Francesco Petrarca: Biography, izinsuku ezisemqoka kanye nemicimbi, lokusungula

Izwe lonke owazi sonnets okukhulu Italy. Francesco Petrarca, umbhali zabo, imbongi enhle Italian futhi sezifundo kwekhulu XIV, eyaduma ngokusebenzisa ubudala ne amakghonwabo. Yilokho ngakho futhi uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko. Sikhuluma nabo ngezinto zokuphila, lokusungula nothando indaba Petrarch.

Francesco Petrarca: Biography

Kwazalelwa khona imbongi omkhulu e Arezzo (Italy) e 1304, ku-20 Julayi. Uyise - Pietro di Ser Parenzo Petrakko ngelika, kwaba wokulungisa izivumelwano Florentine. Nokho, kusukela Florence, waxoshwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwendodana yakhe, ngoba iqembu wasekela "amhlophe". Kungokufanayo yabekwa ukuhlukunyezwa ngabantu uDante. Nokho Arezzo umndeni ukuhamba Petrarca ayizange yaphela. Abazali imbongi bazulazula emizini Tuscany, ongakabi watimisela kuya Avignon. Ngesikhathi Francesco owayeneminyaka engu.

ukuqeqeshwa

E-Fulansi, kuleyo minyaka kwaba esikoleni, ngo omunye wabo futhi benza Francesco Petrarca. Biography imbongi uyavuma ukuthi ngesikhathi izifundo zakhe, yingcweti Latin futhi bathola uthando kwezincwadi wamaRoma. Petrarch wathola iziqu e 1319, futhi ngaleso ukuphikelela kayise wasiphakamisa cwaningo umthetho. Ukuze wenze lokhu, waya Montpellier sabe-University of Bologna, wahlala khona kwaze kwaba 1326 - ngesikhathi uyise eshona. Nokho, umthetho ongenasithakazelo kuyo Francesco. Wancika endaweni ehluke ngokuphelele - izincwadi ezilotshwe ababhali.

Futhi ngemva kokuphothula inyuvesi, imbongi esizayo, kunokuba ukuya abameli mina waya kubapristi. Lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimali - ifa kuyise wathola imisebenzi umbhalo wesandla ka-Virgil.

inkohlakalo yomkhandlu kapapa

Francesco Petrarca (Biography of okuyinto oluboniswe lapha) luhlala egcekeni Avignon Pope uyamukela sezizonke. Lapha esondela ne enamandla sibonga Colonna umkhaya ukuba ubungane inyuvesi nge omunye wamalungu ayo Giacomo.

Ngo 1327 Petrarch kuqala wabona indlovukazi yakhe esizayo Laura, okuzoba muse wakhe impilo yakhe yonke. Imizwa ngoba intombazanyana yaba enye yezindawo eziningi izizathu ukususwa imbongi e Vaucluse Avignon.

Petrarch kubhekwa ngowokuqala, ngubani enyukela isiqongo Mont Ventoux. Emqansweni senzeka ngo-Ephreli 26, 1336. Uhambo enzile umfowabo.

Udumo Literary kanye ukusekelwa ozala Colonna Petrarch basizwe ukuze indlu esigodini eMfuleni Sorgue. Lapha imbongi waphila iminyaka ingqikithi yeminyaka engu-16.

umfire Wreath

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe etemibhalo (ikakhulukazi sonnets Kuyaphawuleka) Francesco Petrarch eyaduma. Kule ndaba, wamenywa ukuba athathe umqhele umfire (indondo kakhulu imbongi) ukusuka eNaples, Paris neRoma. Imbongi amkhethile iRoma, kwathi ngo 1341 wagcotshwa ku Capitol.

