Bonitarnaya isakhiwo komthetho wamaRoma: Izimpawu

Bonitarnaya impahla yiyona ubunikazi impahla, ngokuvumelana nomthetho kamuva Roman kuka kviritskoe.

ukudluliselwa Izici

Ukunqunywa bonitarnoy isakhiwo komthetho wamaRoma njengoba enjalo ayikho. Wasebenzisa habere ibinzana e bonis kwababekhona ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma ne Latin ngokuqonde elihunyushwe ngokuthi "bonitarnoe ifa" kunokuthi "isakhiwo". Nokho, yezilimi Russian sase sihlala ekuchazweni translation, ngakho isasetshenziswa umthetho yasekhaya.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi welithi "bonitarnaya isakhiwo" asetshenziswa eRussia, enye inguqulo liyasetshenziswa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, okushiwo umqondo ayiguquki lapho ukusebenzisa noma yikuphi ukuhumusha wamukela kwethemu.

Ingqikithi nomqondo

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka yokuqala kumiswa kwenchubokuphatsa amalungelo WaseRoma Empire kwaba overblown, ngakho wamaphepha isibe ngempela inkinga oyingozi.

Ukuthuthukiswa evamile wezohwebo emakethe ubudlelwane kwababekhona ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma ayikwazanga kuhlangene Esimweni esinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi bureaucratic, ngakho ubuholi wezwe waphoqeleka ukuba sithathe izinyathelo lula umthetho. Ukuze sigweme inqubo eside lokudluliselwa kwezimpahla umdayisi kumthengi, uMbuso waqala uthumele izinto ezithengwe ukudluliswa elula. Nge lokhu kuthengiselana Praetor (isikhulu sikahulumeni) ngokusemthethweni fixed sempahla ethengwayo kumthengi njengoba lomthengi seqiniso ngoba (e bonis), ngaphandle kokudabula ngayo yonke imicikilisho.

ezinye izici

Esimeni lapho impahla idluliswe ngenye indlela, okuyinto awuzange waphawula emthethweni kviritskom, lomthengi azikwazanga ukunqatshelwa unelungelo lokhu impahla. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo ku into wabekwa ezimbili nje amalungelo lefa: entsha (bonitarnaya impahla) nabadala (kviritskomu ngakwesokudla). Ngaphakathi accordance nga lo umthetho kviritskaya ubunikazi into bekulokhu ezandleni umuntu oyedwa, kodwa bonitarnaya - kwenye.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kangaka bonitarnaya (Pretoria) indawo yayingatholakala siguqulelwa kviritskuyu. Kwakusenezindaba izici ukudayiswa izinto ngale ndlela, kodwa kwaba ushintsho olukhulu ngempela isimo ezingavamile, ngakho kulesi sihloko, ngeke kubhekwe.

Impahla Izinhlobo: kviritskaya, bonitarnaya futhi ubunikazi yesifundazwe peregrine

Lesi sigaba uyonikwa sokunquma izinhlobo kwempahla ezazikhona eMbusweni WaseRoma.

Ukulungisa kviritskoy impahla, okwamanje bekungakaboshwa kwenziwe ngokuhambisana nomthetho wabantu bonke yombango eRoma. Emlandweni ekuqaleni kwalo mbuso kwaba uwukuphela kwempahla kwesokudla kuleli zwe. Ukuze siqu into kviritskomu ngumthetho, kwakudingeka kube esakhamuzini saseRoma, unelungelo lokuba nendawo.

