Day of Remembrance izisulu yendlala: umlando kanye nezici

Day of Remembrance wezisulu Holodomor kugujwa ikakhulukazi e-Ukraine yesimanje, kodwa ilungelo enza imisebenzi enjalo unezinye uthi. Ikakhulukazi, indlala eSoviet Union, okwenzeka ngo 1932-1933., Empeleni sahlanganisa insimu Kazakhstan, North-Caucasus, eVolga esifundeni, Western eSiberia, Belarus ne-Ukraine. Okungenani kule nhlekelele abathintekayo Armenia ne-Azerbaijan, ezindaweni empumalanga ye-USSR ngaleso sikhathi, kanye insimu ka esifundeni eMoscow enyakatho okwengeziwe, nakuba babengekho oqothulayo, hhayi imikhiqizo yezolimo.

Indlala eRussia bekulokhu izikhathi ezimbalwa eminyakeni eyikhulu

ERussia prerevolutionary eminyakeni mafutha nawo neze ezingavamile. Ngakho, kunenkolelo yokuthi yokuntuleka kokudla kwabikwa ngo-1880, 1892 (ikakhulukazi unyaka mafutha) 1891, 1897-1898., Isimo esifanayo kwaba ngo-1901, 1905-1908, 1911 kanye 1913 ngokulandelana. Kodwa inkumbulo izisulu Holodomor uma hhayi ohlonishwayo, kusukela, naphezu kwesivuno okubi, abalimala mass wayengekho phakathi kweqembu labantu. Kodwa kwaba ukuncishiswa eyanele sokuphila ngenxa ukusetshenziswa kweziqu ezimelele, esikhundleni ukukhiqizwa agcwele. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi senzo sikahulumeni wazama ukumyekisa imithelela ukungakhuli kwezitshalo ngokwakha okusanhlamvu Amasheya Nama isidingo sabo zeminyaka elambile. Ikakhulukazi, lesi simiso ikakhulukazi kahle wasebenza ngo-1911.

isisulu Okokuqala indlala ngaphansi kokubusa kweSoviet

isimo ezahlukene eziningana esavela ngemva utho lwesikhala, okuyinto kwalandelwa impi yombango. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kokugumbuqelwa kombuso tsarist kwandulelwe kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngenxa crisis ngegunya eligcwele izinxushunxushu kuleliya lizwe, indlala kuqala kubusa amaSoviet sabhalwa ngo 1921-1922, lapho kugqashuka isomiso esinzima, okuyinto uye waqinisa izinkinga zenhlangano kanye lempi ekhona. The main ezindaweni ezithintekile-ke kwaba yizona iVolga futhi Yuzhnyy Ural. Usuku inkumbulo izisulu Holodomor kulokhu ayifakiwe, yize inani izisulu iyamangalisa eRussia - 5 million. Isimo kwakunzima kakhulu kangangokuthi uhulumeni kwamaBolshevik ukuthatha ngosizo emazweni aseNtshonalanga ashaqa amagugu eziningi zesonto ngaphansi kwebhaxa impumuzo indlala.

Ukufa abantu basola ohlelweni?

Memory of the izisulu Holodomor ka 1932-1933 ohlonishwayo ikakhulukazi ngoba kwakungekho izimfanelo ngokwemvelo Esimweni esinjalo kule nkathi - kweminyaka, ngokungafani kuya 1921, 1946, wangancika. Ngakho-ke, ukufa izigidi zabantu azizwe enecala ngesono umbuso zamaKhomanisi (ngokuhambisana version ikwamukele ngokusemthethweni). Kusekelwe yokuthi uhulumeni wamaSoviet ngo-1927, neqhinga lokubhekelela ukuthi ugcwalise collectivization kwezolimo izindlela sibhekwe, kusukela ngaleso 95% umthwalo acreage izitshalo zaba cishe isigamu ezingeni pre-impi. Iplani kwakungukuthi ingxenye ingcindezi abalimi elichumayo, okwathi nokuqaliswa kwalo kuye kwaholela Iqiniso lokuthi intsha asebenzayo wabalekela emzini, futhi mayelana 2 million abasebenzi ezihlakaniphile kakhulu bathunyelwa izifunda esisempumalanga yezwe (lapho indlala wabonakaliswa kancane).

