Isitayela samaGothi

I-Gothic - inkathi ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko obudala baseYurophu, eyaqala ngo-1140 e-Ile-de-France (eParis nasezindaweni ezizungezile) futhi yahlala kuze kube ngu-1500 kuya ku-1550, ihlinzekela indlela yokuvuselela kabusha. Isitayela esibucayi kakhulu seGothic sabonakala emafasiteleni nasezingozini zokugcoba, kodwa nokudweba, ukudweba, amafresco, imibhalo yesandla ekhanyisiwe.

Esinye sezibonelo ezivelele kakhulu zesitayela yi-Notre-Dame de Paris, Notre-Dame de Paris.

Eqinisweni, ukwakheka kwaleyo nkathi kwakuwumphumela wenkinga yobunjiniyela. Indlela yokumboza ngezindawo eziphakeme zamatshe endaweni ephakeme kakhulu? Nakuba amasonto amaningi aseMelika Ephakathi aqala ukufelwa ngamapulangwe, izakhiwo eziningi zazinamatshe angama-semi-cylindrical (umcibisholo wamatshe) noma izimbambo zezimpahla ezihamba phambili. Izindonga zase zakhiwe kakhulu kakhulu, zikwazi ukulwa nokuhlasela kwangaphandle, ngamafasitela amancane - lezi zici ezibonisa isitayela se-Romanesque.

Isakhiwo se-Gothic sazalwa, okokuqala, ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, nokwakhiwa ngo-1130 kwesonto e-abbey yaseSt. Saint-Denis.

Ngenxa yokuhlola okuvezwa kwabadwebi, kusukela ngo-1110s, kwakungenzeka ukubola udonga (zibe izingxenye ezingxenyeni), usebenzisa izakhi eziningi "zeselula" enhlanganweni yesikhala - isibonelo, ama-arches aqoshiwe, okungafani nohlangothi oluncane olusekelayo, Kuwamafasitela obubanzi nobubanzi obuhlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakhiwa uhlelo lwezinsimbi zamatshe ukuze lusakaze isisindo semikhumbi futhi lusekele phansi, izindlu zamatshe zingenza kube lula futhi zibe mncane.

Ezindongeni ezivulekile kwakukhona amawindi amakhulu. Ku-1170s, okubaluleke kakhulu, i-arkbutans (i-arch yokugcina yangaphandle, uhlobo lwezintambo), okuxhunyaniswe ngokuqinile nesakhiwo se-Gothic saqala ukuvela. Uhlelo lwe-arkbutan lunezici ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-block masonry block block (ukwesekwa) okuvela ngaphandle kwesakhiwo kanye nomkhakha we-segmental noma we-arched oqeda igebe phakathi kokusekelwa nodonga.

Isitayela se-Gothic sivame ukuhlukaniswa ngezikhathi ezintathu eziyinhloko: ekuqaleni (noma i-French Gothic), evuthiwe (noma i-Gothic ephakeme) futhi sekwephuzile, okuthiwa "i-gothic" evuthayo.

Igama elithi "Gothic" (elisuka egameni lesiNtaliyane elithi "Gothic" - elingavamile, eliyinqaba) linikezwe isiko esivele ku-Renaissance ngumdwebi nomdwebi wezobuciko uGiorgio Vasari. Ngakho, wabonisa ukunganaki isitayela, eqhathanisa nobuciko besendulo. Ngokungangabazeki, ezinsukwini zanamuhla ukuhlola okungahleliwe kwe-Vasari akubiwe muntu, kepha igama liqinile, kancane kancane, lilahlekelwe i-prism engalungile. Ekubuyiselweni kwe-Renaissance, ubuciko be-Gothic babuzwa nangokuthi "isitayela sesiJalimane" - incazelo futhi iyabakwaVasari.

Kufanele kubonakale ukuthi ngenxa yomsebenzi weGoethe ozinikezele ekwakhiweni kweJalimane, wawuthathwa njengento yobuciko, njengamanye amazwe. Lokhu kubonise ukuhlaziywa kabusha nokuqaphela ubuciko obuphakathi.

Njengoba bethemba ngokweqile, abaklami enyakatho yeFrance, futhi maduzane kulo lonke elaseYurophu, bancintisana nohlobo lohlanga lokunqoba lezi zindawo eziphakeme. Isishwankathelo samasonto onke amasha, njengomthetho, kufanele sibe ngaphezulu ngamamitha ambalwa kunezimbangi zawo.

Ukuphakama kwendawo yangaphakathi yesikhishobhi kwakungaphansi komqondo oyinhloko wamaKristu - ithemba lokuhamba ngokujabulisayo emhlabeni wezwe kuze kube sezwe lamazulu.

Isitayela samaGothi sisemthethweni esinqunywe yizakhiwo. Isithombe se-sculpture sisinamathele kakhulu, okungenani ezimeni zokuqala. Emasontweni amakhulu amasonto amakhulu, ikakhulukazi azungeze amarekhodi, aqhubeka nokwenza u-tympani omkhulu, kodwa azungeze amatshe aqoshiwe.

Okuhlangenwe nakho okuvelele okwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwakhuliswa ngamafasitela anezinsizi ezigcobile, ngezinye izikhathi zihlanganisa konke ukuphakama kwesakhiwo. Ehlotshiswe ngezigcawu ezivela eBhayibhilini, ama-biographies wabangcwele, izibalo zabaprofethi kanye nezinye izibalo zamasonto, amafasitela eglasi elimibalazi ayenziwa njengesisusa esiyinhloko ekubonweni kwethempeli njengengqikithi yokholo lobuKristu. Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nantathu, isici esibophezelekile kuningi lamakethedrini kwakuyifasitela elikhulu-"i-rose", lapho uNkulunkulu ayemelwe khona phakathi, uJesu Kristu, iNdodana Maria eyayizungezwe iCosmos.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14, ngokulindela ukubuyiswa kabusha, isitayela seGothic sathola ezinye izinto zezwe. Omunye wabameli abakhulu kakhulu kule nkathi nguSimone Martini.

Phakathi nenkathi yeminyaka engu-400 yentuthuko, ubuciko be-Gothic bufinyelele kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko. Izinhlanzi, ama-arches aqoshiwe, ezinye izindwangu zokwakha zatholakala ezakhiweni zensimbi, ezitsheni zethempeli, amathuna, izembatho ezicebile ezingokomoya, ama-diptychs ayigugu, kanye nezesekeli zezwe - ifenisha, izitsha.