Amagama nezincazelo zempi

Amagama aseMpi angamaqembu amaningi amazwi ngolimi. Inhloso eyinhloko yalolu silulumagama ukuchaza izinto, izenzakalo nemicabango ehlobene nokunqotshwa nokuzivikela - izingqikithi eziphakathi emlandweni kanye nezombangazwe ngezikhathi zonke nabantu.

Inhloso yegama lomkhosi wezempi

Amagama nezincazelo zempi ziyingxenye yohlelo oluvulekile lolimi oluncike ekushintsheni okuthile kanye nokuphila ngokuhambisana nemithetho ethile yentuthuko.

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho kuqhutshwa izindaba zezempi, sekusekwe uhlelo oluhlukile, isichazamazwi segama elilodwa-magama, asetshenziswa ochwepheshe bezempi esimweni sempi nasempilweni yansuku zonke yezempi: impi yendawo, imibono kanye nenkulumo-ze, izikhali, ukuqeqeshwa kokulwa, kwaqala ukwandisa. Ngenkinga yokusebenza kwezikhali zempi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono amakhono namasu, amasha amasha aqala ukubonakala futhi azinze ngolwimi: ukufika, ukulwa kwezempi, amabutho enuzi. Izinto ezingasetshenzisiwe ohlelweni lwezinyathelo kancane kancane ziphenduka isigaba semininingwane: i-ballista, i-gaziri, i-Table of Ranks, amahhashi, i-Red Army man . Kukhona futhi "okubalulekile" okungabonakali kwezimiso zomhlaba wonke okuye kwasinda amakhulu eminyaka: isosha, induna, umkhumbi, indondo, ukunqoba.

Ngokuyinhloko, i-terminology yezempi isekela izithakazelo zomphakathi kanye nombuso, ngoba ihlotshaniswa nezinqubo eziguquguqukayo ekuphileni kwezepolitiki (kokubili kwangaphandle nangaphakathi).

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemigomo nezincazelo zempi

Ezweni lanamuhla, imigomo nemibono yezempi, kanye nezinhloso abazibekayo, zisesimweni sokuthuthukiswa okunamandla ezimweni zokuqhubekela phambili zesayensi nobuchwepheshe obuqhubekayo. Noma kunjalo, ngaphakathi kwendawo ethize ehleliwe, leli gama lihlala liyunithi elizinzile elingashintshi incazelo yalo.

Phakathi kwesigameko sesigameko, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa amaqembu alandelayo:

• Imibono yezempi-yezombangazwe (amasu, amacebo);
• Amagama-ezombusazwe (inhlangano);
• Imigomo-yezobuchwepheshe (bhekisa ezinhlobonhlobo zamabutho ahlomile nezikhali zokulwa).

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesimiso samagama ngesiRashiya

Umsuka wesigameko sezempi ngolimi oludala lwesiRashiya singalandelwa esibonelweni sombhalo othi "I-Lay of Camor's Campaign" (mhlawumbe 1187). Njengoba "iZwi" lizinikezelwe emkhankasweni wezempi, izimiso zamasosha zesikhathi salo zimelelwe ngokujulile lapha: igoli, ukufunga, iqeqo, iqhawe, igobolondo, isihlangu, umkhonto, umnsalo, umcibisholo, njll.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngekhulu le-XVII, njengoba ukuthuthukiswa kolimi kwaqala ukungena ekubolekeni-isiLatini kanye nesiJalimane. Ngakho-ke, ekuhunyushweni kwencwadi yesiJalimane ethi "Ubuciko Bama Military of the Infantry" (eyanyatheliswa ngo-1647), kunezimiso eziningi zempi zaseJalimane ezisekhona: umsketeer, isosha, isibonisi, induna, njalonjalo.

Esikhathini sokusebenzisana kwezempi nokuncintisana okuphumelelayo emakhulwini e-XI-XVII. Ulwazimagama lwezempi lwalungiswa ngamazwi avela ezilimini zesiTurkey: umqubu, amabhishi, ukuqapha, njll.

