Anti-ayitholwa umthetho. I-Federal Antimonopoly Izikhungo. UMbuso Antimonopoly Yemfihlo

Hhayi wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi lapho kukhona isidingo, kukhona njalo ukunikezwa. Uma izinkampani uzimisele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo abathengi, ezingaphezu kweyodwa, kubonisa khona emakethe akuyinto ezifana mncintiswano. Ngosizo lwawo ukugcina amanani, ikhwalithi yezimpahla kanye nobungako. Uma inkampani noma inhlangano enikeza uhlobo umphakathi ikakhulukazi somkhiqizo noma isevisi, kukhona eyodwa kuphela, khona-ke kungenzeka kwavela ayitholwa okuthiwa (kusuka izindlela YesiGreki "umthengisi munye").

ngezici ezinhle nezimbi yobukhona yenkampani emakethe-evelele

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba khona into enjalo ine imiphumela ezuzisayo on ukuthuthukisa isayensi nobuchwepheshe, ivumela ukwethulwa ubuchwepheshe bamuva, uthele ukuqeqesha abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe, njll Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-monopolization yomkhakha ethile komnotho enezinto eziningi izici ezingezinhle. Ngakho, umuntu wokuqala futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ukucindezelwa we yisandla ngentuthuko emakethe - mncintiswano.

Isici sesibili ngokushelela kulandela kusukela kulowo odlule. I nokungabikhona kokuncintisana ikuvumela ukusetha izintengo ukuthi ziyamukeleka kwasekuqaleni, ngokuba ibhizinisi. Lokho kungenzeka ukwandisa izindleko izimpahla kuyilapho ekunciphiseni okhiqizwayo. amafemu monopoly bayakwazi eyayenziwe ukubambezela yonke kusungulwa izidingo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, kanye kungonakalisa ezemvelo zingcolisa indawo esizungezile.

Noma yimuphi umzamo wokubuyisa amabhizinisi aphakathi nendawo noma elincane bemvelo efanayo sokuphumula futhi singene emakethe siqedwa. Pho-ke, ukubhekana monopolies? Ngingayithola kanjani ukusekela ukuthuthukiswa umncintiswano futhi ukuvimbela kungenzeka nesenzakalo amafemu olulodwa-handedly ehola emakethe? Ukuze avimbele yonke imiphumela engemihle ehlobene ne monopolization komnotho emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise eRussia, kunemithetho antitrust. Ake sihlolisise lokho kuyinto kwenkululeko lo mthetho, lavelaphi futhi yini ukuthuthukiswa yayo.

Umlando Lokudabuka

umthetho Antitrust iqoqo izinyathelo ezahlukene okukhomba lokuvimbela umkhawukho wesikhathi ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano monopolies. Isakhiwo kulokhu kuhlasela umsuka e-US. Umthombo ngokubukeka kwabo yiyona okuthiwa Sherman Act (isenzo Sherman komuntu), noma umthetho "antitrust" ngemvume baseMelika 1890. Lo mbhalo limenyezelwe angalungile futhi ubugebengu noma yimuphi umzamo ukwakha esinakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi senzo owethulwa imikhawulo ukusungulwa Izinyunyana (trust), ihlose ukunciphisa mncintiswano. Lo mthetho kwaba isitini sokuqala isisekelo uhlelo umsindo ngokuthi "umthetho Anti-esinakho."

Wemfanelo wokwenza izinqumo ngalezi ezinye ukwephula isenzo isibaluli uhulumeni noma. Lokho iyisevisi ekhethekile, olawula amaphuzu ukukhishwa idokhumenti, kwakungekhona ngaleso sikhathi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngoba sasingekho uhlelo, ukuhlinzeka nokuvimbela okungathobeli izigaba inkontileka. Kancane kancane, ukuthuthukiswa imithetho emelene ayitholwa buthola umfutho.

anezele okusha nokucaciswa

Zonke amaphutha enzeke oqotsheni Sherman, ziyalungiswa ngo-1914, lapho umthetho Waqala ukusebenza kanye Clayton Mthetho FTC Federation States. Bona bawuqonde ngokucace kakhudlwana futhi okumele zikhokhwe izincazelo eyisisekelo, izindlela zokulawula kanye umthwalo yephula imigomo. Lezi zincwadi zakha isisekelo Inqubomgomo antitrust USA.

