Yiziphi Arctic nase-Antarctic? Umngcele kamasipala Arctic. Le ndawo ye-Arctic. Isikhundla ezindawo ye-Arctic

Kulesi sihloko sifuna ukukhuluma ngalokho iyona Arctic. Labo asenesikhathi eside kuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphakeme, njengoba umthetho, ngokushesha kancane usitshele ngakho. Masikhumbule inkambo geography esikoleni.

Yiziphi Arctic nase-Antarctic?

Zombili la magama asho ingxenye yezwe, etholakala eduze izingongolo. enye yalezi izingxenye kuphela kungokwalabo North Pole, futhi enye - waseNingizimu. Ngokuvamile, akumangalisi bedidekile futhi izwi. Futhi sonke ngoba amazwi ezifanayo umsindo, kodwa namanje impande efanayo.

Arctic nase-Antarctic eduduza amazwi ka-imvelaphi ngesiGreki, kodwa kunalokho, i yamaGreki asendulo. Ngesisekelo amazwi - impande "Arktos" kusho bear. Kungani-ke nebhere?

Cishe, kunjalo kwezokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi nesayensi. Yebo, eziningi umlaza ngokuthi amagama amaqhawe zamaGreki: Centaur, neMpambano, Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Pegasus, Taurus, Cepheus. Kubandakanya Little Dipper futhi Big. Ngakho, kuba umlaza ka-Ursa Minor is iNkanyezi yaseNyakatho, okuyinto cishe ku-North Pole. Le nkanyezi obukhomba isiqondiso enyakatho e Nenkabazwe (enyakatho).

Lapho igama

Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi gama lisuselwa kanje. Kohl Polar Star Itholakala Ursa Minor futhi Ursa - Arktos kubonisa kokubusa enyakatho, leli futhi e-Arctic. It kuvela ukuthi e-Arctic - enyakatho Earth.

Kodwa i-Antarctica waziwa khona, ngokuvumelana nemithetho yohlelo lolimi ngesiGreki, lapho ukubaluleka obuhlukile isiqalo "anti". Nansi kukhona kucatshangwa ngemvelaphi amagama Arctic nase-Antarctic.

Arctic

Ngakho-ke yini-Arctic? Kuyinto endaweni indawo eseduze North Pole. Lihlanganisa margin yezwekazi enkulu yeNyakatho Melika, i-Eurasia yayigcwele, bacishe bayifunda yonke e-Arctic Ocean futhi lesi siqhingi, kanye kwezinye izindawo eduze zasePacific Atlantic izilwandle. Kusukela umngcele naseningizimu ye-Arctic is ngokwesiko owabanjwa mhlaka-Arctic Circle. Kuyinto 66 degrees namaminithi 33 enyakatho nenkabazwe. Kulokhu, singase sithi, endaweni Arctic eziyizigidi ezingu-21 amakhilomitha square.

Izimo zezulu ye-Arctic kancane athambile kunamafutha Antarctic ngoba kugqugquzelwa yolwandle.

Antarctic

Antarctica - iyona izingxenye eningizimu polar zomhlaba, eyakhelene eSouth Pole futhi kuhlanganisa Antarctica izingxenye Indian, Atlantic, Pacific Oceans. Izimo zezulu e-Antarctica zinzima ngaphezulu. Lihlala penguins.

umngcele Arctic

Ukuphi imikhawulo noma iqala Arctic? umngcele Arctic ngokwesiko aphethwe, njengoba sishilo, phezu Northern ububanzi. Kodwa ngokuvamile ezibandayo (arctic) izimo kuboniswa eningizimu izifunda okuningi. Khona-ke, ikhumbula lezo zindawo endaweni Arctic kuziwa abayizigidi ezingu-27 amakhilomitha square. Ngakho, ke izoya futhi komngcele walo.

zone Arctic - isifunda ocebile kakhulu, naphezu kwezimo ezinzima zezulu. Lapha basuke bagxila izinqolobane omkhulu namaminerali: isiliva, idayimane, igolide, i-chromium, i-phosphorus kanye nabanye abaningi. Isikhundla ezindawo ye-Arctic kwaholela yokuthi kungokwalabo izingxenye ezimbalwa emhlabeni, lapho kuze kube manje ngihlalé izinqolobane ezazingakaze zithintwe hydrocarbon futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa amaminerali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esifundeni amumethe uwoyela negesi.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umngcele oseningizimu ye-Arctic ngokwesiko labetibambile (okufanayo) phezu komngcele oseningizimu nezimfunda.