Incithakalo yabantu "kulaks" sekubangele ephonsa ziqu angisebenzi

Usuku inkumbulo izisulu Holodomor, ngeshwa, kungaba ngempela ama ngokuqondene amaphutha eside kubaholi Soviet, ngoba le nqubomgomo kuye kwaholela ukushoda okukhulu kwamandla okusalungiswa futhi ziwohloke enkulu selhoztruzhennikov ziqu ke ezindaweni ethembisayo abaningi kuleli zwe nge isizini 1931 zokutshala. Ukungabi namakhono izinga ukulima phakathi asele ensimini-ongumlimi abalimi kuye kwasho ukuthi amasimu awazange iphathwe kahle (Ukukhipha ngisho wathumela iRed Army), kanye nokuqoqwa lalahleka komunye nanhlanu isivuno ingqikithi.

Ukulahlekelwa kwesigamu isivuno, futhi izisulu kwezigidi ezimbili e Kazakhstan

Holodomor Memorial Day e-Ukraine ungase ngeke esungulwe uma, ngo-1932, ukuthi, ngesikhathi republic eSoviet, ngimi kwesokunxele amaphesenti angu-40 isivuno sokusanhlamvu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo cishe inani elifanayo (36%) ezilotshwe imithombo hleborobnyh Lower kanye Upper iVolga. Ngakho-ke, e-Ukraine iyona enkingeni sikhathi has "nabo ogulayo" - I-Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan. I engavamile we-Ukraine Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi indlala isiphelile walabo eminyakeni ehlanganiswa cishe lonke insimu yalo, ngakho ezinye izazi-mlando zendawo ngephutha lalicabanga ukuthi iqondiswa ngqo ngokumelene kohlanga isizwe Ukraine. Ngo Kazakhstan, lapho bengawugubhi ngosuku inkumbulo izisulu Holodomor esikhathini esifanayo yokuntuleka kokudla kokushona kwabantu mayelana 2 million, cishe ingxenye yabantu bese kwesokunxele izindawo zokuhlala futhi bathuthele kwezinye izifunda.

Ukuhoxiswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo ubephelezelwa yokucindezelwa

Lapho Ukraine kugujwa inkumbulo izisulu Holodomor? Usuku lokukhumbula lesi senzakalo elasungulwa uMongameli Ukrainian leonid Kuchma kanye ewela NgoMgqibelo wokugcina Novemba (1998). Kusukela 2000 kuze kube namuhla, hhayi kuphela ukuhlonipha inkumbulo izisulu yendlala, kodwa futhi kukhunjulwa izisulu zenhlekelele yokucindezelwa, okuyinto 30s kwekhulu lama-20 kwakukhona okuningi kulo ezwe elaliyi-USSR. Ikakhulukazi, 1932-1933, ngesikhathi sendlala, ke kwavunyelwana uMthetho "On ezindlebeni emihlanu" lapho bebulawa indlala ngokuzama ukuthola enkundleni a umoba ambalwa yokusanhlamvu babekwazi ukudubula (Izinqumo engaphezu kwemibili ayizinkulungwane iphoqelelwe) noma sahlulele (mayelana yicala abantu abangu-52 000). Futhi konke okwenzekayo ku isizinda ukuhoxa okukhulu kwemikhiqizo yezolimo izindlela okunonya kakhulu. Abantu axoshwe, washaywa, shot, simisiwe, wangcwatshwa imigodi phezu ibhande, behlushwa, baphoqwa ukuba baphuze amanzi axutshwe iziketekete asihlelekile nhlobo amakhaya nabanye babo. Ngakho mayelana 593 amathani okusanhlamvu etholwe.