Ngemuva Melika izinyathelo zokwandisa mncintiswano, wathola, nezinye uthi. Ngo-1948, e-UK kwathiwa umthetho ku monopolies. Khona-ke, ngo-1963, Antitrust Mthetho sasayinwa eFrance. Ngemva konyaka - e-Italy. EMpumalanga Yurophu ukuze ujoyine ekulweni monopolies ku-yalolucwaningo 80 ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka. Emazweni ukuthi asekelwe inqubo ekuqedeni trestovskih Izinyunyana bekulokhu neRussia.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izwe ngalinye izinto eziza kuqala ayo sokuthuthukisa umnotho esekela lo mthetho: imithetho antitrust-United States of America kanye ne-Europe, nakuba ivela idokhumenti olulodwa, kodwa uvikela izintshisekelo emikhakheni lehlukene.

Imodeli American ihlose countering ukuvela trust njengenhlangano iyunithi ezimele. ezombusazwe European libhekene indlela zokulawula elikuvumela ukuba alwe imihlola ongathandeki monopolies abasafufusa.

Artificial inhlangano ephezulu kanye nemizamo ukubhekana nazo

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ayitholwa Russian yaqala ukubonakala nge isibusiso ngemiyalo yezikhulu iqembu elibusayo. State ukusungula Izinyunyana kanye trust, kodwa kuphela labo imikhakha yezomnotho, ukuthuthukiswa ebesilokhu sikhishwa igunya ekuziphiliseni wezwe lonke. Lezi zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo: ezokuthutha, uwoyela amalahle umkhakha, yokusansimbi, njll Nokho, kancane kancane, ngo-eyayenziwe trust laqala ukucindezela u-le zemininingwane yezinye izinkampani noma uhulumeni ukuze zilawule imigomo yabo. Yingakho iziphathimandla zikahulumeni sinqume ukwethula emnothweni imithetho antitrust. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1908. Ngesisekelo sathathwa kakade zaziwe Sherman Mthetho. Nokho, umzamo wokuqala ukudala i inqubomgomo anti-ayitholwa kuhlulekile. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela okuningi nge ubudlelwano bezebhizinisi. Ngokushesha kaRhulumende babematasa ngaphezulu nezindaba ezibalulekile: kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye Okthoba Revolution, baye engozini khona yezwe lonke.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange wadala esinakho olulodwa siqu ngokuthi "umyalo umnotho". kwakungekho mncintiswano. Futhi ubani ongalokotha ancintisane imidondoshiya efana Gosplan, Gossnab futhi iKomiti Yombuso?

"Omkhulu-Umkhulu" ka FAS

Ngaphambi nje wokugoqa zase-USSR, ngo-1990, ezingeni lahulumende ke sekutholakele iKomiti Yombuso we-Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ngenqubomgomo antimonopoly futhi ulekelele ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo ezintsha kwezomnotho. Lokhu Ukwakheka ngukhokho iyunithi efana, Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS). Imfuneko ukuvela wekomidi kwaba ukwamukelwa emthethweni RSFSR "On the zezinkonzo republic namakomidi isimo ezweni." Selokhu ukuthuthukiswa ejensi antitrust kuleli zwe baqala athole umfutho.

