Prokaryotes: netimphawu ukuphila

Kulesi sihloko sizohlola isakhiwo prokaryotes futhi eukaryotes. La magciwane namaleveli ahlukahlukene kakhulu inhlangano. Isizathu salokhu - izici isakhi ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo.

Izici isakhiwo amaseli prokaryotic

Prokaryotes ngokuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo kabani amaseli aqukethe nuclei. Abameleli ezinhlanu wesimanje Samuweli izilwane zasendle elawo into eyodwa kuphela - bacterium. Prokaryotes, isakhiwo okuyinto izincwadi esizifundayo, futhi zihlanganisa abameleli ulwelwe oluluhlaza kanye archaea.

Nakuba engakwazanga ukuwaphendula of semthethweni amaseli core, izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo ziqukethe. Lokhu kukuvumela ukugcina bese udlulise ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo, kodwa kukhawulela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene yokuzalana. Ukudlala wonke prokaryotes kwenzeka sokuhlukanisa kubo aba amangqamuzana ezimbili. Ngu mitosis futhi meiosis awayona ekwaziyo.

Isakhiwo prokaryotic futhi eukaryotic

Izici isakhiwo prokaryotes futhi eukaryotes, okuyinto ababonakali ngezikhundla ngempela eningi. Ngaphezu isakhiwo izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo, lokhu kusebenza futhi organelles eziningi. Eukaryotes, okuhlanganisa izitshalo, isikhunta nezilwane, aqukethe e cytoplasm mitochondria, Golgi apharathasi, reticulum endoplasmic, plastids eziningi. Ngo prokaryotes, aphuthelwa. Udonga cell, okuyinto futhi, kanye nabanye, ezahlukene amakhemikhali ukwakheka. Ngo-bacterium, yakhiwa kwama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi, pectin noma murein, kanti izitshalo it is zisekelwe kuyi-cellulose, kanti isikhunta - chitin.

Umlando yokutholakala

Izici isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza prokaryotes yaziwa ososayensi kuphela ekhulwini le-17. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lezi zidalwa yayikhona emhlabeni kusukela buqala. Ngo 1676 base lokuqala wahlola ngesibonakhulu optical nge kumdlali Antoni Van Levenguk. Njengazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ngesibonakhulu, usosayensi wababiza ngokuthi "animalikulami". Igama elithi "bacterium" ubonakele kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. It wanikela semvelo German owaziwa Christian Ehrenberg. Igama elithi "prokaryotes" weza kamuva, ngenkathi kudalwa ngesibonakhulu electron. Futhi ekuqaleni, ososayensi batholé ukuthi umehluko nge-isakhiwo apharathasi zofuzo kumaseli izidalwa ezahlukene. E. Chatton ngo-1937, ehlongoza ukuba uhlangane ngesisekelo eziphilayo, kwaba ngamaqembu amabili: izi- futhi eukaryotes. Lesi sigaba ukhona kuze kube yilolu suku. Engxenyeni kwekhulu lama-20 lesibili kwatholakala umehluko phakathi prokaryotes ngokwabo: archaea namagciwane.

Izici we ebusweni kudivayisi

Surface prokaryotes apharathasi siqukethe ulwelwesi cell udonga. Ngayinye yalezi izingxenye has izici zayo siqu. kwakhiwa ulwelwesi wabo ungqimba double of lipids namaprotheni. Prokaryotes, ogama sakhiwo kunalokho bakudala, ezimbili zama-cell odongeni isakhiwo. Ngakho, ngo-bacterium Gram-HIV yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko peptidoglycan, it has a ukushuba 80 nm futhi unamathela ulwelwesi. Isici nobuntu le sakhiwo khona ikhule ezimbotsheni therein lapho ingena eziningi ama-molecule. Udonga cell Gram igciwane likhona mncane kakhulu - lungene 3 NM. Kuyinto eseduze ulwelwesi obukhulu. Abanye abameleli prokaryotes namanje capsule ngaphandle lwamafinyila. Kuvikela umzimba kusuka omiswe, umonakalo mechanical, lidale isithiyo ezengeziwe osmotic.

prokaryotes organelles

iseli isakhiwo prokaryotes futhi eukaryotes has umehluko omkhulu, okuyinto ikakhulu aqukethe ebukhoneni organelles ezithile. Letakhi unomphela kutholakale izinga eziphilayo iyonke. Ngo prokaryotes, iningi lazo azikho. Amaphrotheni zamagama kulezi cells senzeka ribosomes. Ngo prokaryotes zasemanzini aqukethe aerosomy. Lokhu izimbotshana igesi ezinikeza buoyancy bese ulungise degree ukucwiliswa eziphilayo. Kuphela kumaseli prokaryotic aqukethe mesosoma. Lezi emphethweni ulwelwesi cytoplasmic kwenzeke kuphela ngesikhathi ukusebenzisa izindlela nenkanuko edlulele chemical ngesikhathi sokulungiselela lamaseli prokaryotic by microscopy. Organelle ukunyakaza bacterium archaea kukhona cilia noma flagella. Futhi okunamathiselwe ku substrate bethwele ukuphuza. Letakhi ezakhiwe amaprotheni-cylinder, obizwa nangokuthi villi futhi fimbriae.

Uyini nucleoid

Kodwa umehluko okukhulu kakhulu isakhiwo isakhi sofuzo prokaryotic futhi eukaryotic. ngenkani ukwazi ngofuzo lomuntu emimoya zonke lezi izinto eziphilayo. Ngo eukaryotes, it is ehlotshisiwe ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus. Lokhu organelle dvumembrannaya has-matrix ayo, okuthiwa nucleoplasm, chromatin nesikhumba. Kube Kwenziwa hhayi kuphela isitoreji ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo, kodwa futhi synthesis RNA molecule. I nucleoli kuthiwa kamuva kwakhiwa subunits ka ribosomes - the organelles obhekene amaprotheni zamagama.

Isakhiwo zezakhi zofuzo prokaryotic kulula. impahla yabo zofuzo uvezwa ensimini nucleoid noma zenuzi. DNA prokaryotes kungukuthi ezipakishiwe ku-chromosomes futhi akheke avaliwe annular. Ukwakheka sihlanganisa molecule RNA nucleoid namaprotheni. Isici kwakamuva zifane histones eukaryotic. Bazibandakanye a kabili DNA, i-RNA zamagama, isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali nokubuyiselwa unokungaxhumani acid nucleic.

Izici zokuphila

Prokaryotes, ogama sakhiwo yinkimbinkimbi ezahlukene, wenze izinqubo sasivumela isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuphila. Lokhu ukudla, ukuphefumula, kabusha uhlobo bebodwa, ukunyakaza, umzimba ... Futhi konke lokhu uyakwazi yengqamuzana eyodwa kuphela ngesibona kabani Ubukhulu isukela ku-250 mm! Ngakho kuthiwani primitiveness kungaba isihlobo.

Izici isakhiwo prokaryotes kubangele futhi izindlela izitho zomzimba wabo. Ngokwesibonelo, ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla ngezindlela ezintathu. Esokuqala lwezithelo olubangela ukubila. It wenziwa ama-bacterium ahlukanisa ezithile. Ngesisekelo kule nqubo ukuphendula redox lapho ATP is kuhlelwe umqondo-molecule. Le ngxube yamakhemikhali, lapho eqhekeza ku izigaba eziningana amandla ikhishwe. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "cell ibhethri". Indlela okwengeziwe ukuphefumula. Ingqikithi yale nqubo itholakala namachibi izinto eziningi eziphilayo. Ezinye prokaryotes ziyakwazi ye-photosynthesis. Izibonelo kwayo kuyizindlela ulwelwe oluluhlaza namagciwane onsomi eziqukethe plastids kumaseli. Kodwa Archaea ziyakwazi-non-chlorophyll-photosynthesis. Kule nqubo, akukho nenkanuko edlulele-carbon dioxide, kanye ATP-molecule ngokwayo akhiwa. Ngakho-ke, eqinisweni, okwamanje phosphorylation.

uhlobo ukudla

Ama-bacterium archaea - a prokaryote, isakhiwo ebavumela lokusebenzisa amandla ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ezinye zazo yilezi autotrophs. La magciwane ngokwabo synthesize organic compounds ngesikhathi i-photosynthesis. Ngo amaseli anjalo prokaryotic kuyinto chlorophyll. Ezinye bacterium aqala amandla yehlukanise compounds ezithile eziphilayo. uhlobo yabo ukudla okuthiwa chemotrophic. Abamele baleli qembu yilabo yensimbi - nesibabule amagciwane. Abanye ukuncela kuphela kwakwakhe esiphelele. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi heterotrophs. Iningi lazo uphile impilo yisinanakazana futhi siphile kuphela ngaphakathi amaseli ezinye izidalwa. Enye iqembu nazo saprotrophs. Zidla on imikhiqizo imfucuza noma lezinto ezibolayo. Njengoba ubona, izindlela prokaryotes amandla zahlukahlukene ngempela. Leli qiniso nomthelela ukusatshalaliswa yazo ebanzi zonke izindawo.