Ngemva kwalokho Francesco wasephila isikhathi esingangonyaka esigodlweni Parma engumashiqela Atstso Correggio, wabuyela Vaucluse. Sonke lesi sikhathi imbongi ephupha ukuvuselelwa ubukhulu wangaphambili ESonto LamaRoma, ngakho waqala ukushumayela ukuvukela weRiphabhulikhi wamaRoma. Abantu abanale mibono zezombusazwe zonakale ubungane bakhe leli koloni, okwaholela kuthuthwa-Italy.

New uPapa Innocent VI

Francesco Petrarca ukuphila kusukela ekuzalweni, futhi cishe kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe wayegcwele hambo futhi uhambo. Ngakho, ngo-1344 futhi eminyakeni 1347. imbongi yahamba ibanga elide-Italy, okuyinto lethela bangani, iningi nokuyinto eyaphela ngo-ubungani. Phakathi kwalezi abangane Italian Ngaphenduka Boccaccio.

Ngo 1353, waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye Vaucluse Franchesko Petrarka. Izincwadi imbongi Virgil kanye nogqozi savusa onesimo okungekuhle entsha uPapa Innocent VI.

Noma kunjalo, uMnyango Petrarch Florence oluyohlala, kusukela lapho imbongi Nokho, wenqaba. Wakhetha ukuya saya eMilan, lapho wahlala at egcekeni Visconti, enza ukuthula zamanxusa. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi wahambela ngisho Charles IV ePrague.

ukufa imbongi sika

1361 kwaphawulwa umzamo Petrarch ukubuyela Avignon, okuyinto akuphumelelanga. Khona-ke imbongi kwesokunxele eMilan ngo 1362 wahlala Venice. Lapha wahlala indodakazi yakhe engumlanjwana nomkhaya wakhe.

Petrarch kusukela Venice cishe njalo ngonyaka e-Italy ukuhamba. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe imbongi wahlala esigodlweni Francesco da Carrara. Petrarch bafela Arkva emzaneni ebusuku 18 kuya 19 July 1374. Imbongi akazange aphile isikhathi eside ukubona lokuzalwa kwakhe 70 ngosuku olulodwa. Bamthola ekuseni. Yahlala etafuleni, waziphonsa phezu wesandla, elichaza ukuphila kaKhesari.

periodization lokusungula

Waphila ukuphila engajwayelekile futhi ezithakazelisayo Francesco Petrarca (Biography of the imbongi uye wasivumela ukuba uqinisekise lesi). Akusiyona yonke into ilula futhi ne lokusungula somlobi. Ngakho, e-imisebenzi kwezincwadi Petrarch zihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi ngesiLatini kanye izinkondlo Italy. imisebenzi nesiLatini lukhulu zomlando, kuyilapho izinkondlo Italian wenza umbhali edumile emhlabeni wonke.

Nakuba imbongi wathatha izinkondlo zakhe njengoba umbhedo kanye trifles, okuyinto alibhalelwanga ukushicilelwa, kodwa kuphela ukuze kube lula inhliziyo imbongi sika. Mhlawumbe yingakho ukujula, obuqotho iyashesha of sonnets nombhali Italian eye yaba nethonya elikhulu enkululekweni hhayi kuphela ngabantu aphila nabo, kodwa futhi ku subsequent zukulwane.

Petrarch futhi Laura

On uthando eliyingqayizivele Petrarch futhi kwamshukumisela ukuba ukudala muse esikhulu kubo bonke abathandi zezinkondlo eyaziwa. Nokho, ulwazi mayelana akusiyo kakhulu.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi okokuqala wabona intombazane Ephreli 6, 1327 esontweni Santa Chiara. Laura Ngaleso sikhathi ngangineminyaka engu-20 ubudala, futhi ngenxa yalokho 23 ubudala.

Ngeshwa, abukho ubufakazi zomlando mayelana nokuthi lalilazi, ngabe intombazane waphendula e nomusa umbhali, eyachitha konke ukuphila kwayo igcinwe yami inhliziyo nemicabango isithombe ukukhanya isithandwa golden-onezinwele ezimhloshana. Noma kunjalo, Petrarch futhi Laura, ngisho noma imizwa yawo kwakuyilawa mutual, kungabalula ndawonye, njengoba imbongi ihlobaniswe isithunzi sesonto. A bamasondo musa Unelungelo ashade futhi abe nabantwana.

Kusukela emhlanganweni wawo wokuqala eminyakeni emithathu Francesco wahlala Avignon, ukucula uthando lwakhe Laura. Ngesikhathi esifanayo-ke walinga ukubonana naye esontweni futhi ezindaweni lapho yena ngokuvamile waya. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi Laura enomkhaya, umyeni wakhe nabantwana bakhe. Nokho, lezo zimo neze ziphazamisa imbongi, ngoba ingelosi othandekayo wabonakala kuye enyameni.

Umhlangano wokugcina, futhi ukufa Laura

Ngokusho kwemibiko, izincwadi, Petrarch wagcina ukubonakala ngo yakhe ayithandayo 27 Septhemba 1347. Futhi ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, ngo-Ephreli 1348, owesifazane zafa kabuhlungu. Isizathu esezokufa yaqhubeka ingaziwa. Petrarch akafunanga bakwemukele kokufa othandekayo wakhe, futhi izinkondlo eziningi ezibhaliwe ngemva kokufa Laura ngokuvamile ziqondiswe kuye njengoba ukuziphilisa.

Iqoqo sonnets esizinikezele kuye "Kantsonere" Petrarch ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: ". Kokufa Laura" "ekuphileni" futhi

Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe imbongi wabhala ukuthi empilweni yami wafuna izinto ezimbili kuphela - ULaura Laura, okungukuthi inkazimulo nothando. Futhi uma udumo beza kuye phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, ukuthi wayethemba ukuthola uthando ngemva kokufa, lapho ungakwazi ukuxhumana Laura phakade.

Izici bobuchule nzima ezingokomoya

Kuyinto iqoqo "Kantsonere" I banendawo futhi kuneqhaza abalibambile imbongi izincwadi Italian futhi izwe. Petrarch, ogama izinkondlo yayiyiminyaka elikhulu ukutholakala wangempela isikhathi sakhe, kuqala wadala khona lolu hlobo lobuciko ngoba imisebenzi Italian lyrical - umbhali izinkondlo okokuqala baba umlando imizwa ngabanye kwangaphakathi. Isithakazelo ingukuphila kwangaphakathi kwaba yisisekelo zonke lokusungula Petrarch kunquma indima yayo enkulu neyobuntu.

Le misebenzi ihlanganisa autobiographies emibili Petrarch. Okokuqala, sidle, has umyalezo ifomu uzalo utshela ngaphandle zokuphila kombhali. Okwesibili, iphethe Kwakuba yingxoxo phakathi Petrarch futhi lahlangana eSt Augustine, uchaza ukuphila kwangaphakathi futhi umzabalazo zokuziphatha emphefumulweni imbongi sika.

Ngesisekelo lengxabano kuyimpi phakathi nokuziphatha atehlukanisa iSonto izifiso siqu Petrarch. Ngenxa yalokhu isithakazelo neqondakalayo imbongi ethile ukuba nezinkinga zokuziphatha, sizindle ngalo lapho ichitha amahora amane: .. "On the yokuzilibazisa Izigodlo", "Ngo-ukuphila wodwa kanjani," njll Nokho, siphikisana Augustine, sivikele atehlukanisa-yenkolo nefilosofi, iwina neyobuntu buka Petrarch sezwe.

Nge esontweni

Uzama ukuvumelanisa imfundiso yesonto nge nezincwadi zakudala Petrarch. Izinkondlo Yiqiniso, lokho akuhlangene nhlobo nenkolo noma ukuzila, nokho imbongi wakwazi aqhubeke engumKatolika. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa eziningi azibhala, futhi ukubhalelana nabangane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Petrarch wamelana kakhulukazi le scholastics nabefundisi isikhathi sakhe.

