Isihlalo se-Azov 1637 - 1642 esifushane. Isikhundla se-Azov se-Don Cossacks

Umlando - isayensi iyathandeka kakhulu futhi iyathandeka. Izenzakalo zezinsuku ezedlule ziyamangalisa futhi ziyamangalisa ngokuziveza kwazo kanye nokuguquguquka kwazo, zikukwenza ucabange futhi ufunde ngesibonelo sakho.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isayensi yezomlando iningi futhi iphikisana. Isibonelo, into eyayivame ukulula futhi evunyelwe ngokuvamile, ayiqondakali ngokuphelele kithi-abantu banamuhla; Noma into eyayibonakala iyadingeka futhi ewusizo ezinsukwini zakudala, manje ingacatshangwa ukuthi iyisiphukuphuku futhi ayibi.

Kodwa-ke, emlandweni wasekhaya kukhona izikhathi ezinjalo eziqhakazile nezenzakalo ezihlonishwayo njengezenzo zobuqhawe, zibhaliwe ngezincwadi nangezinganekwane, ziqondiswa futhi zilingiswa zona.

Esinye seziqephu zomlando ezinembile yi-Azov i-Don Cossacks (1637 - 1642). Ngokufushane mayelana nalesi sigameko, sizoxoxa kule ngxenye.

Kodwa ukuze siqonde kangcono umbuzo owethulwe, ake siqale ukwazi izimbangela zayo. Yiziphi izinhlangothi eziphikisayo ezithinte isihlalo sokuvimbezela i-Azov (1637 kuya ku-1642), nokuthi yini eyandulele.

Don Cossacks

I-Don Cossack Host yayisemkhakheni wezindawo zanamuhla zendawo yaseRostov naseVolgograd, futhi yayihlala nengxenye yezifunda zaseLugansk naseDonetsk. I-Don Cossacks ibhekwa njengebutho elikhulu kakhulu lama-Cossack aseMbusweni waseRussia.

Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kweDonets kubhekisela esikhathini se-1550, okungukuthi, cishe iminyaka eyikhulu ngaphambi kwezenzakalo, okuzoxoxwa ngazo kulesi sihloko. Kukholelwa ukuthi ngalezo zinsuku uDon Cossacks wayezimele ngokuphelele maqondana namazwe azungezile. Kamuva baqala ukubambisana kakhulu ne-Russian tsar, behlanganisa izifiso zabo nezifiso zabo zombuso waseRussia.

Ngokwenkolo, abantu baseDon babizwa ngokuthi yi-Orthodox, kodwa phakathi kwabo kwakukhona inamba enkulu yamaKholwa amadala, amaBuddha namaSulumane.

Ibutho laseTurkey

Omunye owayehlanganyele ezenzakalweni zesihlalo se-Azov kwakunguTurkey, owasungula uMbuso omkhulu wase-Ottoman wezizwe eziningana ezihlala e-Asia Minor - amaGreki, ama-Armenia, amaJuda, amaGeorgia, ama-Asiriya nabanye.

AmaTurkey ayedumile ngobuciko bawo obunamandla, izifiso zomhlaba kanye nesihluku esinamandla sokusebenza kwempi. Abaningi bezakhamuzi zombuso wase-Ottoman babengamaSulumane.

Futhi manje masithole ukuthi kungani uDon Cossacks kanye namaTurkey banquma ukulwa nenqaba yase-Azov.

Umlando we-Azov

I-Azov idolobha elisemlonyeni weDon River. Sekuyiminyaka eyi-VI BC kungacatshangwa ukuthi kuzolwelwa izimpi ezinkulu zempi kanye nokulwa, okunye okuyiyona indawo yase-Azov yamaDon Cossacks (1637-1642).

Abasekeli base-Azov bangamaGreki, abakhe umuzi entabeni ephakeme wayiqamba ngokuthi iTanais. Emakhulwini ayishumi nanhlanu kamuva, lo muzi wangena ensimini yeTmutarakan eyayiyinhloko yaseKivanvan Rus, kwabe sekuthunjelwa amaPolvotsia, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi amaMongolia. Emakhulwini e-XIII-XV ensimini ye-Azov yayitholwe ikoloni yaseTaliyane yaseTana, edumile ngokuhweba nokunethezeka kwayo.