Ngokuvamile, kuba esifundeni ngempela ezithakazelisayo futhi wenziwa endaweni ebanzi. Futhi ukhulume lapho umngcele ye-Arctic, kungenzeka isikhathi eside. Kuyinto elula kangaka cha.

Nakuba kuba esifundeni ahlukene, kodwa, kudlule nasemkhawulweni ka-Arctic kwenziwe ngezindlela ezahlukene. On omunye ongakhetha sekushiwo. Kuyinto 66 degrees namaminithi 33 enyakatho nenkabazwe. E. Umngcele Arctic ngokwesiko owabanjwa mhlaka-Arctic Circle. Ukuze enyakatho ezikule ngxenye yenkabazwe bagcine ngeqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi njengoba usuku polar nobusuku ezibandayo. Futhi lokho kusho esifundeni ilanga ehlobo lingashoni isikhathi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ilanga aliphumi ebusika. Nasi sici enkulu.

Ngokuya ubujamo bezulu umngcele insimu Arctic aphethwe, lapho ngokwesilinganiso Julayi lokushisa ingeqi izinyathelo eziyishumi. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi lona ngumkhawulo izimila ngoba izihlahla enyakatho neze ukusinda.

imingcele sezulu kanye kwendawo Arctic ngokwesiko labetibambile ezindaweni ezahlukene. Lapha, ngokwesibonelo, Iceland kahle eningizimu ye-Arctic Circle, kodwa nokho kukhona okushisa Julayi musa idlule degrees 10.

Arctic Zomhlaba

indawo Arctic, noma kunalokho, izwe lalo, indawo yezinye eziyizigidi ezingu-14 amakhilomitha square. Lezi amazwe aqukethe Holdings kakhulu enyakatho eziningi uthi. Kuyinto Russia, Greenland, Canada, e-USA, Norway, Iceland, eFinland naseSweden.

Isikhundla ezindawo Arctic kwaphumela esimweni ethakazelisa kangaka. Mangisho ukuthi eCanada nase-Russian Federation kungokwalabo iningi (80%), United States - amaphesenti 4, futhi emazweni aseScandinavia baye bathuthela mayelana eyishumi nesithupha amaphesenti. Ingxenye yesithathu esifundeni - lena e-Arctic Ocean, okuyinto ageze phezu North Pole. Iningi nonyaka embozwe iqhwa.

Ngezinye izikhathi akukhona kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba umngcele Arctic ngokwesiko aphethwe kusukela iphuzu ezindawo umbono, uma sikhuluma ezingxenyeni ezihlukene ukuze emazweni ahlukahlukene. Le ndawo kungenziwa ihlukaniswe yaba izifunda ezindawo: zone isiRashiya, endaweni Canada, Alaska, Greenland, Spitsbergen, Iceland futhi Fennoscandia.

Ngo-Arctic, Russia fanele Kolguev (esiqhingini), Northern Land Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, i-New eSiberia Islands, Wrangel, njll Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-Arctic zone Russia lingelayo kancane noma ngokugcwele ezindaweni ezilandelayo: .. Sakha Republic, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Murmansk , Chukotka District, Yamalo-Nenets, Nenets kanye Taimyr nhlonhlo.

Kuyini efana ne-Arctic?

Ukukhuluma ngokuthi liyini Arctic, ngifuna uqaphele ukuthi akusiwona nje iqhwa iqhwa, njengoba abanye abantu bacabangani. Eqinisweni, eziningi zezilwane nezimila yalesi sifunda kuyinto ngempela esiyingqayizivele. Arctic futhi ehlane arctic kuhlale okungenani 20,000 zinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo, isikhunta, izilwane nezinto ezincane eziphilayo. Kuyinto nezilwane eliyingqayizivele futhi izitshalo zikhule, okuyinto ayitholakali ikuphi ku-Earth. Ngisho ezindaweni nokhahlo kangaka kukhona amapaki kazwelonke nature nokongiwa. Isimo sezulu yalezi zindawo ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo efanelekayo izinhlobo ezithile zezilwane nezimila. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Arctic 25% zezintaka oda salmonids, u-12% ulele futhi wona 6%.