Ngokwesibonelo, "Izincwadi ngaphandle ikheli" bagcwala ukuhlaselwa satirical futhi abukhali ngokudlulele izimilo esonakele inhlokodolobha likapapa. Lo msebenzi inezingxenye 4, aqondiswa ku abantu ezahlukene - kokubili langempela futhi oqanjiwe.

ukugxekwa

Francesco Petrarca, omsebenzi wakhe kwaba zahlukahlukene kakhulu, ezibucayi kokubili besonto kanye izincwadi zasendulo. Lesi simo kusikisela ukuthi imbongi wayehlonishwa kakhulu athuthukile self-ukucatshangelwa. Izibonelo zalabo imisebenzi, lapho wabonisa ubuhlobo efana emhlabeni, yilezi ezilandelayo: isinyathelo udokotela, ababeka isayensi ngenhla ubugagu kanye izinkondlo; kusebenta kubukwe prelate, ngubani labikezela ukubuya uPapa Urban V eRoma; ukusebenza ngomunye prelate, abahlasela kakhulu imisebenzi Petrarch.

Ukugxekwa imbongi ezihambisana nezinkinga zokuziphatha, futhi liyatholakala emibhalweni yakhe zomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-De rebus memorandis libri IV - iqoqo ezilula (izindaba) kanye nezitatimende eziye waboleka ezisusela olimini lwesiLatin abalobi yesimanje. La mazwi ahlelwe ngokuvumelana izihloko nezimiso zokuziphatha, okwakukhona, isibonelo, amagama anjalo: "O Ukuhlakanipha," "Ngo ubumfihlo", "On Okholweni Lwenu Olungcwelengcwele 'nokunye.

ukubaluleka eyisisekelo yokuphila womlando Petrarch has ukuxhumana omkhulu imbongi. Eziningi zalezi zincwadi, eqinisweni, indatshana akhuluma ngezombusazwe nokuziphatha, abanye like izihloko lesibonwa. Kakhulu kangakanani Ibaluleke inkulumo lalobhalako, okuyinto akhulula ngesikhathi imikhosi ehlukahlukene.

"Canzoniere" ( "Incwadi Yezingoma")

Njengoba imbongi Francesco Petrarch baba ngiyabonga elidume iqoqo lakhe "Canzoniere", okuyinto sishilo ngenhla. Incwadi sanikezelwa uthando imbongi ukuze Laura. Iqoqo libandakanya ingqikithi 350 sonnets, zazo 317 ingeyamakhosi ingxenye "On the ukuphila nokufa Madonna Laura." Iminyaka engamashumi amane, Petrarch sonnets anikezelwe othandekayo wakhe.

Ezinkondlweni zakhe lyrical ka Francesco Uyazazisa ubumsulwa wasezulwini futhi ukubukeka eyingelosi Laura. Luhle ngokubabazekayo futhi ezingafinyeleleki imbongi sika. umphefumulo wakhe kufaniswa Inkanyezi egqamile. Ukuphishekela konke lokhu kwenza Petrarca uphatha ukuchaza Laura njengomuntu wesifazane wangempela, hhayi kuphela njengenhlangano umzimba kanokusho.

Ukuze inkathi yalo Franchesko Petrarka waba ngowokuqala ngubani beqalisa ubukhulu nobuhle lomuntu, benaka hhayi kuphela ekubukekeni kodwa ezimfanelweni siqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imbongi ingenye abasunguli zobuntu njengoba ukudalwa kokuqukethwe kanye nendlela ayecabanga ngayo. Ngaphambi art Petrarch sithi medieval izici kuphela umuntu ongokomoya, laphezulu futhi wasezulwini, futhi kwakubonakala inceku abangaphelele futhi abangakufanelekeli Nkulunkulu.