Amathempeli yaseGrisi yasendulo - Umlando eliqoshwe itshe. Izinhlobo ezinkulu amathempeli yamaGreki asendulo

Ngokungangabazeki, kuba nomthelela omkhulu isizukulwane esilandelayo kwadingeka ubuciko bokwakhiwa ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo. Ubuhle bazo ngokubabazekayo nokuzwana babé imodeli kanye umthombo ugqozi for the nangenkathi kamuva. Amathempeli yaseGrisi yasendulo kukhona izikhumbuzo namasiko amaGreki art.

Izinkathi kumiswa kwezakhiwo zaseGrisi

Izinhlobo amathempeli WaseGrisi wasendulo zihlobene nesikhathi ukwakhiwa yabo. Kukhona ziyizinkathi ezintathu emlandweni art ngesiGreki kanye izakhiwo.

• Zakudala (600-480 GG. BC. E.). I Ukuhlasela WasePheresiya.
• Classic (480-323 GG. BC. E.). Isikhathi ukuchuma yaseGrisi. Ama-Movie Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Isikhathi iphela kokufa kwakhe. Izazi zikholelwa ukuthi le kwehlukahlukana kwemasiko eziningi, okuyinto ngenxa Ukunqoba kuka-Alexander waqala ukungena Greece, okwaholela ekuncipheni kwenani the classic art amaGreki izakhiwo. Amathempeli ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, futhi, akazange ukubaleka kule ukudalelwa.
• KobuHellenism (kufika eminyakeni engu-30 BC. E.). isikhathi Late yaphela UKUNQOBA waseGibhithe ongumRoma.

Ukunikezelwa kolwazi nesiko kanye nobunye bomuntu prototype yethempeli

namasiko amaGreki singene ku -Asia Minor, eSicily, e-Italy, eGibhithe, eNyakatho ye-Afrika nakwezinye izindawo eziningi. Amathempeli eminingi yasendulo yesiGreki basonta inkathi zakudala. Ngalesi sikhathi, amaGreki, baqala ukusebenzisa esikhundleni isakhiwo izinto zokhuni ezifana limestone namatshe amhlophe amaningi. Kukholakala ukuthi le sibonelo ngokuba ithempeli iyikhaya ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo. Ziyakwazi izakhiwo unxande elinamakholomu ezimbili emnyango. Buildings yalolu hlobo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, savela zibe ngaphezulu izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

design ejwayelekile

amathempeli WaseGrisi wasendulo ngokuvamile yamisa njalo uvalo. Kwakumelwe isakhiwo elingenamafasitela, okuyinto esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe amakholomu. Ngaphakathi kukhona esifanekisweni unkulunkulu. Ikholomu isekela imishayo yophahla. amathempeli WaseGrisi wasendulo yayinophahla gable. Ngo wezangaphakathi, njengoba umthetho, kwaba dim. Finyelela kwakukhona abapristi kuphela. Abaningi lamathempeli yamaGreki asendulo zabantu abavamile kungabonwa ngabantu bangaphandle kuphela. Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu kungani amaGreki alalelwa kakhulu ukubukeka kwangaphandle kwezindawo zokukhulekela.

amathempeli ngesiGreki ezakhiwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho ethile kuphela. Zonke osayizi, i-aspect ratio, isilinganiso izingxenye, inani amakholomu kanye neminye imininingwane ziye ecacile neqondile. amathempeli sidilizwa ngesiGreki elakhiwa Doric, ionic futhi aseKorinte izitayela. I owayemdala kunabo bonke ungowokuqala.

isitayela Doric

Lokhu isitayela yezakhiwo kwamiswa emuva kwesikhathi zakudala. Waziwa lula, amandla abanye isibindi. Igama lakhe, enesibopho izizwe Doric, okuyizinto abasunguli balo. Namuhla wahlala kuphela ingxenye amathempeli ezinjalo. Faka umbala mhlophe, kodwa esikhathini esidlule timphawu tesakhiwo zambozwa upende, okuyinto sikhuntile ngaphansi kwethonya isikhathi. Kodwa cornices futhi friezes sake blue and red. Omunye izakhiwo edume kakhulu lesi sitayela uyithempeli likaMoya Olympian uZeyusi. Ukuze ezisekhona kuphela emanxiweni kulendlu ngokubabazekayo.

isitayela ionic

Lesi sitayela yasungulwa ezindaweni okuhambisanayo ye-Asia Minor. Isisakazekela kulo Hellas. amathempeli WaseGrisi wasendulo kule isitayela kukhona ukuvumelana xaxa nangobuciko uma iqhathaniswa Doric. Dala isisekelo sakho ngoba ikholomu ngayinye. Capital esigabeni yayo phakathi okusikhumbuza umcamelo, okuyinto emakhoneni okokusonteka ibe Kuvunguza. Kulesi isitayela azikho ngezabelo esiqinile phakathi phansi futhi phezulu izakhiwo, + njengasosukwini lokungivivinya Doric. A ukuhlobana izingxenye zezakhiwo beba mene evelele kanye esintengayo ngaphezulu.

Okuxakayo ukuthi cishe engawayekanga izikhumbuzo sesakhiwo esikhulu isitayela ionic ensimini ka Greece uqobo. Kodwa empeleni basuke kahle igcinwe phesheya. Eziningi kuzo yilezi e-Italy futhi Sicily. Omunye edume kakhulu yile okuthiwa ethempelini Poseidon eduze eNaples. Kubukeka ezimfushane futhi ezisindayo.

isitayela aseKorinte

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka yamaGreki abakhi waqala ngonanzelelo ubukhazikhazi izakhiwo. Ngalesi sikhathi, emathempelini eGrisi lasendulo baqala ukunikeza izihloko laseKorinte, ngokucebile ehlotshiswe ngemihlobiso Motifs ezimibalabala nge predominance amahlamvu acanthus.

kwesokudla saphezulu

Ifomu art ukuthi kwadingeka emathempelini ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, kwakuyilungelo okukhethekile - umthetho kaNkulunkulu. Kuze isikhathi yamaGreki abafayo ayikwazanga bakha imizi yabo kule isitayela. Uma umuntu eye azungeza indlu yakhe imigqa izinyathelo, ngabe benza kuye gables, ngabe wacabangela ukuchwensa enkulu.

