Halogens - ke ... Halogen compounds

Lapha umfundi uyothola ulwazi lapho lomqhele, adi- we ishadi lesikhathi D. I. Mendeleeva. Okuqukethwe isihloko kuzokuvumela ukuba bajwayelane nezici zabo zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba, ngokuba nemvelo, izindlela kwesicelo kanye nabanye.

Imininingwane kawonkewonke

Halogens - zonke izakhi ze-amakhemikhali ishadi lesikhathi ezisesandleni iqembu nesikhombisa. Ngokusho unendlela ekulinganisweni stroma kukhona kuzo zonke izingxenye zaleli qembu wesikhombisa, subgroups main.

Halogen - kukhona izakhi ukwazi ukuxubana cishe zonke izinto uhlobo elula ngaphandle ethile nonmetals. Zonke lezi amandla oxidizers, ngoba ngaphansi kwezimo bemvelo, avame ukuba ifomu exutshwe nezinye izinto. Inkomba halogens reactivity incipha ngokwanda ezinombolo zabo ukuthi okwesingaki.

Halogens elandelayo makhemikhali: sasekhaya, chlorine, uxhumano lokudlulisa, i-iodine astatine futhi tennesin eyayenziwe wadala.

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, zonke halogens - is oxidizing nge izakhiwo abahlukene, ngaphandle bonke bangabafundi okungezona izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Kwangaphandle amandla ezingeni has electron eziyisikhombisa. Ukuxoxa izinsimbi kuholela ekwakhekeni ibhondi ionic nosawoti. Cishe zonke halides ngaphandle fluoride, kungase ukuzibonakalisa njenge-ejenti ekunciphiseni, ngezinga oxidizing eyaphumela 7, kodwa lokhu kudinga ukuthi uxhumana izakhi kokuba neku- electronegativity.

Izici etymology

Ngo-1841, umthaki wemithi Swedish J. Berzelius ezihlongozwayo ukwethulwa kwe Halogen eside, ebhekisela uzazise ngesikhathi F, Br, I. Nokho, kwaze kwaba yilapho kusungulwa leli gama maqondana lonke iqembu izakhi, e 1811, usosayensi isiJalimane . Shveygger efanayo izwi ngokuthi chloro eside uqobo elihunyushwe kusuka lesiGreki ngokuthi "solerod".

isakhiwo Atomic nokuthi leso senzo senziwe namachibi

Ukucushwa kwe-yangaphandle electron igobolondo Halogen-athomu kuyinto: astatine - 6s ² 6P ⁵ iodo - 5s 5p ^{2 5 2} 4p 4s bromo ⁵ chloro - bo-3 3p ^{5 2,} 2s fluoro ² 2P ^5.

Halogen - izakhi nigqoke yangaphandle electron igobolondo uhlobo electron eziyisikhombisa evumela ukuthi ukuba "kwamandla" unamathisele electron igobolondo okuyinto eyanele ephelele. Ngokuvamile, degree namachibi kubonakala njengoba -1. Cl, Br, mina Ngezinye ukusabela oluxube ukuba neziqu ephakeme, baqala ukubonisa omuhle namachibi degree +1, +3, +5 futhi +7. Fluoride has a degree njalo oxidative -1.

ukusabalala

Ngenxa degree kwabo eliphezulu reactivity ka halogens ngokuvamile ngesimo compounds. Lizinga e ungqimba lomhlaba incipha ngokuhambisana ukwanda engaba-athomu kusuka F kuya I. Astatine e ungqimba lomhlaba nhlobo ulinganiswa amagremu futhi tennessin wadala eyayenziwe.

Halides ukutholakala emvelweni kaningi compounds of halides-iodine ingase futhi athathe isimo potassium noma sodium iodate. Ngenxa solubility yayo amanzi akhona olwandle futhi brines odabuka yemvelo. F - kancane ummeleli we Halogen futhi kaningi etholakala emadwaleni ohlobo sedimentary, futhi umthombo waso main - fluoride calcium.

Physical izinga izici

Halogens nomunye zingase zishintshe kakhulu, futhi banethemba Izakhiwo ezilandelayo ngokomzimba:

1. Fluorine (F2) - gas yokukhanya umbala ophuzi, has a iphunga abukhali futhi kuyacasula futhi kungukuthi ngaphansi kokucindezelwa ezimweni ezijwayelekile lokushisa. Lokuncibilika kuyinto -220 ° C kanye ukuvala abacaphuni -188 ° C.
2. Chlorine (Cl ₂₎ iyinhlangano igesi hhayi liminyaniseke ashisa kuma, ngisho noma engaphansi kokucindezeleka, has a angafi, iphunga okunoshukela futhi umbala ophuzi. Ukuncibilika uqala at -101 ° C no-ngamathumba at -34 ° C.
3. Uxhumano lokudlulisa (Br _2), - uketshezi oluyingozi futhi ezisindayo umbala onsundu ansundu futhi abukhali iphunga fetid. Lincibilike at -7 ° C namathumba at 58 ° C.
4. Iodine (I ₂₎ - okuqinile uhlobo ejenti has a grey umbala omnyama, futhi kuyisici sobuntu metallic ayebuthaka, ukuhogela ngempela abukhali. inqubo ukuncibilika iqala lapho 113,5 ° C namathumba at 184.885 ° C.
5. halo ezingavamile - kuyinto astatine _(Kweyesi-2), okuyinto okuqinile futhi nombala oluhlaza njengesibhakabhaka-black nge ucwebezela ngendlela ekhangayo metallic. Lokuncibilika oluhambisana azungeze 244 ° C, abilayo iqala futhi emva kokufinyelela 309 ° C.

I chemical ubunjalo halogens

Halogen - izakhi ne eliphezulu kakhulu umsebenzi oxidative okuyinto ingabe isabaluleka isiqondiso esivela F kuya Ngezinye. Fluorine, njengoba omele kunazo asebenzayo we halogens, kungaba asabela ngayo yonke izinhlobo izinsimbi, ngaphandle kokukhipha iyiphi aziwayo. Iningi izinsimbi abameleli ngokufaka umoya sasekhaya ibhekane omlilo nokuguqulwa, ngaleyo ndlela ukukhulula ukushisa e esiningi.

Ngaphandle bazithobisa sasekhaya Ukushisa kungaba ukuxubana eziningi ze-non-izinsimbi, ezifana H2, C, P, S, Si. Uhlobo ukuphendula kulokhu exothermic futhi kungase kuhambisane ukuqhuma. Evuthayo, F kuholela oxidize le Halogen ezisele, futhi ekuvezweni ngemisebe, element uyakwazi futhi ingabe basabela amagesi esindayo imvelo inert.

Lapho uxhumana eyinkimbinkimbi uhlobo compounds, fluorine kuyindlela yemvelo yokusabela lapho lisebenza kakhulu, isib, oxidizing amanzi, kungase kubangele ukwanda.

I esisheshayo nakho kungase chloro, ikakhulukazi isimo khulula. ezingeni umsebenzi esingaphansi sasekhaya, kodwa uyakwazi ukuxubana cishe zonke izinto ezilula, kodwa i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo ne amagesi yizicukuthwane ungathathi ngamawala nalo. Ukuhlanganyela hydrogen, amalahle chloro noma izibani okuhle kudala burnoprotekayuschuyu ukuphendula ephelezelwa ukuqhuma.

Ngaphezu kwalokho ukusabela esikhundleni Cl kungaba asabela nge eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi-hlobo izinto. Bakwazi ukuba azixoshe mina Br ngu Ukushisa ekhuthaza adalwe nabo metal noma i-hydrogen, futhi kungase ukuxubana izinto ane-alikhali.

Bromo amakhemikhali ngaphansi asebenzayo kuka ane-chlorine noma sasekhaya, kodwa namanje ububonisa bha uqobo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iningi uxhumano lokudlulisa Br isetshenziswa njengoba ketshezi, ngoba kulesi simo ngezinga emakamu yokuqala nezinye izimo alinganayo ephakeme kunaleyo Cl. Kabanzi i-chemistry, organic ikakhulukazi. It kungenziwa oncibilikiswe H ₂ O futhi kancane basabela nalo.

