Amaseli fungal ukuthi ayikwazi ukutholwa? Izici isakhiwo izici ukhunta cell

Amakhowe ngokuphelele eziphilayo esiyingqayizivele, ogama izici kubangelwe isakhiwo solwazi sabo. Sakhiwo izici zokuphila amayunithi abo ukusebenza, futhi uzobe anikezelwe athikili yethu.

Izici amakhowe

Amakhowe sihlanganise izici abameleli imibuso eziningana nemvelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, they possess izici izitshalo:

1. It unamathele indlela yokuphila ukukhula, okuyinto kuyaqhubeka phakathi naso sonke isikhathi ukhona.
2. amaseli fungal has a vacuole ezinkulu. Lokhu organelle ogcwele amanzi amaminerali siphela.
3. Kanti, njengomqhele izitshalo, isikhunta abe udonga cell ehlanganisa cellulose carbohydrate. Le into ibanika amandla amakhulu kanye rigidity.
4. Izinhlobo isikhunta ukukhiqizwa kabusha njengoba isitshalo efanayo - iningi ziyakwazi sporulation futhi vegetative kusho.

Nokho, la magciwane sici uphawu ebaluleke kakhulu izilwane. Ngale ndlela heterotrophic ukudla. Amaseli fungal ayikwazi ukutholwa chloroplast. Kodwa lezi plastids oluhlaza banesibopho ikhono izinto eziphilayo ukuze photosynthesis.

Izimpawu amaseli fungal

Amakhowe angaba kokubili single futhi amaningi. Isibonelo iqembu sokuqala Mucor. mycelium wayo (mycelium) - ingenye cell elikhulu olubanzi equkethe cores amaningi. Ngokuqinisekile, Mucor wabukela ngamunye njengoba uqwembe ezimhlophe ngesinkwa amile wabona ukuthi mnyama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lena sokuthi amaseli kakade kwakhiwa impikiswano lapho reproduction asexual kwenzeka Mucor.

izici ezithakazelisayo isakhiwo kwamaseli ukhunta, ngokuthi nembiliso. Abanaso yakha mycelium samanje. Imvubelo - unicellular isikhunta encanyana. sici alandisa - yokuzala Olufufusayo.

Isethi lamaseli kuthathwa isikhunta hyphae. Lolu chungechunge, ehlanganisa mycelium kanye fruiting imizimba. Amakhowe akudingeki kwezicubu yangempela. Ukuqoqwa hyphae ngokuthi psevdoparenhimoy ngoba amangqamuzana yayo kungukuthi ezikhethekile. umsebenzi ngokuyinhloko ukumuncwa amanzi kusukela substrate.

Hyphae blewits ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Banesimiso isici esithakazelisayo. I ngodonga, okuyinto zitholakala phakathi kwamaseli abo kukhona izimbobo. Ngabo, le cytoplasm nge organelles angahamba zonke gifam.

Igobolondo fungal amaseli

Okukha phezulu fungal iseli iyunithi iqukethe ulwelwesi, nogange. Isakhiwo lokuqala has a isakhiwo ejwayelekile futhi siqukethe izakhiwo amaprotheni-lipid. Iseli udonga isikhunta libhekene khona amanani amakhulu glucose polymers. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• chitin;
• cellulose;
• glucans.

Eyokuqala wabo evelele. Le into is a ingxenye engaphandle skeleton eyisinambuzane. Chitin ichaza izici kwesakhiwo ezifana fungal cell inertia, rigidity kanye namandla.

Ngokwemvelo yabo zamakhemikhali kuba polysaccharide nitrogen-oqukethe nge isakhiwo branched. Udonga cell isikhunta iqukethe cellulose, glucans, galactose futhi glycoproteins.

Permanent iseli izakhiwo

Cell organelles isikhunta ejwayelekile eukaryotes. okuqukethwe yabo yangaphakathi wayemelele cytoplasm, okuyinto nsuku semi eliqinile nokubekwa ezinhlakeni ezehlukene.

Amaseli fungal ayikwazi ukuthola centrioles, organelles plastids kanye nokunyakaza. Isikhundla emaphakathi kuhlala nucleus, lapho ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo lilondolozwe. Imisebenzi ka zamagama, isitoreji futhi kuthuthwe ngendlela ephephile izinto ezahlukene organic wenziwa peroxisome, Golgi apharathasi begodu reticulum endoplasmic. Izitolo ketshezi futhi vacuole, lapho imisiwe eziyinkimbinkimbi carbohydrate glycogen.

indima Amandla ka mitochondria, okuyinto akhiwa ulwelwesi of ATP molecule. uhlelo zemisipha amaseli fungal lwakha cytoskeleton. Ngo inqubo "inhlangano" wamaprotheni molecule futhi iqhaza ribosomes, okuyinto okungadingeki phezu ye-EPS luyimbudumbudu. Futhi kule cleavage izinto ezihlukahlukene ukuthatha vesicles equkethe enzyme hydrolytic abathintekayo. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi lysosomes.