Kakade ezinsukwini ezizayo, ngo-1991, uhulumeni waphasisa umthetho okuyinto mncintiswano ngokomthetho futhi ukhawule imisebenzi trust nezinyunyana ezahlukene izimakethe izimpahla. Ukulungiswa satjhugululwa, futhi uqede iminyaka emine kamuva. Umphumela wokugcina wukuthi umthetho wamenqabela ukwenza noma yiziphi izenzo kwenhlangano, okuyinto usesikhundleni nelungelo emakethe, uma kuhilelani:

1. Ukwephulwa kwe-lokuhlukumeza noma izithakazelo zabanye abahwebi.
2. Umkhawulo wokuncintisana obala noma ngokuphelele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi senzo okunqanda nezivumelwano eziphathelene inqubomgomo zamanani, ngaphansi niche market, noma ekuthatheni izimpahla, ezihilela kusilela yabo.
Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, ngo-1997, iKomiti Yombuso we-Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ngenqubomgomo antimonopoly futhi ulekelele ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo ezintsha kwezomnotho saqanjwa State Antimonopoly Committee. Ngo nje eminyakeni embalwa, yilesi sigaba uye washintsha eziningi. Ngo-2004 wehlele namuhla, Federal Antimonopoly Izikhungo usumisiwe ngesisekelo yalo.

Imisebenzi kanye nemisebenzi yenhlangano

Lo mnyango ibika ngqo Usihlalo kaHulumeni. Lapho kubhekwa ndawonye, Federal Antimonopoly Izikhungo waziphatha ukukhokhela nezindaba ngandlela-thile exhunywe ne ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukiswa monopolies. Ikakhulukazi, lolu phiko:

1. Ixazulula nezindaba ezihlobene ekuncintisaneni.
2. ukucindezelwa abazibophezele, kanye umkhawulo futhi isenzo isixwayiso entailing nesenzakalo esinakho.
3. Abaqaphi ukuhambisana zonke izidingo ezikhona nemigomo ephathelene umthetho olwa-esinakho.

Zonke izinhlangano ezisebenza emakethe Russian, kanye yokuthengisa engaphezu kuka-35% wezindleko kuleli zwe, wangena irejista okhethekile isimo. Lolu hlu ivumela FAS sizithibe ngesilinganiso esifanele phezu imisebenzi monopolies futhi abenze balandise ukuhlukumeza oshayiwe antimonopoly.

Izikhungo ibhekwa eba iziphakamiso entsha yokuthuthukisa nekutfutfukiswa kwemnotfo ukuncintisana. Iphinde okuhlukanisa ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinyathelo, kuncike wemboni emakethe.

ukutolika obuhlukahlukene

Okwamanje eRussia zenziwa izinyathelo ukusungula imvelo agcwele ukuncintisana emnothweni kazwelonke. Zinikeza ngoba ukuhamba kwezimpahla emakethe emhlabeni, ekunciphiseni ingozi trust noma izinhlangano endaweni niche market othize. Kulesi sigaba yentuthuko Russian anti-ayitholwa umthetho ikude aluphelele. izingibe eziningi neziqondiso ekhona kanye ukutolika ezihlukahlukene amaphuzu abo nemiphumela engemihle, umthwalo okuyiwona elala uhulumeni kanye nosomabhizinisi. Ngisho ukuhlukumeza ezincane kakhulu imithetho antitrust kungaholela umonakalo.

imithetho yamazwe ukuthi odinga ukukwazi: owokuqala ingxenye

Nasi isixwayiso is forearmed. Yingakho izinhlangano ezinkulu kufanele siqaphele imithetho, okuhlanganisa imithetho yase antitrust.

Kunezindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko ukuthi angaphansi ukulawulwa imisebenzi izinhlangano. Leli igatsha lokuqala libhekisela antitrust, izihlinzeko zazo aqondiswe okuyizona-inkampani futhi eyayenziwe wadala intengo yayo. Lokhu isiqondiso kulawulwa mithetho elandelayo:

1. uMthetho Federal "Ngo mncintiswano futhi ukuvinjelwa monopolistic ezimakethe lezimpahla". Lesi senzo Waqala ukusebenza ngosuku lwamashumi amabili yesibili ngo-March 1991. He is idokhumenti main, lapho ukulawula monopolists.

