German Army: Esikhathini Esidlule Nanamuhla

Umlando Germany eduze okuhlobene izimpi. Amabili empini olunegazi kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu ziye idedelwa lokhu ezweni elithile futhi uhulumeni ophethe. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ushiye eJalimane aqhelelene futhi yethulwa kuvinjelwe nokugcinwa emabuthweni ahlomile, kodwa ibutho lamaJalimane kwadingeka ukuba avuselele impahla kanye waphinda iba omunye okuyisibonelo kakhulu nabafundisekile emhlabeni. Nokho, okwamanje, abahlaziyi abaningi ukhombe ezinye yokuncipha kokubaluleka amabutho ugqozi isiJalimane, okuyinto kakhulu kuthinta udumo lwabo phakathi labantu lalo. Ingabe kunjalo ngempela? Ukuphi emasikweni ibutho lamaJalimane? Futhi kungani ngaphambi kwempi yezwe yesibili, Germany wayengomunye walaba amandla eziqine, ezokwakha up yezikhali, naphezu umisa? Konke lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni sethu namuhla.

Amabutho Germany: izimpande kanye namasiko

Ibutho lamaJalimane ngesimo lapho sashintshwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, sihlehlela emuva kwenkathi umzabalazo wokulwa Napoleon. Nakuba izikhulu wathatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo impi ngokumelene Bonaparte ohlangothini amabutho isiRashiya, futhi ngokuvamile izimpi ezazilwela ensimini ka-Russia. Iningi ephakeme ezinhlwini yempi aba ukubuthela kusukela phakathi kwabanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu futhi ayezibheka abavikeli yokubusa kwamakhosi. Njengoba isisekelo ukulandela amaphoyisa wathatha iyunithi ebuthweni lasePrussia, sengqondo yayo nokuqonda isiyalo kanye nokwenqaba imibono sezenhlalo.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ibutho lamaJalimane zaba stratum ekhethekile lamaphoyisa owadlula esikweni labo abantwana nabazukulu. Ngu-1913, mayelana ayisishiyagalombili amaphesenti umyalo omkhulu wayehlukile; wayevela emndenini lempi, wakhulela emasikweni abafanele. Labo abafika ibutho kusukela ngaphandle, aqala ukulawula imithetho kanye nemithetho yokuziphatha wabizela kwaphezulu. Njalo-ke kwaqedwa baba umgogodla amabutho aseJalimane ahlomile, okuyizinto izici isici ibutho kwesikhathi amakhosi asendulo, neketanga ecacile umyalo nokubika udumo.

Imiphumela iSivumelwano SaseVersailles

Ngisho Bismarck kwakhiwa ngesikhathi kokubusa eyinhloko imikhankaso yezempi eJalimane - impi ukukhalima, okuyinto pre-empted yimuphi umthelela kusuka kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu uthi ezizungezile. Ngokumangalisayo, kuba lo mbono "blitzkrieg" wadubula izingqondo cishe yonke ngabaholi bezempi nendima ekuthuthukiseni kanye kumiswa amabutho aseJalimane ahlomile.

Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe I, ngokuvumelana wasayina Versailles ukuthula, Germany wema ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo Friend amakhono yawo yezempi. Ngonyaka wamashumi amabili nanye kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ngokuqondene wonke amaphuzu la malungiselelo, uHulumeni kwakheka Reichswehr, okwakuyinto ibutho enkabeni yalo. Kunalokho, isikhathi kwaba nethonya ukuzivikela, okungase kube sengathi nguye obangela oda kuleli zwe. Reichswehr lalinabashumayeli inombolo elandelayo ezempi:

• ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu phansi impi;
• abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu amatilosi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iJalimane bancishwa wezikhali esindayo, amathangi kanye emoyeni amabutho kanye lasolwandle.

