"Hero of Our Time": ukwakheka-ukucabanga. Incwadi ethi "The Hero of Our Time", iLermontov

Sonke sabhala ebuntwaneni inkulumo yesikoleni ethi "The Hero of Our Time" esekelwe encwadini kaMikhail Yurievich Lermontov, kodwa abafundi abaningi babengazicabangi ngempela izisusa zomlobi nomlando womsebenzi. Ukuphikisana ngokweqile, akuzona zonke izingane ezifunda esikoleni ezikwazi ukuqonda okuhlangenwe nakho okunzima kwengqondo yabantu abadala. Ngakho-ke, emisebenzini yobuciko, ngakolunye uhlangothi - elula, futhi kwenye - ejulile, kubalulekile ukubuyela eminyakeni evuthiwe futhi ucabange kabusha, ukuthola okuvamile noma okuphambene nayo, izwe, indawo yonke ...

Ukuzalwa kohlobo

Umsebenzi "Hero of Our Time" kwaba yincwadi yokuqala ye-prosaic ebhalwe ngesitayela sezenhlalo zomphakathi nezengqondo. Umsebenzi wokuziphatha nomfilosofi uqukethe, ngaphezu komlando womlingisi oyinhloko, nencazelo ecacile nehambisanayo yokuphila kweRussia ngawo-1830. Lokhu kwakuyindlela entsha yokuhlola emisha ngokohlobo lombhali, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho uhlobo olunjenge "noveli". ULermontov kamuva wavuma ukuthi wabhala inkulumo ethi "The Hero of Our Time", ngokuthembela ekufundeni kwePushkin kanye namasiko okubhala eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ikakhulukazi le nethonya ibonakala kulezi zici zothando loveli.

Imfuneko yokubhala

Ngo-1832 uMnu. Lermontov wabhala inkondlo ethi "Ngifuna ukuphila! Ngifuna ukudabuka ... "Insizwa inokuphelelwa yithemba kanjani, kanye nokukhula komcabango wakhe, ukunemba kombono wakhe, nesifiso esinjalo esingalawuleki siphepho? Mhlawumbe, yikuphi ukuphelelwa yisikhathi okuqinisekiswa ngokuphila okuheha izizukulwane eziningi zabafundi futhi kwenza izinkondlo zikaLermontov zifanele namuhla? Imicabango mayelana nesifiso seziphepho ibuye ibonakale enkondlweni ethi "Parus", ebhalwe ngonyaka ofanayo: "Futhi yena, ohlubukayo, ucela iziphepho, njengokungathi kukhona ukuphumula ngeziphepho!" Ngesikhathi sakhe sangaleso sikhathi, cishe ubudala, u- A.Gerzen wakhuluma ngesizukulwane sakhe njengo "Ubuthi ngenxa yobusana".

Ukuze uzwisise lawa mazwi, kudingeke ukhumbule ngenkathi uLermontov okwakufanele aphile ngayo, futhi isikhathi esasibonakala kamuva encwadini ethi "The Hero of Our Time". Ukwakhiwa kweveliveli kulungile kakhulu ukuqala ngokuhlaziywa kwezinkondlo zangaphambili zenkondlo, ngoba kuzo zonke izinto ezidingeka ukuba umbhali enze umsebenzi oyingqayizivele kubonakala.

Ubusha bukaMnu Lermontov lwawa ngesikhathi esasibuhlungu kakhulu emlandweni waseRussia. NgoDisemba 14, 1825 eSanate Square eSt. Petersburg kwakukhona ukuhlubuka kwamaDembembrists, aphelile ekunqothulweni. Abahleli bezingxabano babethelwe, abahlanganyeli bathunyelwa ekuthunjweni kweminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu eSiberia. Oontanga bakaLermontov, ngokungafani nalabo ababephila ngesikhathi sikaPushkin, bakhulela esimweni sokucindezelwa. Lokhu kufanele kucabangele izingane zesikole zanamuhla, ukulungiselela indaba ekhuluma ngalesi sihloko.