Nokho, ngo-1471 amabutho ase-Ottoman athatha umuzi futhi awushintsha waba yinqaba enamandla, azungezwe udonga oluphakeme lwamatshe nezinqaba eziyishumi nanye. Isakhiwo sokuzivikela sasilawula ama-expanses ase-steppe aseNorth Caucasus ne-Lower Don.

Ngokusobala, i-Azov kusukela esikhathini esedlule yayithatha indawo ebalulekile yeqhinga, ngoba yayinezindawo ezilula ezihlobene noLwandle lwase-Azov.

Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi amaCosacks ayefuna ukunikeza le nsimu ngokwabo, ngakho-ke enza umzamo wokukhipha umuzi. Isihlalo se-Azov (1637 - 1642) sasiwumphumela wokuhlasela kwabo enqabeni.

Ukuhlasela nokuhlaselwa

Yini eyabangela isihlalo se-Azov 1637-1642? Ngokufushane ngalokhu ungafunda emibhalweni yomlando yesikhathi.

Iqiniso liwukuthi inqaba ye-Azov, noma i-Azak (njengoba yayibizwa ngokuthi ngaleso sikhathi), yayiwumthombo wengozi yezempi kokubili eCrimean Tatars naseKhanan yaseTurkey. Ukuhlasela kweTatar-Turkey emazweni ohulumeni baseRussia okwenze umonakalo omkhulu kubo bobabili abantu abavamile kanye nomnotho wombuso wonke. Amasimu kanye nemapulazi echithekile, abahlali abathintekayo, ukwesaba nokudideka kwabantu basekhaya - konke lokho kwancipha amandla nobukhazikhazi beRussia ekhazimulayo.

Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi ngokwabo i-Cossacks ayizange ihlale esikhwameni nombhikishi omakhelwane. Ukuhlasela, basabela ngokuhlasela, ukuhlaselwa - ukuhlaselwa.

Izikhathi eziningana amaCoscack athatha inqaba eyinqaba, akhulula abathunjwa bawo futhi athatha ama-hostage angenabo. Bathumba futhi bachitha umuzi, bekhokhisa izakhamuzi zawo inkokhelo enkulu ngendlela yosawoti, imali nokudoba. Imikhankaso enjalo yayilungiswa nguDon onesibindi ekuzivikelweni okuphawulekayo nokuphawulekayo kwe-Azak, eya phansi emlandweni njengesihlalo se-Azov se-Cossacks (1637-1642). Ngokufingqiwe mayelana nokuthunjwa kokuqiniswa ngokwayo kungafundwa ngokuqhubekayo.

Qala ukusebenza

Ubani owenze isinqumo sokubamba i-Azov? Ebusika ngo-1636 umkhandlu jikelele wezempi we-Cossack wanquma ukuthi kwakudingeka ukuba kwenziwe umkhankaso wokulwa nesitha se-Azak ngenhloso yokuqapha inqaba kanye nawo wonke amalungelo ahlobene nefa lawo.

Abahlaseli beCossack Circle bahamba kuzo zonke izindawo ukuze baqoqe wonke umuntu owayefuna ukuya enkundleni yempi. Izinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amane nengxenye kaDon Cossacks kanye neZaporozhye eyinkulungwane zazikulungele ukulwa.

Umkhandlu wezempi, ohlangene e-Monastery campus, wamisa usuku oluthile lokuhlasela, wachaza uhlelo lokusebenza futhi wakhetha umholi womkhankaso. Kwaba nguMikhail Tatarinov - i-Cossack enesibindi futhi ehlakaniphile, okungenzeka ukuthi yayingumdabu wamaTatars noma kwaba khona ekuthunjweni kwabo.

Qala ukuhlasela

Isihlalo se-Azov (1637-1642) saqala kanjani? Ngokufingqiwe ngalokhu ungafunda emlonyeni womuntu ozithandayo.

Ucele abalingani bakhe ukuba balwe noBusurman hhayi ebusuku, ngokuzithoba, nangentambama, ikhanda lakhe liphakeme.