Esikhathini sasePetrovsky, ulimi lwesiRussia lwalungiswa ngegama lempi kanye namagama asezindaweni zasolwandle ngenxa yomsebenzi wokuguquguquka owenziwa umbusi wokuqala waseRussia. Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi nokwamukelwa kobuchwephesha obuphezulu, imigomo yamahhashi ingenele ezilimini zesiDashi nesiNgisi, futhi manje iyasebenza ezindabeni zezempi: ukuhlasela, i-navy, i-pennant, i-fairway, isikebhe, ukuhamba ngesikebhe (iDutch), isikebhe, isikhwama sezindiza.

IFrance neJalimane, amabutho awo ayekhona esikhathini se-XVIII-XIX leminyaka. I-ehlelekile kakhulu futhi ilungiselelwe kakhulu, yiletha ekukhulumeni kwezempi njengamabutho, ibutho, ibutho, isithuthi, ukuhlaselwa, ukufika, ukuhamba, induna, umjaho, umgodi, amahhashi, umthumeli, u-sapper, u-squadron (isiFulentshi), inhlangano, ukushaya, I-Patrol, ikamu (isiJalimane), njll. Oxhumana nabo olimini banikele ekutheni ulimi lwesiNtaliyane "lufike" i-carbonarium, i-cavalier, i-barricade, i-bastion, i-arsenal, njll.

Ezikhathini zaseRussia zanamuhla, iningi lemali ebolekiswayo lilethwe ulimi lwesiNgisi kanye nokuhluka kwawo kweMelika. Ngokuyinhloko imisebenzi yezombusazwe kanye nemishini yempi, imigomo nezincazelo zazo ezifana neziRashiya: i-helicopter - i-helicopter, i-sniper - shooter, i-submarine - i-submarine, i-aviator-pilot, njll.

I-Lexicography yemigomo yezempi

Ukuhlanganisa ibutho elithile elinencazelo "yezempi" lolimi, ukuhlanganisa isichazamazwi semigomo yempi, akuyona umsebenzi olula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapha uvula ubukhulu bememori yomlando yalolu limi, ngakolunye uhlangothi - isidingo esiphuthumayo sokwenza i-codification ne-systematization, ehlobene, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ohlangothini lwezomthetho empilweni yempi yomphakathi.

Ngo-2011, iqembu labalobi ngaphansi kokuhlela jikelele kuka D. O. Rogozin balungiselela umsebenzi omkhulu wesayense - incwadi echazayo yesichazamazwi "Impi Nokuthula Emigomo Nezincazelo". Lesi sichazamazwi semigomo yezempi sinikezwa kuwo wonke amaqembu esitatimende esithize esikukhulume ngaphambili. Kwakuqukethe ama-athikili azinikezele ngamagama akhethekile ezigabeni ezehlukene - isihloko sempi nokuthula, izindaba zezempi, umlando wezempi, izinkinga zesikhathi esibucayi zokhuseleko lukazwelonke kanye nolwamanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, iDictionary isebenza umthetho we-karate - igama elizwakalayo ngisho nasezindaweni ezinokuthula:

• Umthetho wezempi - ukuthunyelwa kwamasu empi ngokuhambisana nezidingo zempi (okungukuthi, ukubangele izinga lokulungela ukulwa).

Igama elithi Dictionary luchaza izinkinga zesayensi yezempi kanye nemfundiso yezimpi, umlando kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwamaSulumane nezikhali, kanye nezomnotho, i-geography, i-pedagogy, umlando kanye nomthetho ohlobene nale nsimu.

Amagama empi ohlelweni lokukhuluma "oluphilayo"

Njengoba wazi, impilo ayimi. Ezweni lanamuhla, imigomo yezempi, kanye nezinhloso eziyichazayo, zisesimweni sokuthuthukiswa okunamandla ezimweni zokuqhubekela phambili kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokuyinhloko yi-systematization yalesi sigungu esikhulu semikhumbi: ngokusho kukaLF Parparov, inani lempahla emabutho ahlomile angamanje ayizihloko zezigidi ezingu-3.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwe "ukukhiqizwa" kwemigomo ethile kanye nezincazelo kwenzeka ngesikhathi "ukuqhuma" kwempi, okungukuthi phakathi nezinkathi zokuxabana okuhlomile, izingxabano eziguquguqukayo, izingxabano zobuhlanga nezenkolo: ubuphekula, ukwehlukanisa, ama-bandera, ama-shahids, I-Belt yokuzibulala ibhomu " Futhi njalo.

