High Ephakathi: ezobuciko namasiko

High Ephakathi - sezikhathi ngokuchaza emlandweni wesintu. Ngalezo zinsuku zakuqala futhi emnyama impucuko yesimanje kwamiswa. Bona wanyamalala izisekelo lasendulo futhi wabonakala entsha. Khudlwana labantu. Kube izinxushunxushu kwamasiko. Izizwe united ezizweni, lapho ke kwaba ukwakha izwe lesimanje European. art Medieval namanje isihloko ucwaningo mlando.

izenzakalo zomlando

High Ephakathi yaqala nge uzuza emikhulu. Isimo zezwe lasendulo Ngishoné lwanyamalala, futhi zaziziningi entsha endaweni yawo. Ekhulwini leshumi nanye waqala ukunqoba eBrithani. Ngaphambi ukuthi wayethwele kulawulwa izizwe abahlukahlukene bamaqaba. Eyokuqala lawela eNgilandi, Normans. AbaseBrithani Bahamba Phambili Ekubukeni Local wabalungiselela ukumelana abanolaka. Kodwa izikhali bakudala ayikwazanga beat steel nensimbi. Ngeminyaka embalwa nje Iyakwazi cishe zonke eNgilandi nase-Ireland. Khona-ke abanqobi yayinqoba neScotland.

Enyakatho-Europe kanye izinguquko ezinkulu. indlela yesakhiwo sasemandulo zokuphila labhujiswa amaViking. Labantu baba yobuKristu. imibuso zaseScandinavia sasimunye kwisimo esisodwa. Yaqala ukuthuthukiswa aseBaltic. Nokho, ngekhulu weshumi nantathu, amandla olulodwa ahlukaniselwe principalities eziningana. izinqubo ezifanayo kwenzeka endaweni yaseFrance yesimanje futhi eJalimane. Yaqala ukuvela amakhosi ukuthi emakhulwini eminyaka alandela esesihlalweni sobukhosi entshonalanga Yurophu.

lwamaSlav

High Ephakathi kwenzakala isikhathi esihle ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Old isimo Russian. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwaba omunye enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Amasiko ukuhweba European kudlulwe. Lokhu kungenxa ethnogenesis ngaphambili we amaSlav empumalanga, ngubani futhi njengomuntu Emuva ekhulwini lesihlanu, saphela qhubeka ngendlela tribal wokuphila, futhi munye abantu omunye Russian. Izinqubo efanayo Kwakwenzeka aseBalkan. Nokho, ukukhula okungokwemvelo wayeka, ezingabonwayo kuze kube yilesi sikhathi, ukuhlaselwa izizwe zakwa ongakasetshenzwa ayimizulane - amaMongol. Mandle kuhulumeni uvinjelwe izikhulu Russian yokuhlanganisa futhi zonke zawa ngaphansi ukumelana izindimbane. Ngemva kwalokho, inqubo yentuthuko isiko, izakhiwo kanye ubuciko kwaba zamedlon kakhulu.

Ukuthuthukiswa isiko lobuKristu

High Ephakathi libhekene bayonqoba ngokuphelele ubuKristu e-Europe. Ngisho esikhathini ngaphambili yamazwe amaningi abanethonya baye bathuthela monotheism. Nokho, ngekhulu nanye izinkolelo yobuqaba yasendulo zazisekhona eqinile. EBrithani, eScandinavia futhi bakhona ushintsho kancane kakhulu lolu kholo olusha. It nomthelela inyumbazana ngenxa kulezi zifunda. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela uxhumano ezweni oya ezwekazini wenza ukuthuthelwa eziyinkinga kakhulu. Nokho, lokhu isici iye yasiza ugweme Ukuhlasela labantu abayimizulane, okuyinto, ngenxa ukuntula kwayo ukuthuthukiswa akakwazanga ukwakhela imikhumbi inani elanele.

Nova Vera waba nethonya juqu kwi isiko. Kusukela manje, kwenqatshelwe esiqinile nangezimiso zokuziphatha, owawuthi kwakudingekile ukuba baphile. Ngaphezu kwakho konke empilweni abaMhlophe ehlaselwe izinguquko sikhungo umndeni. Ekuqaleni le nkathi yomlando emazweni amaningi (ikakhulukazi eScandinavia) wahlala abathathe isithembu esitebeleni. Nokho, ubuKristu, uvimbela lokhu. I ilungiselelo lomshado liye kwaholela ushintsho indima abesifazane emphakathini. izimiso Solid wezinzalamizi kunqunywa ubudlelwano emndenini. Umndeni kakhulu esifanayo, ehlanganisa umyeni, unkosikazi nezingane, wabhubhisa izixhumanisi yokhokho. Iziphathimandla ngesimo lelo sonto lalinethonya negalelo phezulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke sabantu.

