Ancient Egypt: i periodization yomlando

Umlando Ancient Egypt eyathatha zeminyaka eziningana. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, uhulumeni uye wakwazi ukuba nihlukane izikhathi eziningana, ukuba babe nobunye futhi ukushintsha imikhuba yemasiko. Yingakho umlando lwaseGibhithe lasendulo has a periodization ezimisiwe, esiza ukuthola umqondo jikelele umlando lezo zenzakalo lasendulo.

prehistory

kwavela Impucuko phezu nomlambo iNayili, kuba mhlawumbe endala kakhulu emhlabeni. Nokho, ngaphambi lasungulwa ngo-mpumalanga abantu ababehlala Afrika. Kwakuwusuku isiko Upper Paleolithic, sekukhona iminyaka eyinkulungwane 40 edlule. Common periodization yomlando waseGibhithe lasendulo iqala kusukela leli phuzu. Bokuqala isiko bemivubukulo - ateriyskaya futhi hormusanskaya. zobuciko zabo ahlobene atholiwe awatholatholakali futhi kusele izingxenyana nje ze.

Ngu amasayithi Mesolithic kukhona isiko halfanskoy. It kufanele kugcinwe hhayi kuphela eGibithe kodwa eNubia. Isiko Neolithic uvele abathwali Fayum A, efika e-Afrika kanye eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Izinsalela nemizana yayo, kuhlanganise ukukhokhela El-Omari futhi Merimde isiko.

izizwe eziningi bakhangwa Ancient Egypt. Periodization libonisa kangaki abantu ezikhathini zasendulo zishintshile lapha. IGibhide bekuyindawo esifundeni zokuthutha umphakathi - Borderland phakathi kwe-Asia nase-Afrika. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-Neolithic elakhiwa lapho Tasiyskoye, Badarian futhi gerzeyskaya isiko bemivubukulo. Elokugcina salandelwa zero lwamakhosi.

pre-dynastic Egypt

Eminyakeni engaba ngu-ayizinkulungwane eziyisihlanu BC ubumbe zangaphambi dynastic eGibhithe lasendulo. Periodization yomlando ibonisa ukuthi kwakunguSathane ke eqale ukunwetshwa ubudlelwane tribal akusebenzi. It baqala ukuvela Inkampani, okuyinto wayevele amakilasi ayo delimited. Kwakukhona ubuhlobo isigqila, nangasemva kwabo - inceku uthi.

Ayikho Egypt olulodwa wayengakamazi khona. Ukuhlanganisa zidinga isikhathi eside. Yena nomthelela ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo kanye nokwakhiwa zasemizaneni izindonga enezivikelo eziqinile. Ukugxilisa abakhileyo ixazululwe laseGibhithe. Kwakukhona imikhiqizo metal: izikhonkwane, izinaliti, ngezivunulo zegolide.

Kucatshangwa unyaka 3200 kwakukhona zero Dynasty BC. Lokhu ochwepheshe eside amelela ngababusi abaningana waseGibhithe, abusa Lower futhi elibangise eNhla neGibhithe. Azizange ezihlobene, kodwa nje abantu besikhathi. Kuyinto inqubo ubunye ezweni waqala esikhathini Naqada III.

umbuso ekuqaleni

With ukuvela Okuqala Kingdom waqala ukubusa lo faro lokuqala Menes, eyakho lwamakhosi mina. Ekugcineni united Upper nemibuso Lower ku ohlanganisiwe Egypt. Inhlokodolobha isimo lasendulo yayingesinye Memphis. Ngesikhathi esifanayo waqala ukuhola ukwakhiwa adobe amathuna ababusi wabanjwa ababengaphambi imibhoshongo abadumile.

I oFaro lokuqala yayisempini ne Bedouins futhi uhambo ehlelekile kuya eNubia engumakhelwane. Periodization futhi kwezikhathi umlando waseGibhithe lasendulo uthi esikhathini wemibuso ekuseni kukhona impumelelo eminingi yasendulo yesayensi kwabaseGibhithe (emasimini nesayensi geometry). I XXVIII ekhulwini BC abasafufusa ukuhweba zasolwandle kanye nemizi Levantine oGwini LweMedithera.

Ngu umbuso Early yizona I neyesi-II we lwamakhosi. Kule nkathi kwakukhona iskripthi futhi irekhodi lokuqala. Kube polytheism - inkolelo onkulunkulu abaningi, samuntu amandla emvelo, ukuphila, ukufa, njll Isimo elawulwa ngenkasa isebenza nomlambo iNayili ...

yombuso wasendulo

Abacwaningi attribute umngcele phakathi ekuqaleni kanye yombuso wasendulo kuya XXVII ekhulwini BC. e. Umsunguli isimo esisha baba uFaro Sanakht. umbuso sidilizwa kuhlanganisa III-VI Dynasty. Phakathi nale nkathi, i angazange ke komnotho, sika sezwe kwamasiko, bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa we impucuko waseGibhithe.

Kwakukhona imibhoshongo, owathatha ngemva Mastaba. Ukuze Ukwakhiwa kwala izikhumbuzo omkhulukazi yezakhiwo baqhutshwa ababazi, abalimi nezigqila. Isimo kwaba isandla eyodwa nokuba umthombo amandla yokugqugquzela sabantu kwalo yedwa. Ancient Egypt, periodization okuyinto siqanjwe abavubukuli yesimanje kanye nezazi-mlando, ngaphansi kukaFaro uPepi nami nganqoba eningizimu Syria. Ngesikhathi BC XXIV leminyaka. e. sabapristi lokubhala lula uhlukane hieroglyphic evamile. Ngokusho zemihla ngemihla, omunye oFaro ka imibuso uPepi II lasendulo wabusa iminyaka 94, okungukuthi uhlobo umlando.

ukwahlukana

Ngemuva kokuwa the Old Kingdom laseGibhithe, ngenkathi kwehlukana. Lihlanganisa VII-X lwamakhosi. Ngalesi sikhathi, izwe wangena shí isiphithiphithi. Eqinisweni, oFaro ayinazo amandla kwakumane figurehead. Periodization ngokufunda umlando isimo eGibhithe lasendulo ukuthi ngenkathi kwehlukana ithonya langempela nomarhi esetshenziswa, ngalinye elikwazi uphatha idolobha ethile noma isifundazwe.

Ukuwa uhulumeni kwacekela phansi kohlelo esinobunye ngenkasa emiseleni, okubangela kokubhubhisa nokusukuma indlala. igenge eziningi inkunzi amathuna namathempeli. Ancient Egypt, periodization, uhlelo kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe ukuthi uyaqhubeka ukuba zihlolwe ngochwepheshe abavela emazweni ehlukene, ngaleso sikhathi bahlupheka kakhulu kuphangwa labantu abayimizulane angomakhelwane.

Umbuso Ephakathi

kwehlukana isikhathi sesidlulile, lapho kukhona amabutho amabili ezingaba kabusha hlanganani Egypt. Emzabalazweni igunya bangqubuzana umbuso Heracleopolis Magna neThebes. Ingxabano eyathatha eminyaka athile phakathi kwabo. Ekugcineni eThebes wahlulwa kanye umbusi womuzi Mentuhotep II wasungula XI lwamakhosi.

Ukuqubuka kwalesi sifo BC xxi leminyaka, inkathi ebizwa ngokuthi Ephakathi Kingdom. Lokhu kuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela XI, kanye no- XII kodwa Dynasty. Ngalesi sikhathi isimo ihlukile yinye ezibuthakathaka despotism lasendulo, Nokho, okuyinto, akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa impucuko waseGibhithe ukuba anqotshwe eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kusukela Eastern eMedithera saseNayile zilethwe isiliva, ithusi, igolide nezinye izinto ezibalulekile. UMbuso Ephakathi Sasinjani isimo ezinonileyo inkathi yakhe. Periodization isiko eGibhithe lasendulo, lithi ngalesikhathi iyona zezimbali izincwadi waseGibhithe kazwelonke (indaba edume kakhulu kubhekwa a "Legend of Sinuhe").