Nokho, uhulumeni German wafuna ukundlula bonke enqabelo osungulwe futhi baqale okuguqula amabutho azo, kancane kancane zandise izinto ngayo amandla ezempi. Lokhu angamsiza kuphela omunye uthi enamandla esiningi saleso sikhathi umsebenzi - eSoviet Union. Ngalo, eJalimane futhi kuqale izingxoxo umzimba ngokuhlanganyela kanye ukuvuselelwa amandla amabutho aseJalimane ahlomile. Ngesisekelo amathangi nezikole indiza Soviet olwenziwa ukuqeqeshwa of amasosha aseJalimane. Lokhu kuhlukumeza ngabodwa yaseJalimane futhi basiza ekuqiniseni isikhundla salo enkundleni ngamazwe.

Nokho, esikhathini esisukela wokubambisana eSoviet Union akuphumelelanga kakhulu ekufezeni izivumelwano zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqeqeshwa e-Federal Republic bebelokhu amabili lamatshumi amathathu pilot ezempi kanye ithangi nabasebenza kuphela. Nakuba nge obhekwe uHitler ukuba amandla esikhathini esifushane kwesikhathi eJalimane sekuvuthiwe ukuba abashayeli angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili.

UHitler ushintsho lempi

Kusukela ngo-1932, uHitler aqala ukuqhuba inqubomgomo esebenzayo ye ukugcwala wezempi e Naphezu kwazo zonke enqabelo nezimfundiso ezihlukahlukene. izingalo Active Germany uye waphawuleka, kodwa ayikho kwemibuso yaseYurophu akazange ngisho ezama ukubhuntshisa ishansela entsha. Ngu-1935 ibutho lamaJalimane kwaba kakade lwaluqinile futhi yesimanje, ukuthi uHitler ithuba ukumemezela ukuqedwa we Reichswehr. Ngenxa kugucuka eziningi kokuba amabutho eJalimane.

Leli zwe kancane kancane savuka nebutho lakhe - izinsizwa yethulwa futhi ukuze amadoda kanye nabafana, inani lakhuphuka lafika ku-uqhekeko amathathu nesithupha, futhi amasosha emhlabathini lafinyelela abantu ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amahlanu. Ukuze popularize ibutho phakathi kwabantu waqala ukusakaza umagazini okhethekile, okhiphe izindaba, izingxoxo of amasosha nezikhulu, kanye zokuqhubekisa.

Phakathi nale nkathi, isiko wakudala zamabutho German ahlomile adicilelwe, bevuka inqwaba izakhamuzi ezivamile, okuyinto encishisiwe ezingeni intelligence izikhonzi ukuba irekhodi amaphesenti amabili. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kuthinte kakhulu isakhiwo yempi, esekelwe ukugcinwa ukuzithiba kokulalela ngokungathandabuzi.

Hitler wafuna ukuziphindiselela ukunqotshwa ezilulazayo e kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala futhi kancane kancane uqothula bonke amabutho ahlomile ngaphansi kwakhe. Yena banxenxa ukutuswa lempi okungavamile lomuntu wakhe nemibono, waziyisa uquqaba. Ngo-1934 waba nguMengameli futhi wathatha isifungo sokwethembeka impi, kuphambene nomthetho-sisekelo ngaphambilini yokutholwa.

Lo mkhuba kunencazelo ejulile kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi izikhulu German uyafunga idatha ukuhambisana kwaba ngodumo. Ngakho-ke, iningi wezempi waqhubeka enza umsebenzi waso ukukholwa emva walahlekelwa ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, imibono kaHitler ukunqoba kwakhe. Phakathi naso sonke lesi sikhathi ambalwa nje izikhulu zavumela ukuya isitha, abanye piously waphawula isifungo, naphezu kungafanele oda eziningi.

Wehrmacht kanye nokulungiselela impi

Kusukela ngo-1935, amabutho aseJalimane ahlomile waziwa ngokuthi "Wehrmacht" futhi wonke umlando okwalandela yezwe ngokuqinile elihlobene ne eside. Hitler ngokucophelela, hhayi kuphela wahola eyandulela impi impahla ukuqeqeshwa base lobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi luqhutshwa ngokwengqondo amasu umthelela ezikhuluma ngabantu abajwayelekile. Lena akhathalela ngokuyinhloko amabutho isikhulu, okuyinto ayezoba vanguard futhi ugqozi empini ezayo.

Ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho kwezinhloko zamaviyo German ekuqaleni umkhankaso ngonyaka wamashumi omathathu anesithoba ka kwekhulu elidlule Kuye kwanikezwa izimiso ekhethekile, okuyinto okulungiselelwe amabutho isikhulu. Phakathi kwabo kukhona lokhu okulandelayo:

• Zonke izinduna kwakufanele ukuhlola isimo wezempi ngesisekelo sesimweni elivamile laso sonke amayunithi yaseshashalazini zemisebenzi, bese ukuthatha isinqumo ngamunye;
• kungekho schematics empini ukuphathwa;
• umlawuli ngamunye kumelwe zizenzele izinqumo zazo futhi senze esiphuthumayo noma uma kungekho ukuxhumana abaziphethe.

Futhi, eyodwa isosha ngalinye babenombono wokuthi kubalulekile ukuthatha oda kuphela kusukela umlawuli wakhe ngokushesha, okuyinto ayifakiwe ngisho amaqiniso ambalwa ukweqa noma igunya.

Ngenxa yonke imisebenzi eqhubekayo kanye impumelelo sokuqala esibalulekile ezempi e-Europe, ibutho laseJalimane i-ngomnyaka wamashumi amane nanye kwekhulu elidlule kwaba indlela ehlelekile ngalokuyincenye zifakwa futhi lilungele ukufeza noma iyiphi umsebenzi ukulwa.

Army phambi kuhlaselwa the USSR

Ngu ngosuku Juni ka amane nanye amabili yesibili, Wehrmacht waya sasivumela lelungiselelwe. inombolo yayo Imininingwane kudlulwe amasosha angaba izigidi ezingu eziyisikhombisa abagogodile nezikhulu abakulungele ukuba abulale noma imuphi oda sokudumisa yabo. Ngaphezu leli nani nje abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi ezazisemizini ibutho Reserve.

Army German lalinabashumayeli eziyikhulu namashumi amathathu nokuhlukana, kuba omunye wabo futhi kwamiswa ukushaqeka igagasi lokuqala okuhloswe ngaso eSoviet Union. Lalinama infantrymen izigidi ezintathu namakhulu amathathu. Amabili nanye akuyona ngokuphelele unomsebenzi division iye okuxhunywana kuze kube semngceleni osentshonalanga. East waya amahlanu nanhlanu ezinkulu impi amayunithi.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, eziningi ise isiqondiso empumalanga, kwahlelwa izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezivela eFrance, eSpain, e-Italy nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Yiqiniso, babengakholwa abaqeqeshiwe kanye umgogodla le Wehrmacht izikhulu, kodwa namanje isimo esinamandla futhi ukulungele. 1941, i-Army German kwaba abantu abavela ezizweni ezihlukahlukene futhi kamuva eminyakeni embalwa waqala ukugxila umjaho purebred zama-Aryan.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ezinyangeni zokuqala lapho yaze yaphela impi inani amabutho aseJalimane ensimini ka ezweni lethu yehlile kakhulu. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi eJalimane besingalindele ukumelana oshisekayo futhi yayingawulungele eyayizothatha isikhathi eside isinyathelo sezempi, futhi ngenxa yalokho akubona ezimisiwe iphethini ukudluliswa amasosha abo empini isikhundla, isinxephezelo nokulahlekelwa.

Amatekisi ibutho lamaJalimane

Amabutho ahlomile Wehrmacht kwakuba inani elikhulu izihloko. Ukuze kwenziwe uhlu lwazo zonke babo kwesinye isihloko kunzima, ngakho sibanika kuphela izikhulu eziphezulu indlunkulu.

Isigaba sokuqala libhekene nesishiyagalolunye izihloko okuyinto ephakeme Reichsmarschall. Lokhu kulandelwa i-ojenene ezahlukene amabutho, kuhlanganise nazo zonke izinto eziphila ezaziwayo. Izinga ephansi Field UMbhishobhi Wehrmacht. Ngokuthakazelisayo, isikhundla umpristi zonke amayunithi ibutho.