izinguquko Cultural: ukuthuthukiswa uhlelo phezulu

Injwayelo yokufuna ukuba i-High Ephakathi kunqunywa division of abantu ngezigaba kanye castes. Kusobala lombhalo avelele ababusi, ezempi, abefundisi, abalimi nezigqila. Umphakathi uhluphekile futhi ungafundile uyangabaza, uvele ukuqaphela isiko kanye rethinking enkululeko siqu. Amazwe amaningi aye ashintsha uhlelo lokulawula. Ngo-England nase-njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma kwadingeka amaphalamende zabo. ekilasini Ngafaka has namasiko alo namasiko. Kodwa lezi zenzakalo ekuqaleni kuka nezikhathi zomlando. Injwayelo yokufuna ukuba i-High Ephakathi, iye iphazamiseke kakhulukazi ngenxa yokuphatheka scholastics. Futhi kwaba nje londolozi isigaba esisha - abefundisi.

imidwebo

Ngo ezobuciko kakhulu kakhulu athuthukile art. Kusukela manje esabiwe ngokucacile tinkhombandlela eziningana nezindlela yokuloba amaphethini. High isikhathi Romanesque KweNkathi Ephakathi besihambisana nesiminyaminya ukuthuthukiswa ezibuthakathaka imidwebo. Lokhu art banikezwe malyarstva indima, ie ukuphathwa asizayo kwezindonga amathempeli. Kodwa ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu nantathu abaculi washintsha. France wadala Order of abadwebi. Bona ukuhlobisa zobukhosi amasonto kanye yasezindongeni wadala esemathuneni akudala, imifanekiso.

Abaculi musa nokumisa amakhono abo. amasu amasha, kuye kwavela. Ngokwesibonelo, umbono ukujula kanye nombono. Ukunika izinto yevolumu uphinde ngokoqobo isibe inselele enkulu ngenxa ochwepheshe bangenkathi ephakathi. Ukuze balukhulume ngokugcwele ikhono ukujula bona abazange baphumelele. Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo ukudalwa isitayela owandile wokuthi kamuva ngokuthi Gothic. Painting kanye iconography kancane kancane ngelinye mural. Lolu hlobo lobuciko Kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu futhi kuthatha isikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudalwa Umfanekiso encane edingekayo imithombo abalulekile. Abaningi abathi ukuzithoba impilo ubumpofu, oda nje ukuthi ngeke sikwazi ukulithenga.

ebaziwe

High Ephakathi eNtshonalanga Yurophu kwaphawulwa nezinguquko ezinkulu ebaziwe. Uma abanye izinhlobo zobuciko ziye zashintsha kuqhathaniswa ngokushelela, ebaziwe waba impumelelo yangempela. Imbangela eyinhloko kwaba izigcawu waseBhayibhelini. I lokuhlushwa eliphezulu Okugweda kwaba insimu ka-Italy yesimanje. Uvele Renaissance namatshe aqoshiwe lanamuhla abadumile kwakungamadodana abazolandela oqondile we isitayela Gothic. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Romanesque babe zethusi nethusi. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango Cathedral Gildesgeymsky.

izindlela

Ngokokuqala izinto ezintsha lokuqala eqoshwe yasetshenziswa. EJalimane uhlaziye woodcarving. Nokho, ngenxa izakhiwo ezithile ukhuni, lezi imisebenzi yobuciko cishe akazange esiphila kuze kube namuhla. Futhi, abantu German abadumile womshini emikhulu lokunqoba nemengamo. Babesesimweni isitayela novelistic, kodwa nge flavour oqinile Gothic. Emadolobheni amaningi eJalimane yesimanje, lezi imisebenzi yobuciko namanje ukuheha izivakashi.

Umqondo impumuzo phezu sarcophagi emathuneni uvele kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu weshumi nambili. Ngesikhashana nje, le ndlela lokucubungula sekuthandwa kakhulu eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Yonke imisebenzi ikakhulukazi ngokucijile wazizwa umoya kwenkathi. Mystic kanye Ungadliwa abantu, nokuqaphela impermanence wempilo nasemilenzeni. Yiqiniso, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inkathi High Ephakathi wayengaphansi kwegunya wefilosofi esikoleni.

Cultural Revolution kanye nobuntu ekuseni

Izinkathi ekuseni KweNkathi Ephakathi okuthiwa "omnyama". Ukushushiswa ngokwenkolo, ababusi crazy, imithetho, kanye nezinye zasendle washiya uphawu sina emlandweni wesintu. Kodwa ekhulwini nantathu oludala iye kucatshangwe kabusha ngokuphelele. Huge kwenani labantu ukuvumele ukuvela emadolobheni amakhulu kusifunda ngasinye. Emadolobheni lamakhulu, ingabe ukuthandwa omkhulu wajabulela imisebenzi tebuciko ongaphandle. Esinye sazo kwakungu-yemidlalo. Ngu ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi ekukhulekeleni okuhleliwe ukulingisa encane. Khona-ke sebenzi it jikisa nga zobuciko ehlukile. Empeleni leli hholo kwaba nomthelela umthengi izihloko, ngaleyo ndlela sisuka Gothic futhi scholasticism.

