Uhlelo lweBretton Woods: ukuthi konke kuqale kanjani

Ochwepheshe abaningi bayazi ukuthi esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo lukaBretton Woods luvuke, kwakukhona isikhathi sezinga legolide ephasini lethu lapho i-pound sterling ingashintshana ngokukhululekile ngegolide. Ngaleso sikhathi iBrithani yayinamandla amakhulu emhlabeni wonke, ngakho-ke yayingakwazi ukukhokhela imisebenzi enjalo. Nokho, konke kwashintsha ngo-1914, ngenkathi phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, imali yase-United States yafika enkundleni yezemali, eyasakazeka eNyakatho naseLatin America.

Ngo-1922, kwenziwa umzamo wokwakha imali yokugcina imali kanye nesilinganiso segolide esekelwe imodeli yangaphambi kwempi. Ngo-1925, iNgilandi yazisa izinga legolide lemali, elondolozwe ngegolide futhi ligcine imali (amadola ase-US). Kodwa-ke, ngo-1929, iMelika yawela ekushintsheni, futhi ngo-1931 ukwethuka kwaqala emakethe yaseLondon, okwakuthiwa yanikeza leli phepha indima yesibili ngemuva kwedola. Ngo-1931, 1933 e-United Kingdom nase-United States, ngokulandelana, izindinganiso zegolide zaqedwa; Izinga lokushintshaniswa liye lanyuka, okwakusetshenziswa njengesisekelo sezinhlelo zangaphambili ze-forex. Ukuzama ukudala ukuguqulwa kwegolide kwezwe ngamazwe aseYurophu kwehlulekile (ngo-1936, ukuwa kwe "Golden Bloc", okuhlanganisa amazwe amaningi, kuhlanganise neFrance, Holland, njll).

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1940, ngenxa yezinkinga zemali ze-Thirties kanye neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, kwakukhona isidingo emhlabeni ukuze kuvuselelwe kabusha uhlelo lwezimali. Futhi kulokhu kuxhumana, ngo-1944, iNgqungquthela yaseBretton Woods yahlanganiswa, lapho kunqunywe khona ukuxhumanisa izimali zamazwe angu-44 idola, kanti idola liya egolide ngezinga lika-$ 35 nge- troy ounce (31.1034 amagremu). Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, i-United States igxile ekubambeni okukhulu kwezinto zokugcina zegolide emhlabeni, okwanikeza leli zwe isizathu sokuhola emhlabeni. NgoDisemba 1944, uhlelo lweBretton Woods lwaqala umsebenzi walo.

Ngqungquthela ngo-1944, ilungiselelo lamukelwa ekusungulweni kwezinhlangano ezimbili ezizosebenza imisebenzi yokuphatha futhi zinikeze izindlela zokuqiniswa kwemali kazwelonke kumazwe alungu lesivumelwano. BeyiSikhwama Sezimboni Zomhlaba Wonke, kanye neBhange Lomhlaba Wonke Lokuvuselela Nokuthuthukiswa. Uhlelo lweBretton Woods lucabanga ukuthi igolide lihlala lindlela yokugcina emazweni angaphandle, ukuthi izimali zikazwelonke zijikeleze ngokukhululekile, ukuthi izimali zikazwelonke zinamanani ezilinganiso ze dollar, kanti amabhange aphakathi asekela lelizinga (+ 1 amaphesenti).

Kodwa-ke, phakathi neminyaka eyi-1970 i-reserves yegolide yayisabelwe kabusha kwezinye izikhungo zezimali (i-European and Asian), ngakho-ke indaba yeTriffin yaphulwa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwemali kufanele kufaniswe nenqolobane yegolide eyenza lokhu kukhishwa. Uhlelo lweBretton Woods lwaqala ukulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwalo, olwandiswa yimisebenzi yokucabangela, ukungazinzi kwamashidi ebhalansi emazweni angamalungu, kanye nobunzima bezimali ngo-1967. Lokhu kudala izinto ezidingekayo zokushintsha uhlelo lwezimali olukhona emhlabeni, okuyinto i-US eye isisekele iminyaka eminingi ngokuphoqa izingalo, Isabelo segolide, esilingana nokukhishwa kwama-dollar, abazange babe khona iminyaka eminingi.