Isigaba sesibili imelelwa izihloko nanhlanu. Oberst lingaphezulu noma sombutho. Ngo ubudala kulandele colonels yazo zonke izikhali, bese sidluliselwe majors. Kulesi sigaba, kukhona isihloko umhloli bands yezempi nabapristi ababili.

Ngaphezu okungenhla kakade, ngisho iziqu ayisishiyagalombili nesithupha babukhona nakwa-Germany.

amabutho empi eJalimane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II

Izazi-mlando zithi phakathi nempi ibutho wabiza abantu kancane kuka nesikhombisa million, kodwa ngo-May, ngamashumi omane anesihlanu, inani amabutho ahlomile lwalulinganiselwe amasosha eziyizigidi ezintathu futhi izikhulu eziphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ngonyaka zawa izimpi izinyanga lokugcina impi.

Umsebenzi eJalimane emazweni enqobile kuye kwaholela futhi ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe ibutho njengoba enjalo. Ngokuphelele amasosha disarmed ka Wehrmacht futhi izidlamlilo ze ezimbalwa zabantu. I izingalo umkhakha is hhayi nje engene ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa, kodwa walahlekelwa yiyo yonke base yakhe - izimboni kanye laboratories.

In parallel zonke lezi imisebenzi, emazweni enqobile zadla zonke izindiza kanye nabantu baseJalimane baye bahluleka avuke emoyeni. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1949 izwe lahlukaniswa uthi - eNtshonalanga Jalimane eMpumalanga Jalimane. Kusuka kulelizinga ukuthuthukiswa yabo wabe ezindleleni ezahlukene, lokhu kusebenza futhi amabutho ahlomile.

Armed Forces of the iFederal Republic of Germany

Kuphela ngo-1955, eJalimane wakwazi ukwakha siqu amabutho akhe ahlomile amasha. Zibizwa ngokuthi "Bundeswehr" futhi kwamiswa kusuka emakhulwini izakhamuzi ngubani ngokuzithandela esifungelwe besho izifungo zokwethembeka, ngokuvumelana ngamasiko asendulo. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, kulo lonke Ukubuthwa State lwaqala, ezaqedwa ngemva konyaka impi amane nanhlanu.

Ekuqaleni, Bundeswehr kunqunyelwe ekusebenzeni zakwamanye amazwe, kodwa iminyaka engamashumi amane ngemva kwalophiko, ibutho lamaJalimane waqala ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo emisebenzini ogunyazwe yeziZwe.

Ukuma Bundeswehr has Umbala zinamabala kunothile amachashazi, streaks kanye izilongotshane lungisani umbala umngcele. Lokhu umbala wazibonakalisa kakhulu ekusebenzeni phakathi ehlathini. Kukhona okukhethwa kukho, futhi imisebenzi yezempi ezintabeni. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuma Bundeswehr likhishiwe njengesisekelo ibutho Austria, kodwa ekwenzeni Umbala monochromatic.

Izimpawu amabutho aseJalimane ahlomile namuhla

Okwamanje ibutho sakhiwa kule mikhakha elandelayo:

• Army;
• German Air Force;
• Navy.

Ngendlela ekuqaleni ibhekwa senkulungwane amabutho amabili akhethekile adalwa isofthiwe. Ngemva kwesikhashana, kwakukhona ukunakekelwa kwezempilo service enikezela impi impilo.

German Armed Forces zihlukaniswe ngqo ngokwabo, amayunithi ahlomile nokulawula zomsebenzi. Futhi Bundeswehr, akukho posi ka induna, ke kuye ngokuthi isimo, lithuthela izikhundla ezahlukene. Ngo sokuthula, kuba uNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela, futhi uma kwenzeka ingozi - Shansela German. Kuze kube manje, lo kwesokudla has Angela Merkel.

Phakathi ukulwa ukulungela amabutho umhloli unesibopho, ukulawula izigaba ezahlukene amabutho. Ngokwesibonelo, isiJalimane Air Force abe umhloli we Air Force. Isihloko esiyinhloko umhloli jikelele, kwenziwa yonke imisebenzi yokulawula.