Isakhiwo uhlobo organelle ngamunye ihlobene eduze umsebenzi, umphumela wokuphindelela ebheka umsebenzi ehlelekile isakhiwo solwazi eziyinkimbinkimbi.

amandla indlela

Amaseli fungal ayikwazi ukutholwa plastids. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene chloroplast, khona ebheka ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ukudla. Ikakhulukazi amaseli fungal baqamekela yokuthi bedla imikhiqizo ngomumo kuphela futhi ayikwazi synthesize bebodwa. Le ndlela yokudla libizwa heterotrophic.

Yingakho isikhunta kuxazululwe on ukudla. plaque yabo kungabonwa isinkwa, imifino kanye nezithelo. Phakathi isikhunta eziningi nezinhlobo yisinanakazana. Phytophthora, Polypore, isikhutha kuxazululwe on izitshalo sondle ngenxa ngempahla yabo.

Umzimba blewits ethulwa mycelium ezinamangqamuzana amaningi akhiwe ngaphansi komhlaba. Siqukethe izindikimba ngazinye ngokuthi hyphae. Enhlabathini amafomu mycelium fruiting imizimba, okuyinto thina esetshenziswa ukubiza amakhowe. Hyphae zikwazi ukumunca amanzi namaminerali enhlabathini, wenzisa okwengane izimpande izitshalo.

uhlobo yokuzalela

Ikakhulukazi amaseli fungal futhi ukucacisa uhlobo ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Ngakho, imvubelo ngenkuthalo nezinso. ngaleyo ndlela amaseli wabo akha protrusion bukhule ozuza izici isici isakhiwo kanye wajinge wanamatsela. le nqubo iyakhiqiza impela e izimo ezikahle. Ngenxa yalesi imvubelo Sekuyisikhathi eside kusetshenziswa kakhulu e-isinkwa newayini.

Ezinye izinhlobo zayo eziningi isikhunta yakha amaseli asexual ukukhiqizwa kabusha - izingxabano. Le ndlela ubuye ngempumelelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ephansi ungqimba cap Podberezovik abavamile kungaba abavuthiwe izigidi ezinhlamvu. Lezi cell amancane engasindi lalisakazeka kalula umoya, amanzi, izinambuzane nabantu.

Nge hyphal isikhunta okusakazwa vegetatively. Kuyinto kudingekile ukuhlala ngokuhlukana ingxenye mycelium futhi basibeka indawo evumayo, kokubili emva ngenkathi luyokhula futhi ifomu fruiting imizimba.

Inqubo ngokobulili kwenzeka isikhunta usebenzisa njengoba ingxabano kanye gametes, okuyinto akhiwa yezinhlaka ezikhethiwe, ukuhlanganisa ngazimbili.

ezinyakazayo

amaseli fungal, ngokuvamile namanje. La magciwane inamathelisiwe indlela yokuphila eletha eduze izitshalo kubo. Isikhundla static isikhunta ngenxa athembele substrate, okuyinto ngabo umthombo owusizo okunomsoco. Wenza okuhlukile kukhona ezinhlamvu fungal aphansi. Ziyakwazi organelles motion - flagella ukuthi ubavumele ukuba akwazi ukunqoba izingqinamba nokuqhelelana kwezindawo amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziningana.

ukukhula

Thanda izitshalo, la magciwane sikhule ngobukhulu kulo lonke ekuphileni. Kodwa kanjani-ke, ukuphila amakhowe? Esikhathini esingeside ngakho. Ngokwesibonelo, amanita, sibuthana emahlathini, ifinyelela kusayizi waso omkhulu emavikini amabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokukhula okusheshayo ebonwe yabo kulamalanga ekucala lasihlanu yentuthuko.

izitobhi Okokuqala okwandisa emlenzeni, bese kwezinsuku ezimbalwa kakhudlwana, "qhebeza phezulu" isigqoko. Ukuze ukukhula kakhulu isikhunta izimo kubaluleke kakhulu. Le mali esanele umswakama, ukushisa, khona komoya-mpilo. Akumangalisi ukuthi, "kuthiwa aphuphumayo like amakhowe emva kwemvula. '

A ezihlukahlukene amakhowe

Amakhowe ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka criteria ehlukahlukene. Ngokusho isakhiwo mycelium ukuhlukanisa amaqembu amabili: engenhla nengezansi yakhe. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka babe ACELLULAR mycelium, okuyinto elingenalo izithiyo. Iqembu phezulu eziningi kakhulu.

Izici lenhlangano ayisikhunta pileate kanye isikhunta, abokugcina babe wabo - owodwa futhi amaningi. Faka kusigaba la magciwane kanye nohlobo ukudla. Izimuncagazi baziphilisa nezinye izinto eziphilayo, ngokuvamile okubangela ukuba ezifweni ezimbi. A amakhowe saprotrophic, okubandakanya iningi, singazilimazi. Bona ukubola izinto ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo izinsalela eziphilayo, okuyinto kuyingxenye ebalulekile yimuphi ecosystem.

Ngakho iseli ukhunta ihlanganisa izici kokubili ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, akha ehlukile amayunithi ehlelekile. Amaseli fungal ayikwazi ukutholwa chloroplast. Ngakho-ke, bayakwazi adle izinto eziphilayo kuphela ngomumo - heterotrophically. Animal uphawu amaseli fungal futhi isitoreji glycogen polysaccharide futhi khona chitin. Kunezindlela eziningana izici isitshalo yokwakheka. Lezi zihlanganisa khona odongeni cell kanye vacuoles.