Ngokwemvelo, izimila nezilwane Ukuboshelwa kakhulu basakaza ezindaweni zemvelo. Izinambuzane, ezifana ophilayo lapha, isigamu Ngokubona ukwahlukahlukana zinhlobo planethi. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa sikhuthazela kakhulu kukhona mabhungane nezimpukane, ekwazi ukumelana okushisa afinyelela ku degrees ayisithupha. Bumblebees omiyane Arctic impova izimbali zendawo, futhi empeleni kukhona cishe awekho izinyosi. Njengoba ubona, e-Arctic - akuyona esifundeni ezingaphili, njengoba abaningi becabanga kanjalo.

Ngo ukumelwa kwabantu ngemibono ukuthi ngokwesiko ehlukanisa emdeni eyiqhwa Arctic nezwe abajwayelekile, kodwa empeleni akunjalo. Njengoba ubona, ukuphila ngisho ezindaweni nokhahlo.

ezimileni

Ukuze izitshalo ejwayelekile ukudideka mayelana izitshalo eningizimu (Asian and American) ka-Arctic nase-esifuze. Emithambekeni aseningizimu Chukotka babe ezindaweni asemaqeleni. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi uma zonke ye-Arctic kwaba asemaqeleni okuqinile (ezinsukwini zika mammoth). Izimila acebe kakhulu esifundeni Arctic - lokhu kungumkhawulo Chukotka futhi Wrangel Island. Kunzima ukukucabanga, kodwa amane zezitshalo nezilwane ezihlala angenambala asemzimbeni, ikuphi emhlabeni azisenzeki.

Izitshalo zinokuphila okunempilo imelelwa okusanhlamvu, ama-poppy polar, sedge, willow, ulele, birch yemifino, liverworts wona (lapha ikhula le ulele abadumile - reindeer moss). Chaun Bay ogwini Chukotka ngokuvamile liyindawo eliyingqayizivele. Kukhona amahlozi izimila zasolwandle, nezinto ezingcwele esidlule, ukufudumala namakhulu eminyaka.

izitshalo Arctic - nesisekelo sokuphila komuntu nezilwane kulezi zingxenye. Esikhathini ukudla esetshenziswa russules, ama-cloudberry ulele kanye namakhambi. E-Iceland, ngokwesibonelo, seliqalile ende eyenziwe ukudla nesinkwa nezitini kusukela ulele abavamile (okuthiwa Tsentrariya). Ungumholi kokuqukethwe izakhi mkhondo, amavithamini, polysaccharides, acid ehlukahlukene. Wabuye izenzo kube inkomba yokuthi ubumsulwa imvelo.

emhlabeni isilwane

incazelo Arctic kuyohlale kuntula uma ngingenaye Ukhulumé jikelele silwane. Kule ndawo eyayihlala isilwane enhle kakhulu enyakatho - reindeer, esesikhundleni ukubaluleka okukhulu emphilweni abantu encane zomdabu. Ukuze reindeer ayimizulane kuba umthombo wamandla - kuba ubisi, inyama, izikhumba, izimpondo zenyamazane. Konke lokhu imikhiqizo enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba nezimo futhi ziphile ezimweni okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Inyamazane - umkhiqizo oluyigugu kakhulu, a amagremu ayikhulu inyama kwanele ukuqinisekisa amavithamini namaminerali umuntu ngosuku lonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inyama yenyamazana kwenza ukhwekhwe, beriberi, umzimba iziyaluyalu futhi igazi.

Abantu domesticated reindeer Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, ukutshalwa yayo isiye yokuchitha isizungu wendabuko we kwabantu basenyakatho. Kodwa izizwe eNyakatho neMelika akazange domesticate izilwane, bakhetha yokuzingela caribou.

Inani elikhulu reindeer lokuphila Yamalo-Nenets wesifunda, lapho izinkulungwane izilwane yayiklaba.