Kwakubonakala imibhalo yokuqala ukubaluleka kokuphila komuntu. Bamafilosofi akuvumelekile imicabango isuke kusengaphambili esikoleni khona. ukunakwa okuningi sakhokhwa indima ukukhetha abantu. Lesi kwakuyisiqalo esiphansi kuqala zobuntu. isiko Urban iye kunazo wadalula ukuthi ukuthambekela okunjalo. nentuthuko yomuntu siqu esiye sathatha indawo ukuthobeka nokulalela.

izakhiwo

High Ephakathi eNtshonalanga Yurophu kwaphawulwa isitayela esisha Gothic bokwakha. Ngaleso sikhathi, maphakathi kokuzuza ulwazi kukhona amathempeli namasonto. Futhi yiluphi uhlobo yobuciko iye kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa izisusa kokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu. Ngemva kwenkathi ka Romanism yasungulwa izindlela ezintsha zamatshe ukusebenza, izixazululo weJiyomethri, amathuluzi ukwakhiwa. Ekuphileni kwezomnotho, indima emkhakheni ezisemadolobheni. Kukhona izitolo namaFreemason umphakathi. amasonto European High Ephakathi kukhona izimpawu engcono kwenkathi.

Nobukhazikhazi esikalini ukwakhiwa abacwaningi isimanga yesimanje. Ukwakhiwa lombhishobhi kungase kudonse engaphezu kwekhulu edlule. Futhi eduze amasayithi ukwakhiwa abe nendawo eyingqayizivele yamasiko abasebenzi communes ukuthi empeleni alawule ngokuphila kwezenhlalo.

izitayela ezahlukene

A classic honours izakhiwo gothic kuba phambi zakhiwo ezimbili side. Isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi angase afakwe ngaphakathi kubo, futhi phakathi. Olungaphambili lwesonto entshonalanga ihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso. Ngemvume kusekelwa amakholomu. Ukulandela ukuthuthukiswa luhlaka indlela base umhlobiso nje isici. Classic isitayela Gothic ubhekwa imodeli French. Amasonto ababhishobhi High Ephakathi eJalimane kwahluka mkhosi esiqinile enkulu. Isimo Sokulindela Ukuphelela kwaphawuleka ekuklanyweni olungaphambili lwesonto.

Ngo -Europe Central yayibuswa isitini okuthiwa Gothic. Amasonto ababhishobhi izitini zazifana nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu isikhathi romantic. Bafaka e izigcawu emadolobheni amakhulu. Huge kwemibhoshongo round babe bokuthi. Cathedral St uBarbara neBandla St James Uyi classical Ngokwesibonelo izakhiwo Czech. Dutch gothic ukwakhiwa ezahlukene ethempelini nombhoshongo ophakeme, Spire. I vaults zazenziwe ngokhuni, okuletha novelistic ngisho ngaphambili emkhathini.

isiko Western Europe High Ephakathi

Ngokokuqala ngqá kusukela wonke uMbuso WaseRoma, isiko Western Europe waqala ukuba nethonya layo isayensi. Ukuthuthukiswa imithi, i-geometry, ifilosofi neminye imikhakha yesayensi sekubangele ukuguqulwa emikhakheni ngabanye. Kokulawula kwesonto besisikhulu kakhulu, ngakho ososayensi baye baphoqeleka ukuba silalele Bull uPapa. Kodwa ngesikhathi isimo esifanayo atehlukanisa wangabaza.

Abantu njengoba isiko elisha amakhosi asendulo. Kwakukhona amapulazi omkhulu nge umjikelezo avaliwe. Endaweni eyayithengwe Señor. Njengoba nababusi abusa izinduna. Abalimi kwakufanele bathembele ngokuphelele phezu kwabo. Abanakanga iqhaza emphilweni yetemnotfo okungaphazamisa izinqumo zezombusazwe. Noma kunjalo, intuthuko ubudlelwane ukuhweba ukuvumele abantu "lilihle" wehluke umphakathi elite. Mikhumbi yayingamamitha izikhungo eFrance, England nase-izingxenye Spain. Ezinye bunyenti wavunyelwa nasezindaweni ezizungeze abeluleki wasebukhosini.

isiphetho

High Ephakathi eYurophu ayebambelela owehlukile nendlela yokuphila. Ukuthuthukiswa feudalism umthelela nobudlelwano zomphakathi. Kokulawula kwesonto kwaqala ukuba singantengantengi. Uma ekuqaleni High Ephakathi kuhambisana nokuntuleka okuphelele nokuthuthukiswa iziqondiso ezintsha zobuciko, ngekhulu weshumi nantathu kwakukhona angaphezu kweshumi nambili ezindaweni ezinjalo. Ubuciko ikakhulukazi izakhiwo waba nethonya juqu kwi izibalo okwalandela Yenguquko. Ukwanda kwenani labantu kuye kwaholela Ukungena emasiko abampofu.