izinhlobo ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Prokaryotes, isakhiwo okumelelwe iseli, iphindwe division yayo ibe izingxenye ezimbili noma luthela. Lesi sici ngenxa isakhiwo zabo zofuzo kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita. Binary ukuqoqwa inqubo Iyokwandulelwa kabili, noma i-DNA ukufanisana. Kulesi simo nucleic acid molecule unwound kuqala, bese imicu ngamunye liphindwe kabili ku isimiso complementarity. I-chromosomes okuholela washintsha ngase-pole. Amaseli ukwandisa ngobukhulu, obakhiwa constriction futhi phambili ukuzihlukanisa kwabo kokugcina kwenzeka. Ezinye amagciwane futhi uyakwazi ukwakha amaseli asexual ukukhiqizwa kabusha - ezinhlamvu.

Ama-bacterium Archaea: izici

Kwaphela isikhathi eside, kanye nama-bacterium archaea babe abameleli Kingdom Monera. Ngempela, kube nezici eziningi ezifanayo kwesakhiwo. Lena ngokuyinhloko ubukhulu kanye ukuma kangakanani ezitokisini zabo. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo kwamakhemikhali luye lwabonisa ukuthi banayo eziningi izici ezifanayo kanye eukaryotes. Lokhu ubunjalo enzyme ngaphansi isenzo zazo inqubo yokuthola izinhlelo zamagama RNA namaprotheni-molecule.

Ngu indlela yokondla iningi wabo chemotroph. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezingafaneleki wajinge wanamatsela enqubeni yokukhipha amandla archaea zahlukahlukene ngaphezulu. Lokhu-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi kanye ammonia, nensimbi compounds. Kukhona phakathi archaea futhi autotrophs. Isikhathi esining impela bengena ubuhlobo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana. Izimuncagazi phakathi archaea cha. Ngokuvamile yendalo futhi commensals Mutualists. Esimweni sokuqala, archaea bondliwa okokusebenza aphethe, kodwa musa umlethe phi hlungu. Ngokungafani lolu hlobo ubuhlobo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana ngezinzuzo mutualistic etholwe zombili izinto eziphilayo. Ezinye zazo yilezi metagenami. archaea okunjalo akha wokugaya ukudla kwabantu ruminant ezincelisayo, okubangela ngokweqile igesi kumiswa emathunjini. La magciwane ayanda ukuqoqwa kanambambili, luthela noma kwehlukana.

Archaea kahle cishe zonke izindawo. Ziyakwazi ahlukahlukene ikakhulukazi plankton. Ekuqaleni, zonke archaea basonta iqembu extremophiles ngoba bayakwazi ehlala iziphethu ezishisayo, amadamu uma egcwele usawoti okusezingeni eliphezulu, futhi ukujula nge nengcindezi enkulu.

Inani prokaryotic ngokwemvelo futhi ukuphila komuntu

Indima prokaryotes ngokwemvelo libalulekile. Okokuqala, zingabantu eziphilayo kuqala ophilayo eladabuka emhlabeni. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ama-bacterium archaea yavela eminyakeni mayelana 3.5 billion edlule. Symbiogenesis mbono bayinzalo yabo futhi abanye organelles lamaseli eukaryotic. Ikakhulukazi, sikhuluma mayelana plastids futhi mitochondria.

prokaryotes amaningi asetshenziswa emkhakheni we-biotechnology ukukhiqiza imithi, imithi elwa namagciwane, ama-enzyme, amahomoni, umquba yokubulala ukhula. Man Sekuyisikhathi eside besebenzisa izakhiwo ezuzisayo acidosis acid amagciwane ukwenziwa ushizi, iyogathi, i-yogurt, imikhiqizo isibilile. Ngalezi eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa yokuhlanza emadanyini inhlabathi sigqoka ngezinto ezihlukahlukene. Ama-bacterium yakha emathunjini microflora abantu kanye nezilwane eziningi. Kanye archaea babonisa umjikelezo izinto eziningi: nitrogen, insimbi, isibabule, ne-hydrogen.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-bacterium baningi causative ejenti izifo eziyingozi ngokulawula izinombolo kwezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane. Ziyakwazi kuqubuka ubhubhane, ugcunsula, ikholera, umbendeni, idiphtheria.

Ngakho ngokuthi prokaryotes eziphilayo kabani amaseli bantule nuclei ikhishwe. impahla yabo zofuzo iqukethe nucleoid ehlanganisa isiyingi DNA. Kusukela eziphilayo zanamuhla prokaryotes zihlanganisa amagciwane futhi archaea.