ukushintshashintsha Huge ekuhloleni abafileyo

Memory izisulu Holodomor kuzo zonke izifunda yamazwe amaningi, udunyiswa nanamuhla ngendlela ayebaluleke ngayo izihlobo ezinye eziphilayo. Futhi kwenzekani ke lapho kufanele kukhunjulwe, ngoba izenzakalo kunazo zonke ngalezo ezingaphezu kuka ezibuhlungu. E-Ukraine, ngo-1933 inani lokuhlongakala kwezinye izifunda ifinyelele ngamaphesenti ayikhulu, die usuku ngaphambi ayizinkulungwane 25, futhi inani eliphelele izisulu ukuthi - ngokusho kombiko ahlukahlukene - esuka kubantu 4.6 million (labacwaningi French) ukuze abayizigidi eziyishumi (imininingwane US Congress may lonke elase-USSR). Izibalo ngqo cishe kube kanye eyaziwa ngokuthi izibalo Soviet saphela ukubamba isisulu ngo-Ephreli 1933, lapho isibalo wasondela abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2.42 kuphela e-Ukraine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulinganiselwa ukuthi iminyaka yendlala ifana akazalwanga esigidini izingane Ukraine.

abantu Modern kufanele bahloniphe inkumbulo izisulu Holodomor. Izithombe leyo minyaka esibi ngokuvamile asibonise amazimu ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union izinsalela zamakhanda ezisulu zawo. Ubude e-Ukraine yabhaliswa ngokusemthethweni (futhi, kuze kube ngo-Ephreli 1933) mayelana 2500 iziqephu nobuzimu (ukubulala ukudliwa kamuva) nokudla izidumbu sabafileyo. Lezi zenzakalo akufanele okuphindaphindiwe, ikakhulu e wesimanje ngokoqobo amakhulu ezigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke ahlupheke futhi afe ukungondleki.

Holodomor Memorial Day kube sesikhathini samanje uye waba ngokwengxenye ngesihloko ukucabangela ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Ukrainian Viktor Yushchenko wakhipha umthetho wamtshela ukuthi indlala isiphelile Ukraine (ngaleso sikhathi) ubhekwa kohlanga, futhi umphakathi ekuphikeni yayo kuyinto yisigwebo umthetho njengoba isenzo esingekho emthethweni okuhloswe ngazo Ukuthotshiswa isizwe Ukraine, lo desecration inkumbulo izigidi zabantu. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation ikholelwa ukuthi ukuqashelwa yendlala njengoba kohlanga ingenye emaceleni, kusukela ethintekile Ukraine nje kuphela, kodwa futhi bezinye izizwe eziningi.

Ukraine nje ukuhlonipha inkumbulo izisulu Holodomor. 2014 yayiphumula kule - emadolobheni amaningi baye badlula imisebenzi abafanele nge ebeka izimbali ukuba lesikhumbuzo ukuze izisulu yale nhlekelele.

izinguqulo engeziwe izimbangela high bebeletha e 1932-1933.

izifundo lokungakahleleki ukuthi sikhathi esinzima emlandweni Soviet waloba impela eqinisweni ukwazi - phakathi kwabantu kwabashonile kubalwa inani elithile labo awalulahlanga esimweni lwamathambo yindlala, kodwa kunalokho, evuvukele kakhulu. Lesi isici indlala ngo-1933, lapho ingekho noma ngo-1921 noma ngo-1946, eminyakeni engu-mafutha, noma ngisho Leningrad ovinjezelwe. Amacala ukuvuvukala iphutha ngisho nemindeni kufihlwe kokudla ukuthi engabe ukhuluma ngani contact nge ubuthi ukudla etholakalayo njengoba inketho - imvelaphi fungal. Ikakhulukazi, leyo minyaka, emasimini athile aseMpumalanga Yurophu ke lalimisa eqoshiwe leso sifo lwesinkwa ngokuthi "nokugqwala", okuyinto washaya phambi kwesigamu isivuno kwezinye izindawo, kuhlanganise Ukraine. Ngakho mhlawumbe abanye abantu babengaboni zibulawa yindlala, futhi lokudakwa kubangelwa lizinga leliphansi yokuvuna ukuba akusho kunganciphisa ubukhulu jikelele kwenzeka le nhlekelele. Memory izisulu Holodomor e-Ukraine futhi ayengaphansi kweSoviet kufanele agcine kahle indlela izenzakalo ezinjalo kungelokothe kube njalo futhi.