ukwehla

Kwabe sekuqala inkathi entsha lokubola ezombusazwe eqala ngo-1782 BC. e., futhi yaphela 1570 BC. e. Izwe lihlukaniswe izifundazwe ehlukile. Khona-ke ehlasela Hyksos bezinye izizwe. Periodization yomlando waseGibhithe lasendulo - kuyinto alternation ukuchuma wezwe futhi ukwehla. Phakathi yokuncipha kokubaluleka uhulumeni omusha ungaphakathi esibucayi ojulile. Babusi elawulwa kuphela Nile Delta hhayi ukubhekana izifundazwe ababefuna ukuzimela.

Ekugcineni, isihloko koFaro wathatha abaholi Hyksos. Lezi zihlanganisa kokubusa xv futhi XVI Dynasty. Inombolo yomhlaba wonke yesikhungo eyinhloko ukumelana zazivela eThebes. Ababusi bazo namuhla zibekwa uhlanga lwamakhosi XVII. Bona waxosha Hyksos futhi wahlanganisa izwe elizungeze eThebes. ngamafuphi, le ke periodization yomlando waseGibhithe lasendulo, kuyinto sebuningini izingxenye ehlukile, imininingwane ngokuvamile kungaziwa ukuthi kanjani.

umbuso omusha

New Kingdom yayikhona XVI-XI eminyaka BC. Lona "zakudala 'isikhathi. Yilokho ngakho wayelokhu imininingwane kakhulu. Kulomkhakha wekuvuselela umthetho kuhlanganise nentsha Tutankhamun, ngokusobala ukuvulwa kwaleyo ethuneni lapho lwaba isenzakalo esivelele kakhulu kwezemivubukulo yekhulu XX.

New Kingdom ushiye ngemuva elinye igama emikhulu. UFaro-Akhenaton wazama ukuguqula inkolo yaseGibhithe. Wadela onkulunkulu ubudala futhi wenza ukuba bathandaze kuNkulunkulu oyedwa. imizamo Akhenaten sika yayiyize. Polytheism ngokushesha wavuseleleka.

Balo Mbuso Omusha (nesishiyagalombili Dynasty, amabili) wahlala okwesihlanu labantu planethi. Periodization yobuciko baseGibhithe lasendulo libiza le nkathi yisibalo esikhulu sabasebenzi esingakaze izikhumbuzo kweziningi ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla. umbuso okusha wawa emva amandla eningizimu, bathumba lombhalo sabapristi abangamakhosi. Nokwahlukana kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe "Ngasekupheleni kuka Bronze Age nciphisa," lapho eGibhithe ngekhulu XII BC yahlasela "Abantu Basolwandle" ziye zabangela umonakalo omkhulu ukuze lizwe.

ukuhlukaniswa

Enkathini yokugcina kwehlukana waseGibhithe waqhubeka XI-VI eminyaka BC. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, thina indawo lwamakhosi amabili nanye ngokusebenzisa omabini anamithandathu. Ngenxa yemibango Egypt uyekile abathi phambili e-Eastern LwaseMedithera. Amandla ilahlekelwe ezibonakalayo zaso zokugcina ngo eMpumalanga Ephakathi eFenike. NamaLubi baqhubeka kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni Lower Egypt. Abaholi kulezi zizwe aba kanjani ababusi alien Polynomials, bomdabu izicukuthwane zaseGibhithe.

