Bretton Woods uhlelo

Uhlelo Bretton Woods yasungulwa ngo-1944. igama Its livela endaweni lapho inkomfa owawuse, emzini Bretton Woods. Abamele emazweni ahlukahlukene baye baphetha ngokuthi kuyafaneleka ukwenza izinguquko ezithile endleleni ekhona zokuphila. Kube futhi ihlelwe International Monetary Fund (IMF) njengoba umzimba zokulawula lababukene nekwetfulwa amalungiselelo eyisisekelo ohlelweni.

Yamazwe ngamazwe uhlelo yemali - iqoqo ngobuhlobo baye basungula ngenxa credit, isiphetho kanye nezinye izinkokhelo ukuthengwa nokudayiswa kwezimpahla phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene. Ukwethulwa kohlelo olusha kwenziwa ukuze kutholakale esimeme izinga lokushintshisana, kwakuhlelwe ukunikeza kuyaqina yokushintsha yayo ngokunciphisa ukuqakatheka standard igolide.

I Bretton Woods uhlelo yemali libhekene izimiso kwezilandelayo:

• Ukuhlonipha standard igolide exchange, okungukuthi, njengoba lwemali ukuze ukhokhe phakathi uthi edlula US American dollar, futhi unamathele kuye sephawundi iphawundi kanye nomkhiqizo.
• Ilondolozwe Kahle silinganiso igolide zezimali. Lokhu kusho ukuthi igolide ingatholakala ukuze athole imali yephepha ngesilinganiso fixed.
• Ukwethulwa kwe-fixed exchange rate nohlobo ukuphambuka kwamukelekile lemali amaphesenti omunye.
• Ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza Yiqiniso. Sebenzisa amasu ezifana revaluation futhi ukwehla, okuyinto oluphethwe ngumbuso, uma kunesidingo.
• Futhi-ke, ukudalwa IMF futhi iBhange Lomhlaba ukuze lula inqubo nokubambisana phakathi kwalawa mazwe futhi ukusekelana komunye nomunye.

Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi kuleli zwe ukuze ulungise izinga lokushintshisana kuyinto ibhange central. Esimeni isimo ezingezinhle, isibonelo, bakhulise izinga ukubala iyunithi ngezinga okungabekezeleleki, uye ukhululeka emakethe inqwaba zezimali, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ifunwa kakhulu kwamanye. Futhi ngokuvumelana, isimo reverse laligujwa lapho uwe.

Lapho bafeza Bretton Woods Conference, umcondvo lobalulekile wayezonikela uMbuso kungenzeka self-ukuzivumelanisa endaweni izifundo eziguquka ngesivinini. Lokhu indima ngokuyinhloko bamkhonza standard igolide. Nokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukusebenza isikhundla esinikezwe yaba ngeyesikhashana ngoba kusukela ngo-1950 kukhona ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo kokuntengantenga enkundleni yomhlaba.

Ngakho, lapho emakethe yezimali okwanda isilinganiso, uhulumeni ukhetha okukodwa okukhethwa kukho ezimbili evumelekile ukubhekana nalesi simo: noma uthembele ukusebenza kwe komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali, noma faka izinga entsha isilungisiwe. Uma likhetha indlela yesibili, kukhona isidingo ukushintsha inqubomgomo yezimali ukuthi kuzovikela ukuphindaphindwa izigigaba ezingezinhle esikhathini esizayo. Njengomthetho, lapho ebhekene nenkinga enjalo, uhulumeni akazange alinge wenze ukukhetha ethize esivuna noma okukhethwa kukho. Phela, noma isiphi isenzo kungaholela nokwanda okuphawulekayo isibalo sabantu abangasebenzi kuleli zwe, lapho uhulumeni yayingazimisele.

I Bretton Woods uhlelo yemali yayisekelwe ushintsho ngokuhamba amayunithi yemali, kuyilapho izinga lokushintshisana zegolide wahlala ezingeni elifanayo phakathi nayo yonke inkathi wokusebenza kohlelo. It ukhuluma mayelana nokusetshenziswa engenangqondo izimfanelo ekhona, ngokuthi izabelo igolide ubhekwa uwuzime oluthembekile, ngoba inani layo elahlekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ngakho, uhlelo Bretton Woods wasebenza emazweni ilungu IMF isikhathi esicishe sibe koleminyaka engamatshumi amathathu langaphezulu futhi imiphumela kulindeleke akazange alethwe. Lokhu kungenxa impikiswano enkulu, okuyinto lenziwe ngesikhathi inhlangano yayo. Yonke uhlelo yayakhiwe izisekelo inqaba dollar US futhi sinjalo yezinye zezimali maqondana nalo. Nokho, izinga lokushintshisana esimeme kungenzeka kuphela azuzwe ngokunciphisa base lwemali, ie nedola laseMelika. Ukuwa lesistimu ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo emali ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele.