sesibili kwatshengisa ukuthi ezingxenyeni eziningi umshini Babegogodile futhi wayengakaze ihlolwe emoyeni. Kusukela konke lokhu esiphethweni sokuthi izindiza Polikarpov mina-180 ngesikhathi sokuhamba yakhe yokuqala underfulfilled ngenxa yokushesha ngokweqile ukulawula inqubo emizimbeni ephakeme, okwaholela inhlekelele ungalungiseki.

Eyesibili kuphahlazeka indiza

Nokho, umlando indiza mina-180 aziphelelanga lapho. Uhlolo baqhubeka. Ngo-February 1939-prototype yesibili Yakhiwa fighter. Kuyinto cishe izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana kusuka kulowo eyedlule, ngaphandle ukuthi endaweni Shanela bese amaphiko alo aye kancane yanda, futhi esikhundleni motor M-88 sifakwe ebhodini kubhekwa eziqinile M-87A.

Uhambo lokuqala luzoba umshini ethuthukisiwe wakhe wawenziwa ngo-Ephreli 27 ngawo lowo nyaka. S. yakhe okuzoqondiswa P. Suprun. Kulokhu konke kwahamba ngaphandle imibono neziqinile. Ngenxa yalokhu bayasethemba izindiza Polikarpov anda ukuze fighter ngisho nengxenye ekugubheni Meyi 1 futhi wandizela phezu Red Square. Nokho, ekuqaleni kuka-September, mina-180, iphahlazeka futhi, lokhu wabulala isikhathi test umshayeli Tomas Pavlovich Suzi. Lapho indiza waqala ukungena spin, umshayeli Waphuma imoto ngaphandle kokuba ukuvula parachute.

Ngokushesha ngemva kwale nhlekelele, umsebenzi okhethekile kwakuyisenzo lapho imbangela yengozi eliye labizwa phezu kwazo lapho kubhujiswa lesi cooler uwoyela esiyingini, njengoba yonke gumbi, kanye ebusweni futhi ovaloli Abashayeli bamabhanoyi bathweswe yanqamula ngamafutha.

Ukususwa kusuka ukukhiqizwa

eyodwa izindiza lakhiwa nangonyaka olandelayo, kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe wayephezu ngokushesha. Ekuqaleni kuka-July 1940 test umshayeli Proshakov wenza iphutha ngesikhathi ukuzanywa futhi waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye ibhodi nge-parachute. Enye ikhomishana, kulokhu Asitholanga ukukhubazeka, futhi icala ngokufa umshini iye ngokugcwele enikezwa umshayeli.

Ngemva kwalesi sehlakalo, sekwakhiwe nangenye ukuguqulwa izindiza - "Mina-180 Standard". Yena usebhekene izinguquko eziningi, kuhlanganise kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo motor ubudala M-87A entsha M-88A. Isivinini salo kulinganiselwa kungaba 590 km / h, futhi uma ufaka injini M-89 qinile zonke Usufike 650 km / h. Kodwa indaba wayephezu mina-180, njengoba ngo-December konyaka kwakukhona umyalo ekumeni komsebenzi kule ndiza. Zonke imishini sidle, okuyinto sezifakiwe ukukhiqizwa ngaphambili, waya kulahlwe. Ngesikhathi siqala ukuvela ezinye izinhlobo fighters Soviet ngubani axosha iphrojekthi kuhlulekile.

Fighter entsha

Ukuthuthukiswa olandelayo kwaba indiza Polikarpov okb-185. Inani lawo wonke izici zalesi fighter kwakuphakeme kokubili kweSoviet futhi angaphandle piston imishini yesikhathi. izindiza eziningana sekwakhiwe ne izinjini ezahlukene. Novemba 18, 1942, saya ku-ukuhlolwa isimo, okuyinto iqhutshwa pilot P. M Stefanovsky. Phakathi indiza indiza wabonisa imiphumela emihle kakhulu futhi iye Kunconywa ukwethulwa ekukhiqizweni.

Apreli 5, 1943 ngesikhathi ukuhlolwa ngenkathi kokuma injini, okubangela ukufa umshayeli VA Stepanchonok. Kukhokonke, le nhlekelele baba inhlekelele indiza mina-185 - ke ayizange ayifake ukukhiqizwa, kodwa kunalokho baqala ukuhlangana ifektri La-5FN. Ngemva kwalokho Edo ekuthuthukiseni enye indiza - I-188, kodwa ngokushesha wonke umsebenzi samiswa ngenxa kokufa umklami abakhulu N. N. Polikarpova.