"I-Hero Yesikhathi Sethu"

U-Lermontov wanikeza leli qhawe "into engathandeki yokuba" yenkathi yakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi abaphathi babedlala indima yabacindezeli babantu, abahluleli babedinga ukuqedela ukulingwa okungafanele, izinkondlo - ukukhazimulisa inkosi. Isimo sokwesaba, ukusola, ukungabi nathemba kwanda. Ebusheni bomlobi kwakungekho ukukhanya nokukholwa. Wakhulela ehlane elingokomoya futhi waqhubeka ezama ukuphunyuka kuso ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Enkondlweni ethi "I-Monologue" kunomugqa: "Phakathi kweziphepho ezingenalutho ubusha bethu bubuhlungu ..." Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi umbhali womsebenzi wezinkondlo waphendukela eminyakeni engu-15 ubudala! Kodwa kwakungesiyo intsha evamile ukukhathazeka. ULermontov akakwazanga ukuchaza, kodwa wayeqala ukuqonda ukuthi umuntu ongenakwenzeka angeke ajabule. Eminyakeni eyishumi emva kwe "Monologue" uzobhala leveli "Hero of Our Time". Umbhalo ngalolu daba kufanele ube nokuxoxisana kwesikhathi samanje nendawo yomuntu ophakathi kuyo. Kuyinto ethi "The Hero of Our Time" ukuthi umlobi uzochaza incazelo ye-psychology yesizukulwane sakhe futhi abonise ukuphelelwa yisikhathi lapho ontanga bakhe bezobhujiswa khona.

Umlando wokubhala

Uma ubhala lo msebenzi kuyoba nengqondo ukukhombisa ukuthi inoveli uLermontov yaqala ukubhala ngo-1838 ngaphansi kwethonya lamaCaucasian. Ekuqaleni kwakungeyona nanoveli, kodwa izindaba ezihlukene zihlangene ngumlingisi oyinhloko. Ngo-1839 lo magazini u-Otechestvennye Zapiski wabika ukuthi uM. Lermontov wayelungiselela ukushicilela iqoqo lamanoveli akhe. Ngayinye yalezi zindaba yayisekelwe enkambweni ethile yokubhala: "UBela" yabhalwa isitayela somhambi, "Indodakazi kaMariya" - ngokusho kwamasiko wencwadi yomhlaba, "Taman" - ngomoya we-lyric novella, "UFatalist" - ngendlela 'yendaba yecala eliyimfihlakalo ", Okuyinto eyayithandwa kakhulu ngawo-1830. Kamuva kulezi zincwadi ezinomlando ogcwele "I Hero of Our Time" izozalwa.

Ukubumbana-ukucubungula kungakusizwa okwesikhashana nezenzakalo ezichazwe encwadini ethi "The Princess Ligovskaya" (1836). Lo msebenzi ulandelwa ngokulandelana futhi uhlelwe ngaphambi kwe "Hero". Lapho okokuqala ngqa wabonakala uPechorin, isikhulu seGoldards esithandana noPrincess Vera Ligovskaya. Isahluko esahlukileyo esithi "uTaman" sabhalwa ngo-1837, ebonakala njengento eqhubekayo ethi "The Princess Ligovskaya." Yonke le misebenzi ihlobene komunye nomunye futhi ibe nomugqa owodwa wezenhlalakahle kanye nefilosofi, umqondo owodwa kanye nokuhlelwa kohlobo.

Izinguquko zokuhlela

Kulo shicilelo olusha, ukwakheka kweveli "I-Hero Yesikhathi Sethu" kwashintshwa. Ukwakhiwa kwakunconywa ukuba kuhlanganiswe ngokulandelana kwesikhathi sokubhala: indaba ethi "Bela" yaba isahluko sokuqala seveli, elandelwa "uMaxim Maksimych" no "Princess Mary". Kamuva izindaba ezimbili zokuqala zahlanganiswa nesihloko esithi "Kusuka kumanothi esiphathimandla" futhi saba yingxenye ehamba phambili yenanveli, kanti ingxenye yesibili yayiyi "Princess Mary". Kwakuhloselwe ukusho ukucindezela "ukuvuma" kwe-protagonist. Ngo-Agasti-Septemba 1839 M. Lermontov wanquma ukuphinda aphinde abhale zonke izahluko ngaphandle kwesahluko esithi "Bela", ngaleso sikhathi esashicilelwe kakade. Kwakukhona ngalesi sigaba somsebenzi isahluko esithi "Fatalist" sangena encwadini.