Sesinamandla wukwehlukana lizwe wahlukaniselwa emibusweni ezinhlanu ababuthakathaka. Periodization yomlando waseGibhithe lasendulo yakhiwa sebuningini nezikhathi, kodwa kwaba ngaleso sikhathi kwadingeka yisibalo esikhulu sabasebenzi esingakaze amakhosi nezimpi zangaphakathi. Ukuhlukana yezwe njalo baba into sonya, Ethiopia eningizimu enyakatho ye-Asiriya.

kamuva umbuso

Izazi-mlando sihlanganise Dynasty XXVII-XXX ku Period Late of Ancient Egypt. Uhlaka Its iBhayibheli ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo: iminyaka 525-332 BC. Ukuqala ngasekupheleni yokunqotshwa zombuso ubhekwa eSigodini saseNayile yasePheresiya. Enyakatho-mpumalanga Afrika ayebhekwa kombusi wesithupha Empire Achaemenid. Isikhungo zokuphatha yezwe futhi baba Memphis.

Lapho kugqashuka impi phakathi namaPheresiya bese kuba iGrisi, amaGreki ahlasela eGibhide, benethemba lokuthola antipersidskoe kuvukela bendawo, kodwa ukuvukela akwenzekanga. Enkathini yokugcina ukuzimela libhekisela BC IV leminyaka. OFaro izame ukuvikela ubukhosi bayo, usebenzisa izinkinga ngokucindezelwa namaPheresiya. Noma kunjalo Artaksersk III kabusha yanqoba iGibithe. Umthetho wesibili yamaPheresiya yathatha engamashumi amabili kuphela.

Aleksandr Makedonsky onqobayo Egypt

Esikhathini BC IV leminyaka, Ancient Egypt, ngabe sengithi futhi periodization yomlando ugcwele ematfuba abukhali, ezaba yingxenye yemiBhalo umbuso Macedonian. Uma bephambi kwabantu saseNayile ithuthukiswa njengedolobha impucuko empumalanga, kodwa manje uye waba yingxenye isikhala olulodwa yaqala.

Eselinqobile yasePheresiya u-Aleksandr Makedonsky yaqala ukusakaza eMpumalanga Ephakathi, isiko yamaGreki asendulo. Ngo-332 BC kwaba kufika ithuba lika-Egypt, iyingxenye wahlulwa umbuso Achaemenid. Alexander walinqoba leli zwe lase-Afrika futhi yazibeka faro. Esikhathini Nile Delta, wakha port entsha, egcwele elinye lamadolobha enkulu yasendulo. Alexandria idume ngomtapo wayo wezincwadi beacon (omunye sezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa). Umuzi efanayo endaweni yokungcwaba le Umkhuzi abadumile.

isikhathi Ptolemaic,

Ptolemaic isikhathi - isahluko yakamuva emlandweni waseGibhithe lasendulo. It lethiwa yokudumisa lwamakhosi esungulwe igunya lawo lizwe ngemuva ukufa kwanoma impilo Aleksandra Makedonskogo. eseduze (Diadochi) amandla ihlukaniswe jikelele wayo omkhulu. Omunye wabo, uPtolemy, waba umbusi waseGibithe.

Nakuba izwe omunye eminyaka amathathu aqhubeka ezimele, wayengaselona impucuko ezimele. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, Egypt wahlushwa ngenxa kakhulu ukuthonywa isiko amaGreki. Hlanganisa zonke - kusukela ulimi inkolo eyayibhekwa ngazo. Alexandria yaba inhloko-dolobha esiyinyama esilawulwa eGibhithe lasendulo. Periodization ngokufunda umlando kuleli zwe inikeza ukuthi sokuthuthwa kwempahla lukaPtolemy esimweni kwakungekaNkulunkulu hhayi kuphela Dolina Nila, kodwa futhi Palestine, Cyprus, ingxenye yase-Aramu, e-Asia Minor.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, endaweni Italy abelokhu anda kube umbuso omusha omkhulu. Eselinqobile Western Mediterranean, Republic Roman waphenduka amehlo ayo ngasempumalanga. Inxusa Octavian Awugustu iqale impi ngo-Egypt, afike Cleopatra imithetho. Izwe wanqotshwa ngonyaka 30 BC. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Republic ongumRoma umbuso. Egypt iye yabizwa omunye izifundazwe zalo, futhi ekugcineni saphuthelwa ukuzimela.