2. uMthetho Federal "Ngo Ukuvikelwa Umncintiswano ekuphakelweni zezezimali emakethe." It wamukelwa amabili nantathu ngoJuni 1999.

imithetho yamazwe ukuthi odinga ukukwazi: ingxenye yesibili

Enye legatsha, esithinta umthetho antimonopoly eRussia, ukulawula izinqubo zokusebenza ka monopolies zemvelo. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama ujantshi kanye namanzi, izindlu, kanye nezinye izinhlangano zamasu. Ukusebenza lolu hlobo lezinto esekelwe zomculo ezimbalwa:

1. uMthetho Federal "Ngo monopolies zemvelo". It lwemukelwa phakathi no-July 1995 uHulumeni Duma. Futhi ngemva kwesikhashana Waqala ukusebenza - Agasti 17. Wabe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphansi ukulungiswa yandiswe.

2. Yokutholwa Apreli 28, 1997 esinqumweni uMongameli Russian Federation "On the kabusha kwezindlu kanye nezinsiza zomphakathi."

3. Twentieth Disemba 1997 isimemezelo esasayinwa Government of the Russian Federation "Ngo uhlelo de-monopolization nokuthuthukiswa ukuncintinsana izindlu kanye nezinsizakalo ohlanganyelwe emakethe 1998-1999."

4. imithetho Federal antitrust futhi kulawulwa Isinqumo kaMongameli "Ngo ukuthuthukiswa umncintiswano ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo ukuze nokugcinwa nokulungiswa izindlu izimali nomasipala", okuyinto Waqala ukusebenza ekupheleni kuka-March 1996.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kokubili izinkomba lokuqala nelesibili kuthiwa waphoqelela futhi ezingeni lesifunda. Russian antimonopoly umthetho emkhakheni ayinakho umehluko oyisisekelo hlinzeka jikelele sisebenza kulo lonke leli zwe. Ukwamukelwa iziqondiso ezengeziwe ezingeni lesifunda ubonisa kuphela isifiso emizimbeni esiphezulu ukunikeza iziqondiso federal semthethweni kwezinye izindawo ezikhethiwe isimo.

Kufanele sinake ethile yokuthi umthetho antitrust enezinto eziningi ukulinganiselwa ukuthi imingcele inkululeko yanoma ekuthathweni kwalabo ezahlukene ibhizinisi. Futhi, eziningi kuyathakazelisa, it has a unique kuqhathaniswa nezinye lwetemtsetfo isiRashiya isakhiwo abstract kakhulu. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, siqukethe uchungechunge imiqondo abstract.

Incazelo isenzo eyinhloko

Abangu-yesibili ngoMashi 1995 uHulumeni we RSFSR yokutholwa umthetho "Ngo mncintiswano futhi ukuvinjelwa monopolistic ezimakethe lezimpahla". Kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka, lesi senzo kwenezelwa futhi zibukezwe. Ezihlokweni ezizolandela esikhathini esizayo futhi waqala mbhalo uchaza isimiso esiyisisekelo mshini ngokuthi "Antitrust".

Ekuqaleni, isinqumo lalinabashumayeli izigaba eziyisikhombisa. Kancane kancane ezinye zazo sithathelwe indawo imithetho ehlukene, kanti abanye nje ayisekho amandla. Nokho, lokhu kuyinto idokhumenti main kwetinhlavu Inqubomgomo anti-ayitholwa Russian.
Ukuhlola kafushane lokho ingxenye isenzo ngasinye:

1. Ingxenye yokuqala umthetho eyaziwa ngokuthi "Ukunikezwa okuvamile". Siqukethe izihloko ezine axoxa indaba yokuthi / ku:
a) Ukuze wajaha mthethonqubo, futhi indlela ezifana antitrust, kanye oyiyo;
b) kwenkululeko isicelo yomthetho;
c) Iziphathimandla umncintiswano we amazinga kahulumeni kanye zesifunda;
g) nemiqondo eyisisekelo ezitholakala embhalweni idokhumenti.

2. Ingxenye yesibili kuyinto eyinhloko futhi okubaluleke kunakho konke ukuba izinhlangano. Lichaza isimo, kanye nokuhlinzeka izimpawu okungenzeka khona emakethe ehamba phambili imisebenzi yenkampani monopolistic. Izihloko 5-9 alawule ukusebenza izinkampani bangazihluphi ngokuthola isikhundla alawula angomunye emnothweni.