Esikhathini sokuqala kohlelo lweveli kwakunegama elithi "Omunye wamaqhawe ekuqaleni kwekhulu." Wayephethe izingxenye ezine - izindaba ezine ezihlukene, nakuba incazelo yenveli yabelana nomlobi ngokwakhe izingxenye ezimbili kuphela. Ingxenye yokuqala - amanothi we-officer-narrator, eyesibili - amanothi weqhawe. Ukwethulwa kwesahluko esithi "Fatalist" kwandisa umkhumbi wefilosofi womsebenzi. Ukuqeda leveli, u-Lermontov akazange abeke umsebenzi wokulondoloza ukulandelana kwezenzakalo, umgomo wawuwukuveza ngokucacile umphefumulo we-protagonist nomphefumulo wabantu benkathi enenkathazo.

Ekupheleni kuka-1839, uMnu. Lermontov wadala inguqulo yokugcina yombhalo, kufaka phakathi isahluko esithi "Taman" kuwo futhi ushintshe ukwakheka komsebenzi. Le noveli yaqala nenhloko kaBela, ilandelwa nguMaxim Maximich. Amanothi we-protagonist, i-Pechorin, manje aqala ngekhanda lika "Taman", futhi iphelile ngo- "Fatalist". Kule ncwadi efanayo wabonakala "Umagazini wePechorin" owaziwayo. Ngakho-ke, inoveli inamakhasi amahlanu futhi igama elisha livela: inkaba "I-Hero Yesikhathi Sethu".

Yini evamile phakathi kwePechorin no-Onegin

Isibongo sesigqila esiyinhloko seveli sinamxhumanisa no-Pushkin sika-Eugene Onegin. Igama elithi Pechorin livela egameni lomfula omkhulu waseRussia uPechora, oseduze ne-Onega (ngakho-ke, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, negama elithi Onegin). Futhi lobudlelwane akuyona ingozi.

Ukulandela A. I-Pushkin M. Lermontov iphendukela kumfanekiso wesikhathi sakhe futhi ihlaziya isiphetho sayo ezimweni zesikhathi sakhe. I-Lermontov ifinyelela ngokujulile emfihlilweni yomphefumulo we-protagonist, iqinisa ingqondo yengqondo futhi iwugcwalise ngokucabanga okujulile kwefilosofi mayelana nokuziphatha komphakathi.

Indawo yokufinyelela

"I-Hero Yesikhathi Sethu" iyinkulumo-ukucabanga, inkulumo yokuqala yokuziphatha-yengqondo yencwadi yamaRussia. Lona uhlobo lwevelidi engokoqobo, lapho okugxile khona ekugxilweni kwezinkinga zokuziphatha ezithathwe ngumlobi, okudinga ukuhlaziywa kwengqondo okujulile.

Encwadini, umbhali unquma izinkinga zamanje nezokuziphatha: okuhle nokubi, uthando nobungane, ukufa nenkolo, ukuqokwa komuntu nenkululeko yokuthanda. I-psychology yomsebenzi iwukuthi uLermontov igxila ngobuntu beqhawe, ukuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ngokomzwelo. Ngaphambi kokuba umfundi avele "umphefumulo we-naked" uPechorin. Incwadi ethi "The Hero of Our Time" yindaba yomphefumulo wakhe.

Izici zomsebenzi

Umbhali ushintshe ukubunjwa izikhathi eziningana ukudalula ngokugcwele inkinga enkulu - isifiso esingokomoya somlingisi oyinhloko. Lona lonke uLermontov. "Hero of Our Time", isihloko sayo sibonakala ekuchazweni kwezimo zokuphila futhi siphenduka ekupheleni kwe-protagonist, engenakho konke okulandelana kwesikhathi. Umbuzo uvela: kungani umlobi engalandeli ngokulandelana kwezinhlelo kuhlelo lwezahluko? Ukungahambisani ngokulandelana kwesikhathi kungenxa yezizathu eziningana.

• Okokuqala, le noveli iqukethe izinto ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene: amanothi, idayari, indaba elandelwayo, inkulumo, nokunye okunjalo.
• Okwesibili, umbhali wayefuna ukuthakazelisa umfundi, ukwenza "uhambo" abe yingqondo ye-hero, ukucwilisa umfundi ekujuleni kwezwe langaphakathi lomlingiswa.

Ngenxa yesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi "esingavumelaniyo" somsebenzi kuleveli, abaningana bezindaba, esahlukweni ngasinye - eyakhe. Ngakho-ke, esahlukweni esithi "Bela" mayelana nemicimbi eyenziwa ngumfundi efunda indaba kaMaxim Maksimovich (Maksimych), e-"Maxim Maksimych" indaba iholwa yisikhulu, izahluko "Taman", "Princess Mary", "Fatalist" zenziwa ngendlela yokubhala kanye nedayari yomlingisi oyinhloko . Okusho ukuthi, umlandisi nguPechorin ngokwakhe. Amafomu wephephandaba kanye nedayari avumela ukunikeza umbhali hhayi ukuhlaziywa komphefumulo weqhawe, kodwa futhi nokuhlaziywa okujulile kobuntu.

UPechorin noBella: ukungakhathaleli nothando

Ngokwemvelo uPechorin wayeyisidingo. Ngabe enye indlela yokuchaza lesi simo lapho u-Azamat, indodana yenye yezikhulu zendawo, etshonsa udadewabo kaBel futhi waletha uPechorin, futhi uPechorin uyayiphendula ibamba ihhashi lika-Azamat eKazbich? Iqhawe alikhathali ukunikeza izipho zakhe ezibizayo, okwathi ekugcineni wathola umusa wakhe. Intombazane yamheha ngokuziqhenya kwayo nokungalaleli.

Uma sikhuluma ngamandla omzwelo, uthando oluthile noma olungenakulinganiswa, ububele bukaLermontov ohlangothini lukaBela - wathandana ngempela noPechorin ngempela. Kodwa i-protagonist ibonakala ihamba nokugeleza, yena ngokwakhe wayengenakuqaphela ukuthi intombazane izwa imizwa yangempela, noma ingabe ukukhathazeka kuqhuma emphefumulweni wakhe nasemzimbeni wakhe. Kulokhu kanye nenhlekelele ye-protagonist - wayengakwazi ukuzwela ngokujulile. Uthando lukaPechorin-Bela luqukethe izindikimba zemisebenzi yakhe. "I-Hero Yesikhathi Sethu" iqukethe amaphuzu amaningi adalula ikhono lomlingiswa oyinhloko emizweni eqinile. I-Pechorin iyaqaphela ukuthi iyimbangela yamabomu abanye, kodwa engakayiqondi ukuthi iyini indaba. Ngenxa yalokho, konke okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kuncishisiwe ukuba kube yisithukuthezi, ukungabi namzwelo nokudumazeka.

Kodwa-ke, akudingekile ukukhuluma ngokuhlukumeza okuphelele. Lapho uBela efa ngokushona okukhulu, kubangela ukuzwelana naye hhayi kuphela noMaxim Maksimych nabafundi. Ezikhathini zokugcina zokuphila kukaBela, uPechorin waba "njengenhlamba njengengubo". Futhi "Ngagula isikhathi eside, ngilahlekelwa isisindo, into empofu ..." Wazizwa isono sakhe phambi kwakhe, kodwa wazama ukufihla yonke imizwa yakhe ejulile emphefumulweni wakhe. Mhlawumbe yingakho waphuma "ngokuhleka okungajwayelekile", okwesabisa uMaxim Maksimych. Cishe, kwakuyihlobo lokuphazamiseka kwemizwa. Nguyena "hero" wangempela kuphela ongenza kanje. Ukwakhiwa kobuciko bakhe kumlobi kwakuseduze - wayehlala eduze kwabantu abanjalo ngokuhlangene nsuku zonke. Umfundi ubona isenzo sePechorin ngamehlo omlandisi uMaxim Maksimych, kodwa akaqondi izizathu zalezi zenzo.