Ngo zokwakheka isimo Dorian nabapristi iziqondiso iyakwenqabela ekukhiqizweni izitayela yisakhiwo sodumo. Uphahla lwangaphakathi futhi izindonga zokuhlala ezivamile ezakhiwa, ngokuvamile ezenziwe ngokhuni. Ngamanye amazwi, izakhiwo ngamatshe ilungelo wonkulunkulu. sezindela yabo kuphela kwadingeka ukuba amandla anele ukumelana isikhathi.

incazelo engcwele

NgesiGreki amathempeli samatshe esasakhiwe ngokuphelele itshe ngoba zazisekelwe umqondo ukwahlukana waqala - esingcwele futhi kunenhlamba. Abode kwakucelwa onkulunkulu okufanele uvikelwe kubantu bonke ofayo. Ukuqina itshe noma ngemabula izindonga wakhonza izibalo zabo isivikelo kusuka ukweba, desecration, contact ngephutha, ngisho prying amehlo.

lalinjengenqaba

Umklamo izimbali Ancient Greece awuqala 5th ekhulwini BC. e. Le nkathi nezinqubo ezintsha zalo ehambisana nokubusa Pericles abadumile. Kwakuthinta phakathi nalesi sikhathi lakhiwa Acropolis - indawo egqumeni, lapho lamathempeli amakhulu kunawo IGrisi yasendulo abangu bagxila. Izithombe bangabuka le nto.

Acropolis e-Athens. Ngisho emanxiweni kule ndawo kungabonwa njengoba olukhulu enhle kwaba kanye. Leli gquma kuyinto ezitebhisini ebanzi kakhulu eyenziwe ngemabula. Ukuze ilungelo lakhe egqumeni uyithempeli elincane kodwa elihle unkulunkulukazi Nike. I-Acropolis ngokwayo abantu ngesango elinamakholomu. Nizibheke, izivakashi bazithola isikwele, isipikili ngokwenza esibaziwe sika-Athena (unkulunkulukazi ukuhlakanipha), owayeneminyaka engu-umxhasi edolobheni. Okulandelayo kungabonwa elukhuni ukwakhiwa Erechtheion ethempelini. Sici Its esiwuphawu iyona kuvulandi, okuyinto kuphuma kuthabathela ecaleni kanye alisekelwe akufanele kweqane ejwayelekile emphemeni namatshe amhlophe amaningi owesifazane eziqoshiwe (karitaidy).

Parthenon

Lesi sakhiwo main ye-Acropolis engasenyakatho iyona Parthenon - ithempeli elinikezelwe ku-Athena uPallas. Kuthathwa isakhiwo ephelele kakhulu ezidalwe isitayela Doric. I-Parthenon Yakhiwa ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 2.5. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule, kodwa amagama Abadali zayo ezisekhona. Abadali yalesi ithempeli Callicrates futhi Iktinos. Ngaphakathi kuwo kukhona ebaziwe Athena, okuyinto waqopha Phidias okukhulu. Ithempeli esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe nge imitha-160 frieze eside esibonisa umbukiso we izakhamuzi zase-Athene. kumdlali wayebuye Phidias. I frieze okubonisa cishe amadoda angamakhulu amathathu, anamakhulu mabini izibalo ihhashi.

Ukubhujiswa kwabantu Parthenon

Ngalesi sikhathi, ithempeli sekonakele. Leli bhuloho elihle, efana Parthenon, mhlawumbe, ngabe ezisekhona kuze kube yilolu suku. Nokho, ekhulwini le-17, lapho baseVenice ovinjezelwe Athens, ifake uphethiloli e abaseTurkey ayewumisile ekwakheni magazini powder, futhi ukuqhuma owabhubhisa leli lesikhumbuzo bokwakha. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 British Elgin alethwe London iningi imifanekiso lokusinda.

Ukusabalala isiko lamaGreki ngenxa ukunqoba Aleksandra Makedonskogo

Ukunqoba kuka-Alexander kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi art amaGreki izitayela lathumela kuthiwa lasakazekela endaweni enkulu. Ngaphandle izikhungo ezinkulu eGreece, ezifana e-Asia Minor ePergamon noma e-Alexandria eGibhithe zidaliwe. Kulezi emadolobheni, umsebenzi wokwakha ifinyelele ngezabelo engakaze ibonwe. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kusho umthelela omkhulu ukwakhiwa kwadingeka izakhiwo eGrisi lasendulo.

Amathempeli emathuneni kulezi zindawo bavame ukuba yakhiwa kuleli isitayela ionic. Ngokuthakazelisayo isampula izakhiwo Hellenic kuyinto Mausoleum omkhulu (itshe lethuna) Maussollos yinkosi. Wabalwa sezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa amakhulu kunawo wonke ezweni. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi ukwakhiwa wahola inkosi ngokwayo. Mausoleum yokungcwaba ekamelweni kuphezulu phansi elingunxande, elizungezwe amakholomu. Ngenhla ke kumi Isinyathelo Pyramid zamatshe. It is lwaluba umfanekiso Quadriga. Ngu igama izakhiwo (Mausoleum) emhlabeni manje bizelani kimi nezinye ezinkulu omngcwabo isakhiwo.