German Army namuhla has amasosha angaphezu kuka abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi amabili nezakhamuzi abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu. A call service iqala engu-nesishiyagalolunye, ebukhoneni ukubambezeleka kungenzeka isakhamuzi yezwe kanye waphinda wacaphuna ngisho iminyaka engamashumi amathathu nambili.

German Amandla ahlomile iminyaka eyishumi nesithupha edlule wasusa imikhawulo ebuthweni lezempi abesifazane. Sinenkosi amalungelo alinganayo nabantu, ngisho nethuba ifike elisezingeni jikelele. Isibalo amasosha abesifazane German abantu abangaphezu kuka ishumi elinambini lamawaka. Iningi lazo ukukhonza amayunithi enelanga, ecishe amaphesenti bazikhethele Navy-German. Njalo ngonyaka abesifazane kukhona inkonzo yezempi kakhudlwana futhi isithakazelo ngaphezulu.

German nezempi: amathangi kanye ngwenya

Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili ezweni wayedume amasu nendlela yakhe, kodwa yonke umkhakha lempi yakhe yacekeleka phansi ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi eside, Germany kakhulu abasasilele emuva kakhulu eYurophu kulo mkhakha. Futhi kwenzekani ezweni okwamanje?

amathangi German bebelokhu kalula futhi maneuverability njalo, lezi amasiko efanayo ezisekhona nangemva kwempi. Kuze kube yimanje, izimoto German armored encike ethangini "Leopard". Isampula lokuqala wadedelwa zokukhiqiza mass ngo-1963. Manje amathangi German "Leopard" babe ukulungiswa ezingaphezu kweziyisishiyagalombili nokuba eziyishumi, ukukhonza njengephayona isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa izimoto zempi.

imikhumbi yaseJalimane siqukethe izigaba zezizwe ezintathu, okuncike ukulwa ngwenya. Kuze kube manje, shipyards wezwe ukwakha ngwenya emisha kwabanye kwemibuso yaseYurophu, okusikisela impumelelo sina emkhakheni umkhakha lempi. EJalimane oda ngwenya Greece kanye Republic of Korea. Ingxenye ye-oda isivele kwenziwa-Jalimane, ngwenya zivuliwe ukulwa komsebenzi kula mazwe. On supply kunokwenzeka zokuxoxisana ne-Jalimane, Portugal, Turkey nePakistan.

Imikhumbi-ngwenya eJalimane teluhlobo 214, okungase lokuhambisa ezizimele ukuze izinsuku ayisishiyagalombili nane. ngwenya Udizili-kagesi emva ngcono yamuva ukucwila emanzini ngokuphelele ukuba amamitha angu amane ukujula nokuthuthukisa isivinini kwamanzi ukuze ifindo amabili.

ngwenya nezisebenzi inamalungu amabili nesikhombisa, abahlanu babo izikhulu. Lokhu ngwenya is ayehlome ngezibhamu torpedoes amabili, kungamashumi amabili nane ezimayini phansi nezimayini eboshelwe amathathu nesithupha.

Umlando ibutho lamaJalimane ligcwele izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene, ngokuvamile izwe on the esengozini ukuqedwa ngokuphelele webutho lezempi. Kodwa Germany njalo ngekhono kugwenywe zonke ukuzithiba futhi ukwandisa amandla alo, naphezu nasekubeni ungamukelwa eminye imibuso. Manje uhulumeni waphinda abazama ukukhulisa isibalo lempi kubantu ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amahlanu e esikhathini esifishane. It is kakhulu olunezinombolo amabutho ahlomile ngesikhathi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi neSoviet Union. Kuyinto ongaziwa ukuthi uzakwenza lokhu isifiso Uhulumeni isiJalimane, ngoba akukho imfihlo ukuthi ukwenyuka ngamazwe emhlabeni sishubile kakhulu. Kunethemba lokuthi Angela Merkel nezinye izikhulu phezulu isimo basakhumbula izifundo yomlando, futhi ngeke ukuphinda amaphutha esindayo esidlule.