Isitatimende samasosha enkulumweni

Umkhakha wokusetshenziswa kwemigomo yezempi awukhawulelwanga endlunkulu nasezindaweni zokuzivikela, ngaphambili nangemuva, emaphepheni amaphephandaba namamagazini athandwayo, izinhlelo zethelevishini zihlanganisa izenzakalo zezombangazwe, isimo sezempi, impi yezempi, futhi-ke umlobi wezempi-wezempi akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kolwazi olukhethekile .

I-SG Ter-Minasova yezilimi zaqaphela ukuthi kwisichazamazwi solimi lwaseRussia olubhala, "isitoko" sezinguquko ezingu-98 sinikezwa ukukhombisa ubudlova obungokomzimba, futhi ukubonakaliswa komusa nokuthobeka kunamagama angu-11 kuphela nemishwana. Ngokumangazayo, ngisho nasekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke kolimi, i-arsenal ebalulekile "yamakhophi nemicibisholo" ifihliwe.

Indima yesifaniso esithombeni sezempi

Ukucabangela umlando wesintu njengengumlando oqhubekayo wezimpi, kungase kuphawulwe ukuthi isilulumagama sasempi sangena ezindaweni eziningi zokuphila (ezombangazwe, izingxoxo zombuso, izintatheli, izingxoxo zangasese kanye nokukhulumisana kwansuku zonke), zibopha nge-network of metaphors: umzabalazo wokuhlanzeka, ukulwa nepeni; Amaski ebuso abhekwa ngokubizayo ngokuthi "izikhali ezinzima" esitokisini sokunakekela isikhumba sabesifazane, njalonjalo.

Izishoshovu zikhona nasenkulumweni yezempi ngokwabo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezinye izikhali ezintsha zibizwa ngokuthi "ukugcizelela umbongo", isibonelo: isitshalo se-self-propelled 2С4 "Tulip", i-self-propelled unit unit 2С1 "Gvozdika", isibhamu esibhekwayo 2А36 "i-Hyacinth-B", i-flamethrower esindayo Uhlelo lwe-TOS-1 "Buratino", isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi ye-intercontinental "Topol-M", njll.

Ukudluliselwa kwencazelo kumagama asetshenziswa ezempi kuvame ukususelwa kumbono womuntu noma okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. Ngakho-ke, ukuveza lo mqondo ukuheha amagama aveza igama elivamile noma umqondo: umgodi wezimayini; "Isibungu" se-tank; "I-scythe yokufa" (isibhamu somshini phakathi neMpi Yezwe Lokuqala); I-tank, i-tank ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala), i-Tsar Tank, i-Grach (i-Su-25).

Inkinga yokuhunyushwa kwemigomo yempi

Lapho uhumusha imibhalo yangaphandle equkethe imigomo yezempi nezincazelo, ngokuvamile kunzima ngenxa yokungahambisani kolimi okubangelwa yi:

• Ukungabi khona kwesifaniso phakathi komqondo kanye neqiniso (i-Army yiMpi yamazwe, hhayi ibutho);
• Ukungavumelani noma ukungahambisani okuphelele kwemigomo (i-Military Academy iyisikole samasosha, hhayi isikole sezempi);
• Umehluko ohlelweni lwamabutho ehlomile emazweni ahlukene;
• Ukungqubuzana nenhlangano yezakhiwo zenhlangano nezisebenzi (inqwaba ebutho laseBrithani - i-platoon, nasekhampani lase-US Army - Reconnaissance);
• "Inkathi yokuphila" emfishane yemibandela ethile (isibonelo, izichazamazwi zemigomo Yezimpi Zomhlaba Wokuqala Neyesibini ziyahluka kakhulu, nakuba sekudlule iminyaka engaphansi kwengu-30 phakathi kwazo);
• Inombolo ebalulekile yezifinyezo nezifinyezo, kunzima ukuyiqonda;
• Inqwaba yezinkulumo zezingoma (Izinyawo zami zome - Ngiyahamba phezu komhlaba, Awukho injabulo - ilitshe alitholakali).