Arctic must inkabi

Namanje uhlala e-Arctic must inkabi - the ungulates ngobukhulu, zingabantu izihlobo mammoth. Izilwane ngokuphawulekayo ngiyijwayele impilo ku ndawo ebandayo. Warm elingenamikhono eside ubavikele yamakhaza nomoya, kungukuthi ikakhulukazi afune izinto ngenkani kwabanye ku ukudla. Sekuyisikhathi eside Musk izinkabi kufakwe Red Book of Russia. Okwamanje, bahlala kuphela Peninsula Taimyr futhi Wrangel Island. Esiqhingini Canadian, inombolo yabo ikhula njalo. Kuze ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, babehlala e-Alaska. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi izilwane angashintsha ndawo ngenxa yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ngoba babengakwazi uhlala imvula njalo ukuthi uboya ezimanzi. Ukuze unciphise inani izilwane abathintekayo futhi abazingeli. Indawo yemvelo nezimpisi polar ukumela engozini enkulu ngoba izinyamazane kanye must inkabi.

Ukuze abantu bomdabu ye-Arctic kuyinto ukudoba kwendabuko, ngoba kukhona eningi izimpungushe, ochakide wolverines, izimpisi nezimpungushe polar.

Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela eziwukudla kukhona namagundane nonogwaja. Amagundane adle lemmings ngosuku nokudla okuningi izikhathi nesigamu kunenkulumo ngokwabo nesisindo.

ezweni izinyoni

I-Arctic iyikhaya cishe isigamu sezindela zezintaka ogwini izinyoni emhlabeni wonke, mangisho ukuthi bayingxenye yomphik eqinile phakathi yasolwandle izinhlelo ugu. Kunzima ukucabanga ogwini ngaphandle "rookeries", amakoloni enkulu gull, fulmars, cormorants, guillemot, murres Ulapha.

Esikhathini esifushane zasehlobo nasogwini Arctic Ocean zakhele 280 zezinyoni. izinyoni ezingavamile futhi evamile, ukukhulisa inzalo ndizela Afrika, eYurophu, e-Antarctica, I-Asia. Taimyr, isibonelo, sekuyisikhathi eside kubhekwe indawo ebalulekile zibuthana futhi Waterfowl ukufuduka. I-Arctic iyikhaya labantu elikhulu kunawo wonke goose elimhlophe okuyizinto ezingenawo luhlala ku Wrangel Island. E Yakutia siphile crane elimhlophe kanye crane emhlophe - omunye izinhlobo eziyivelakancane emhlabeni.

ezincelisayo zasolwandle

Izimpawu ye-Arctic babé izilwane zasemanzini. Nokho, izinto ezenziwa abantu engalawuliwe eziye zaholela yokuthi ezinye izinhlobo zawo ziye cishe nya. Into ebaluleke kakhulu isilwane esifundeni ezinzima - the polar bear. Ngokuvamile kukhona 19 imiphakathi, ngamunye esakhiwa izilwane ayizinkulungwane 22. Amabhere yokuphila semi zasemanzini, bona ukuzalela ogwini Chukotka Cape Desire ku Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land. elikhulu elingasogwini isilwane sasolwandle esikwaziyo futhi ukuphila ngaphandle ezweni esinamazinyo azingxavula rookeries zitholakala esiqhingini Wrangel. Lona kuphela endaweni ephephile ngabo.

Ukuzingela ka amabhere Sekuyisikhathi eside uvinjelwe ngokomthetho. Kodwa izakhamuzi Greenland nase-Canada is hhayi ngempela ohlonishwayo sokuvinjelwa, elikhiphe amalayisense yokuzingela, ngenxa ebulale kuze kufinyelele 350 izilwane ngonyaka.

Alaska futhi ngonyaka ukugunyaza ukuthunjwa imikhomo bowhead imikhomo.

esikhundleni isiphetho sendaba

Njengengxenye sihloko sizoxoxa izifunda enomoya planethi. Njengoba sesibonile, akunandaba lapho umngcele Arctic wenziwa kumephu, ngoba wonke efanayo kukhona ukuphila ngisho okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Ngisho kulezi zingxenye has flora zayo siqu kanye nezilwane.