Futhi kwenzeka. Ngomhlaka-Ephreli amashumi amabili nambili ibutho le-Cossack lafika ezindongeni zase-Azak ezivela emaceleni amabili-ingxenye yamasosha ahamba ngeDon ngemikhumbi, kanti ingxenye yahamba ngamabutho asehhashi ngasogwini.

Abantu baseTurkey base bevele balinde abahlaseli. Batshelwa ngamalungiselelo e-Cossacks yi-ambassador waseTurkey, uThomas Cantacuzen.

Ngakho-ke, imizamo yokuqala yokubamba inqaba ayiphumelelanga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo ngokwalo sasiqinisekiswa futhi sihlonywe kahle. Ibutho lalinakekelwa ibutho lezinkulungwane ezine elinamandla elinamandla nezinqola eziningana ezinezinyoni eziningi nezinye izibhamu.

Ukunqoba kweCosacks

Isihlalo esiphezulu se-Azov (1637-1642) saqala nini? Ukuvimbezelwa kwedolobha kwaphela izinyanga ezimbili. Zonke izindlela nezindlela ezenzekayo zazanywa. I-Cossacks igubhe amathafa nezintambo, i-cannon ephefumulelwe ezindongeni ezinamandla ezinqaba, nokuhlasela okuhlaselayo komuntu ngamunye okuvinjelwe.

Okokugcina kunqunywe ukuba kwenziwe (okwakudlula isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga) futhi ulethe phansi kodonga, okuthiwa "umgodi". Ngenxa yokuqhuma okunamandla edongeni oluvikelwe, kwakhiwa ikhefu (cishe ngamamitha amabili ububanzi), lapho abahlaseli bafika khona enqabeni.

Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-18 kaJuni 1637.

Nokho, ukungena edolobheni kungxenye yesigamu. Kusadingeka ukuba uyibambe ngokuphelele. Ama-cossacks abesibindi, engazithembi, alwa yonke inki yesakhiwo esilinde isikhathi eside.

Bashaya yonke imibhoshongo emine yase-Azov, lapho izitha ezinenkathazo zihlala khona, bese zilwa ngokumelene nabo bonke ababenqaba, futhi zaqothula bonke abakhileyo enqabeni.

I-Cossack Azak

Ngenxa yokuthunjwa kwenqabeni, amaCosacks akhulula amaSlav ayizinkulungwane ezimbili, athatha amathoni ezitha futhi athi i-Azov idolobha lamahhala lamaKristu. Ithempeli elidala lenqaba laphinde lahlukaniswa, ukuhwebelana nokuhwebelana kwezombangazwe kwasungulwa nabathengisi baseRussia nabakwa-Iranian.

Ngubani owaba umnikazi we-Azak ngemuva kokuwa kweqhawe, lapho isihlalo se-Azov (1637-1642) saqala? Umbusi waseRashiya ngokwakhe waphendula lo mbuzo kafushane. Wenqaba ukwamukela inqaba njengengcebo yaseRussia, ngenxa yokwesaba ukwephula izivumelwano zokuthula ne-sultan yaseTurkey. Ngakho-ke, abanikazi abagcwele bomuzi babhekwa njengabaDon Cossacks baseZaporozhye.

Bazama ukulwa ngokukhululekile, bavuselela futhi baqinisa indawo enqaba, beqaphela ukuthi impindiselo yamakhosi abo yangaphambili ngeke kuthathe isikhathi eside.

Futhi kwenzeka. Ekuqaleni kuka-1641 isihlalo se-Azov sangempela (1637-1642).

Ukuhlasela kwamaTurkey

USultan Ibrahim wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukuhlangana ibutho elinamandla futhi eliqeqeshwe kahle. Ebuthweni lakhe, wabiza bonke - amaGreki, ama-Albania, ama-Arabs, amaSerbia, ukuba afake kabusha emazweni abo inqabeni ethandekayo yase-Azak. Ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, inani labahlaseli baseTurkey-Tatar lalingamahhashi ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amane namashumi amane, ayephethe amabutho angamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu namakhulu angamakhulu angamadonga.

Inombolo yeCosacks ngesikhathi sokuvinjezelwa yayiyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha (kuhlanganise nabesifazane ababesebenza ngokuhlanganyela ekuvikeleni umuzi).