Bonitarnaya - impahla, lapho isisekelo pretorskoe kwesokudla. Lolu hlobo ubunikazi, njengoba kakade ezibekwe ngenhla, wayeneminyaka bengavumelani kviritskomu umthetho ngoba lolu hlobo kuthengiselana Akabathonyi isiko, ngakho-ke ayaziwangwa yibo.

uvele impahla yesiFundazwe ngokuqondene ukunwetshwa zoMbuso WaseRoma okukhiphayo ngalé nhlonhlo. Njengoba lonke ensimini, ngaphezu Italy, asisebenzanga kviritskoe kwesokudla, uMbuso kwadingeka ukuba beveza indlela ulungise bayo ngasese kwempahla. Ngakho-ke sidalwe okubizwa ngokuthi impahla yesifundazwe lapho umuntu wathola ilungelo lokusebenzisa impahla yomphakathi ukuze kukhishwe kuyo inzuzo ethile.

impahla Peregrinskoy ngokuthi impahla ngezabantu abangekho isakhamuzi saseRoma (peregrine). Bona nemithetho azisebenzi endaweni ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Ngakho-ke, abantu bakwamanye amazwe bangase bangabi nakho Ukuvikelwa eliphelele inkantolo Roman ezindabeni inkani eziphathelene impahla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi peregrinskaya impahla baphela njengesizwe enjalo futhi axhunyiwe ukuba bonitarnoy.

Kviritskaya, bonitarnaya, impahla yesifundazwe kanye peregrinskaya - lawa izinhlobo ezinkulu bezindawo obabukhona on ensimini ka ngaphansi koMbuso WaseRoma.

Izici yomthetho waseRoma

Ngokomthetho nempahla kviritskaya Roman bonitarnaya impahla yayikhona side by side nomunye. Lokhu kwakubangelwa hhayi kuphela kwakheka izimo isimo, kodwa futhi nomqondo ka-Roma bomdabu.

Isici esiyinhloko nokucabanga amaRoma, lapho isimo uye wagcina ebe nje usayizi omkhulukazi ngesikhathi, kwaba ukuma iqembu abahlala eKosovo njengoba ovelele kule lizwe. Ngakho-ke, amadlozi oda olandelanayo wabeka babe engaguquki. Kodwa amaRoma babe pragmatic kakhulu futhi baqonde ukuthi ixhaphozi bureaucratic akazange avumele befisa izigebengu nezakhamuzi nje ukuqhuba ibhizinisi.

Yingakho ezweni esimweni kuphi ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakukhona amabili nje izinhlobo ezinkulu impahla, okuyinto unayo eyodwa ngokuyinhloko waphikisa omunye.

imiphumela

Ngo komthetho wamaRoma isikhathi eside kwakukhona kwenza ubuhlobo ubunikazi. Yiqiniso, lesi simo kodwa akuyona indlela engcono sithinta kokubili isici kwezomnotho kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemiphakathi zomthetho.

Nokho, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amaRoma ayikwazanga alungise leso simo, ngakho kwadingeka babekezelele ohlelweni olukhona. Kuphela VI. n. e., ngemva kokuwa Western ukubusa Roman futhi ngasekuqaleni kuka-Western Europe imibuso ngowezizwe, isimo ezihlobene webumbacambili kobunikazi saqedwa ngo isimo pravopriemstvennom okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma.

Ukushintsha lesi simiso kuhlobene igama edume uMbusi uJustinian owaphana umthethosisekelo ekhethekile ebekwe ukwenqaba icebo ukulungiswa amalungelo impahla endaweni isimo.

Ngakho, kviritskaya futhi bonitarnaya impahla beqiniso lashabalala, kokuqeda okuqinisekile yonke indlela zomlando ka ngaphansi koMbuso WaseRoma.

isiphetho

Umthetho wamaRoma Wawugujelwani kumiswa Umthetho wase-Europe ku elalisanda kumiswa imibuso ngowezizwe. Yingakho-ke namanje ezifundiswa emayunivesithi Faculty of Law.

Izimiso eziningi futhi izisekelo ukuphumula eRoma, seyemukeliwe kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni lisasebenza. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi somthetho waseRoma ezingokoqobo emhlabeni wanamuhla cishe kusebenza, endulo kwaba ocabangisisayo kakhulu nokulawula amalungelo kuzo zonke uthi ke ekhona.

Bonitarnaya impahla - esinye sezici ezibaluleke yomthetho waseRoma, okuyinto ngezindlela eziningi ephawula umthetho eyayikhona kuleli zwe ngaphambi VI. n. e.