Isilinganiso seMaxim Maksimych kuya ePechorin

"Umhlophe kakhulu, umfaniswano wakhe umusha kakhulu kangangokuthi ngacabanga ngokushesha ukuthi useCaucasus maduzane," kusho uPechorin Maxim Maximich. Kusukela incazelo ichazwa ukuthi umlandisi uzwelana noPechorin. Lokhu kuboniswa ngamazwi anezilinganiso ezithandekayo ezithandwayo, okushiwo umlandisi, futhi inkulumo ethi "Inkazimulo yayiyindoda ...".

In the novel "The Hero of Isikhathi Sethu," isingeniso empilweni yePechorin ingabhalwa encwadini ehlukene yamakhasi amaningi - umbhali wayenomfanekiso omkhulu, ocacile futhi ojulile. I-Pechorin yayihluke kwabanye ekuziphatheni kwayo: ukusabela ekushintsheni kokushisa, pallor ngokuzumayo, ukuthula okwesikhashana kanye nenkulumo engalindelekile. Ngenxa yalokhu "okungavamile" kulabadala, uMaxim Maksimych wacabanga ukuthi uPechorin uyinqaba.

UMaksimych waqonda imizwa, eqhutshwa uPechorin osemncane, kodwa wazizwa kuyadingeka ukubuyisela le ntombazane kuyise, nakuba ayezihlanganisa kakhulu noBela, ehlonipha yena ngokuziqhenya nokukhuthazela. Noma kunjalo, unamagama athi: "Kukhona abantu okufanele uvumelane nabo ngokuqinisekile." UMaxim Maksimych wayecabanga engqondweni kaPechorin, owayengumuntu obunamandla futhi wayengaphansi komuntu ngamunye ngentando yakhe.

Umbala wemvelo

I-Lermontov ku-prose yaseRussia ingomunye wabalobi bokuqala abangabanikazi bezindawo ezihamba ngezemvelo, kodwa i-hero ephelele yokulandisa. Kuyaziwa ukuthi umbhali wayethandeka ngobuhle beCaucasus, ubukhulu nobukhulu bayo. Iveli likaLermontov "Hero of Time Time" ivele igcwele izithombe zezendalo - zasendle, kodwa zihle. Njengoba kuboniswe ngabaningi abagxekayo, kwakunguLermontov othi, emcimbini wokuthi "imvelo yokuzijabulisa" eseyisebenzisiwe ngabanye ababhali, kuqala wanezela "isimo somuntu". Amasu akhethekile wokudweba ekuchazeni imvelo avunyelwe ukugcizelela imithetho yasendle, ngokuvumelana nokuthi abantu bezintaba bahlala kuphi. Ukunemba okufanayo kule ncazelo nokugqama kombala weCaucasus kuyahlukaniswa ngemidwebo ebhalwe ngabakwaMnu Yu Lermontov.

Iziphetho

Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi othi "I-Hero Yesikhathi Sethu" - esivela esihlokweni saloveli yokuqala kuqala konke okusemqoka. I-Pechorin yilokho okwenziwe ngokwesizukulwane. Akunakusho ukuthi bonke abantu baphuthuma ngokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomoya, bahlukunyezwa, futhi imiphefumulo yabo yaba nzima. I-protagonist yayifake abantu abangeyona izakhamizi eziningi njengenkathi - eyinkimbinkimbi, ngezinye izikhathi inonya kubantu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo iqinile futhi ifuna ngamandla. Yilokho okumelwe kukhunjulwe lapho ulungiselela ukwakheka "I-Hero Yesikhathi Sethu." I-Lermontov idlulisele kahle umkhathi womphakathi emlandweni weqhawe elilodwa.