Ibutho lezitha lahamba ngaphansi kobuholi besikhulu esiphezulu se-Huseyn-pasha. I-Cossacks ikhethe uNaum Vasiliev no-Osip Petrov njengabaphathi babo.

Ekuqaleni kukaJuni Azak kwakuvinjezelwe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Isihlalo se-Azov (1637-1642) sasigcwele. AmaDonets azivikela ngesihluku, kodwa amandla ayengalingani.

Eduze odongeni baseTurkey bemba imigodi eminingi, lapho bebeka khona izibhamu nezikhali. Ubuqili obunjalo obuqili benza abahlaseli bengatholakali ku-Cossack ukugoqa.

Khona-ke ama-Cossacks aqala ukusebenzisa ngaphambi kokubamba phansi ehlehlisa ukuhlela ama-forays angalindelekile ekamu lesitha. Leli qhinga lithatha izimpi zamasosha ezinkulungwane eziyizitha.

Kusukela ekupheleni kukaJune, ukugubungula kwansuku zonke kwaqala ngamanoni anzima. Ezindaweni eziningi izindonga zezinqaba zabhujiswa phansi. Abantu baseDoniya kwadingeka bafihle phakathi kwesakhiwo esiphakathi.

Ukuvinjezelwa

Kwaphela isikhashana isihlalo se-Azov (1637-1642) sabhalwa yisibhamu. AmaTurkey kwakudingeka alinde ukuqinisekiswa okuvela e-Istanbul ngendlela yokudla, izinhlamvu kanye nabasebenzi.

Amakhoradi athembekile ahamba nendlela eya kumaCosacks, engozini yokuthunjwa ephila eDonas.

Izingxoxo njalo zenziwa ngokuzinikela ngokuzithandela kwenqabeni. Nokho, abantu baseDon baqonda ukuthi ngemuva kwabo kwakuyizwe lakubo, okwakungabanjwa yiJanissis, ngakho abavumelani nanoma yikuphi ukulingwa nokusikisela okulingayo.

Kwabe sekufika ukukhwabanisa okubi kakhulu, okwakungavumi ebusuku noma emini. Kodwa akazange aholele kunoma yini noma. I-Cossacks igxile ekuziphenduleleni, ngaphandle kokuyeka yonke iminithi ukuphendula emotweni yempi.

Khona-ke abaseTurkey, belahlekelwa yinhliziyo, belahlekelwa amandla futhi bezithemba ngokwabo, banquma ukususa imvelo futhi baqale ukuvinjezelwa kuphela ngonyaka.

Ukuphela

Yini eyaqeda isihlalo esiqinile se-Azov (1637-1642)? AmaDonets, enza umonakalo omkhulu, ongenakuqhathaniswa ebuthweni lezitha, ngokwabo babhekene nokulahlekelwa okukhulu nokulahlekelwa amandla: kwabulawa abaphikisi abayizinkulungwane eziningana, inqaba enqotshwayo yaba yinto engafanelekile ebusika, ukungabi nokudla nezikhali kuphelile, uhulumeni waseRussia waqhubeka wenqaba ukusizwa. Konke lokhu kwashukumisela ukuba amaCoscars abulale umuzi ezisekelweni zawo futhi ashiye inqaba enhloko ephakeme.

Lokhu kwenzeka ehlobo lika-1642. Ngako-ke kwaphela isihlalo se-Azov (1637-1642) - isidingo sokudumisa nokulingisa amaCosacks.

Impact

Iyiphi inzuzo lapho isihlalo sama-Azov esinobuqhawe besiletha kubantu baseRussia (1637-1642)?

1. Izinkulungwane zamaSlav zakhululwa.
2. Ibutho lesitha lalahlekelwa kakhulu.
3. Ubuhlobo bezomnotho phakathi kwamaCosacks nabanye abantu basungulwa.
4. Umoya wokuziphatha nokuthanda izwe lonke loCosacks uqiniswa.
5. Isihlalo se-Azov saba enye yezinyathelo zokuqala zokuhlanganiswa kwamaDon Cossacks kanye nebutho lama-tsarist.