3. Ehlanganisa isihloko olulodwa esigabeni wesithathu izinkulumo umthetho mayelana imiqondo ezifana ekuncintisaneni futhi umthetho antitrust njengendlela yokuthola ukuze zilwe nabo.

4. Ingxenye yesine yomthetho sinetigaba eziyisithupha. Ngamunye wabo esikhundleni salokho izimpendulo zemibuzo elandelayo:

a) Yiziphi imisebenzi imisebenzi yomzimba antimonopoly;
b) ukuthi zihlanganisa amandla akhe;
c) iziphi inelungelo ukuthola ulwazi ezihlukahlukene;
g) uma kunesidingo ukunikeza aphakeme izimo idatha;
e) ukuthi zihlanganisa imithwalo yemfanelo igunya antimonopoly empikiswaneni yesondlo ngaphandle kokugcinwa kuyimfihlo kokuthengisa;
e) Iluphi usizo ejensi kuleli Ukuthuthuka kohwebo kanye nokuncintisana.

5. Isigaba sesihlanu lembula umuntfu lofundzako loko lokushiwo izinhlobo ezahlukene lokulawula isimo phezu amabhizinisi-monopolists. Liqukethe izingxenye ezine.

6. Okulandelayo, umthwalo kwemithetho antitrust. Eyakhiwa izingxenye eziyisithupha, lesi sigaba sinikeza umqondo okuphelele futhi olunzulu / ku:

a) ukukhishwa okuyimpoqo yeziqondiso futhi oda esikhishwe umzimba antimonopoly;
b) izinhlobo of icala ngenxa yokwephula umthetho antimonopoly;
c) kwezibopho ukulibona kwezentengiselwano futhi engenzi-nzuzo uma kwenzeka-non-amaphuzu isenzo;
g) ukuba secaleni umthetho kanye nabaholi nezinye izinhlangano;
d) nokuvulwa ukulahlekelwa;
e) ngomthwalo wemfanelo wezinsizwa federal umzimba antimonopoly sabantu uma kuphula umthetho we kwemibandela yomthetho.

7. Ingxenye yokugcina ubeka inqubo ukwemukelwa, ukukhishwa noma isikhalazo oda ukuthi abangu ekhishwa amandla antimonopoly.

Njalo is isakhiwo yomthetho yasekuqaleni elawula imisebenzi izinkampani evelele. Kancane kancane, eziningi izihloko kwale dokhumenti baba izenzo umnyuziki ehlukile.

Izindlela kokuhlola ukwephula umthetho antimonopoly

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iningi umthetho uyenqaba ukuba akuyona isenzo ngokwaso njengoba enjalo, futhi umphumela ukuthi kungenzeka emva kwalo. Leli qiniso akuhileli nobunzima ezinkulukazi hhayi kuphela izinhlangano ibhizinisi, kodwa futhi ngoba abanye abantu kanye nezinhlangano.

kuphakama ubunzima main ekunqumeni uhlu lwezenzo engaholela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene imiphumela engemihle, ezithinta imithetho antitrust nekulawulwa izinqubo zebhizinisi. Uma uqonda ukuthi amaphuzu athile eyayiyoholela kuwukwephula isenzo zomthetho, kungaba ukuhlela ngokuphepha ukuthuthukiswa kwenhlangano kanye ukuhlola izingozi kwezomnotho. Kwelinye icala, kungenzeka ukuthi umsebenzi evamile yenqubo nhlobo.

Njengoba ojwayelekile, ukuze uthole umphumela ongemuhle yezenzo ezithile kuthathwe Inhlangano, kubalulekile ukwenza ukuhlaziywa kwezomnotho obuphelele. A indlela iyunifomu ukuhlola khona. Amacala kwemithetho antitrust kuthiwa kuhloliwe esekelwe inombolo isiqondiso 220, okuthiwa: ". Inqubo ehlaziya isimo umncintiswano emakethe lezimpahla" Lesi sinqumo sivunyiwe Apreli 28, 2010 Federal Antimonopoly Service Russian Federation ngomyalo.