Halogen-iodo isici yakha into elula mina ₂ nonekhono ukuxubana H ₂ O, yahlakazeka ngo izixazululo iodide, ukwakha anions eziyinkimbinkimbi. Iningi Halogen mina uhluke ukuthi akasabeli nge iningi abameleli-non-izinsimbi kanye kancane ihlangana izinsimbi, kulesi simo-ke kuyadingeka ukufudumeza. Njengoba i-hydrogen iyaphendula kuphela wadalula umkhovu, kanye yokusabela endothermic.

Ezingavamile Halogen astatine (Ngezinye) liveza reactivities iodine kancane, kodwa kungaba asabela ezisansimbi. Ngenxa dissociation kwenzeke kokubili anions futhi cations.

izicelo

Halogen compounds kabanzi ngomuntu ezihlukahlukene izindawo. cryolite Yemvelo (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ isetshenziswa ukulungiselela Al. Uxhumano lokudlulisa iodine izinto lula evame ukusetshenziswa yezemithi izinkampani chemical. Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa izingxenye izimoto ngokuvamile zisebenzisa Halogen. Lights - lokhu ungomunye walabo izingxenye. Qualitatively ukukhetha ukwaziswa kwale nkulumo umshini kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba izibani zikhanya komgwaqo ebusuku, futhi indlela nxa uzingela kokubili kuwe nakwabanye abahamba ngezimoto. Esinye sezipho ezinhle kakhulu esiyinhlanganisela izinto ukudala izibani Xenon kubhekwe. Halogen nokho kancane eliphansi in izinga kuya igesi engaxubani namakhemikhali.

halo Good - kuyinto sasekhaya, i okufakiwe evame ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni ama-toothpastes. Kuyasiza ukuvimbela okuvela kuyo izifo kwamazinyo - caries kwamazinyo.

Okunjalo isici-Halogen ezifana chlorine (Cl), uthola isicelo yayo ekulungiseleleni HCl, livame ukusetshenziswa zamagama izinto eziningi eziphilayo ezifana plastic, iraba, nezindwangu zokwenziwa, udayi, kanye izihlanzi kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D. Futhi zezakhi chlorine ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo amakhorali ejenti yefilakisi ukotini impahla, amaphepha, futhi njengendlela yokuthola ukulawula amagciwane emanzini okuphuza.

Isexwayiso! Cha!

Uma kucatshangelwa reactivity eliphezulu kakhulu halogens ngokufanele ngokuthi anobuthi. Lena ngokucacile kakhulu ikhono ujoyine ukusabela obonakaliswe sasekhaya. Halogens babe izakhiwo eziqinile futhi angafi uyakwazi uhlanganyela izicubu nokuxhumana.

Fluoride ngababili kanye aerosols ubhekwa amafomu kakhulu yingozi of Halogen nokulimaza abanye izidalwa eziphilayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ayiqondakali Bangibheka iphunga uzizwe kuphela ukufinyelela lokuhlala eliphezulu.

Efingqa

Njengoba singabona, le halogens ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ishadi lesikhathi, banayo izakhiwo eziningi kuhluke izimfanelo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali, isakhiwo yama-athomu, degree of namachibi kanye nekhono ukuxubana izinsimbi kanye non-izinsimbi. Imboni isebenzisa ezihlukahlukene ngendlela, ezisukela izithasiselo emikhiqizweni inhlanzeko yomuntu siqu futhi kokuqeda izinto zamagama yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali organic noma bleaches. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi enye yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu ukulondoloza bese udala wokukhanyisa headlamp imoto Xenon, Halogen, nokho akusiyo yalutho futhi kubuye esetshenziswa kabanzi futhi kunezinzuzo zako siqu.

Manje uyazi ukuthi nokubingelela. Ingabe Uyazi? Nanoma imiphi imibuzo ngalezi izinto ngawe Awuselona kwesithiyo.