I-phonology ... I-Phonology: incazelo, isihloko, imisebenzi kanye nezinto eziyisisekelo

Phakathi kweziyalo eziningi zezilimi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhuluma ngalesi sigaba njengama-phonology. Kuyinto isayensi efunda isakhiwo sound of ulimi, ukuqaphela amafonimoni kuwo. Qala lesi siyalo ezinkambweni zokuqala ezikhethekile ezihlobene nokuhumusha, ukufundisa izilimi, ikakhulukazi isiRashiya.

Sizocabangela ukuthi yiyiphi i-phonology, yikuphi isihloko kanye nemisebenzi yayo, isakhiwo solimi lwethu kuleli zinga. Yazi futhi igama eliyinhloko laleli sigaba.

Incazelo

Ake siqale ingxoxo yethu nencazelo ngokwayo.

I-phonology iyisigaba sezilimi zanamuhla ezihlola isakhiwo esizwakalayo solimi, ukusebenza kwemisindo ehlukahlukene ohlelweni lwawo kanye nezici zazo.

Libhekisela ezilimini zezinkolelo. Iyunithi eyisisekelo yolwazi ukuthi izifundo zesayensi yi-phoneme.

Ivela kuma-70-80s ekhulwini le-19 eRussia. Umsunguli wayo - u-Ivan Alexandrovich Baudouin de Courtenay, ososayensi waseRashiya onesizinda sasePoland. Ekhulwini lama-30 leminyaka lama-20 kwakhiwa njengesayensi ezimele. Namuhla ingenye yezinhlawulo eziyinhloko ze-philological futhi uqala kuqala emjikelezweni wezifundo zohlelo lolimi lolimi.

Isihloko nemisebenzi

Njenganoma yisiphi esinye isayensi, lesi sigaba sezilimi sinemisebenzi yaso kanye nesifundo.

Into ebizwa ngokuthi i-phonology yi-phoneme, eyilungu elincane elulwimi. Ifundiswa ama-phonologists. Abafundi abangatholakali bangase bacabange ukuthi le ndaba inengqondo, kodwa akunjalo. Eqinisweni, bafundiswa enye isiyalo - ifonitiki.

Inkinga yesibili okufanele icatshangelwe yilona msebenzi. Lokhu kufaka:

• Ukusetshenziswa kolimi;
• Ukuhlaziywa koqobo;
• Ukusungulwa kobudlelwano phakathi kwe-phoneme nokuzwakala;
• Incazelo yesistimu ye-phoneme kanye nokuhlelwa kwazo;
• Incazelo yesistimu ye-phonological;
• Ukuxhumeka phakathi kwe-phoneme nezinye izingxenye eziphawulekayo zolimi - amafomu we-morphemes namazwi.

Futhi lokhu akuwona wonke umsebenzi we-phonology. Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi lezi zinto ezibalulwe ngenhla kuzo zonke izikole ze-phonological ezikhona.

Ama-phonologists ahlukahlukene elimi

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, u-Ivan Alexandrovich Baudouin de Courtenay waba umsunguli wesayensi. Wakha izisekelo zawo, wakhuthaza ekuthuthukiseni kwakhe phambili.

Akekho owaziwa kakhulu umfundi wakhe uNikolai Sergeyevich Trubetskoi, owabhala "amaSisekelo e-Phonology" edumile. Wandisa kakhulu izixhobo zesayensi zesimiso, wachaza izigaba eziyinhloko kanye nemibono.

Sasebenza kule ngxenye yezilimi kanye no-Roman Osipovich Yakobson, u- Lev Shcherba, u- Avram Noam Chomsky nabanye abaningi.

Imisebenzi eminingi yesayensi izinikele ezinkingeni zalesi sigaba sezilimi. Kumele kuqashelwe izihloko ezilandelayo kanye nama-monographs, okuzonikeza isithombe esiphezulu sokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi, okuyisisekelo esilandelayo:

• URI Avanesov, UVN Sidorov washicilela i-monograph "Uhlelo lwe-phoneme lwesiRashiya" ngesikhathi esifanele.
• Umsebenzi kaS. S. Bernstein othi "Imiqondo Eyisisekelo Ye-Phonology" iyaziwa kahle.
• J. Vahek, "ama-Phonemes kanye nama-phonological units".

Labo abanesithakazelo emlandweni wenkinga, incwadi ewusizo LR Zinder "Izikole ezinkulu ze-phonological."

Qaphela futhi umsebenzi:

• SV Kasevich, "Izinkinga zePhonological of Linguistic General and Oriental Linguistics".
• I-TP Lomtem, "I-Phonology yelimi lwesiRashiya yanamuhla ngesisekelo se-theory set".
• VI Postovalov, "I-Phonology."

AA Reformersky ngumlobi wemisebenzi emithathu lapho okuyisisekelo sezesayensi kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe:

• "Kusukela emlandweni wefoni yasekhaya."
• "Imihlahlandlela nge-phonology, morphology kanye ne-morphology."
• "Izifundo ze-phonological."

Izikole zefoni

Izikole ezihlukahlukene zezilimi zithinteka ngefoni. Umsebenzi odumile kakhulu ososayensi ababengamalungu omjikelezo wezilimi wasePrague, owahlanganisa uN. Trubetskoi noRa. Jakobson.

Umbono wakhe wawubanjelwa ososayensi baseMoscow Phonological School, lapho u-A. Reformersky eyayikhona. Abamele lesi siqondiso baqaphele ukutadisha ukuthi yiziphi izinhlayiya ze-phonemic.

Abamele isikole saseLeningrad, kuhlanganise noL. Scherba, okhulunywa ngezilimi, bekholelwa ukuthi isayensi, ngokuphambene nalokho, kufanele ifunde umehluko wabo.

Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi imibono, ososayensi banamathele esitatimendeni esisodwa kanye nezincazelo.

I-terminology

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, i-phonology iyisayensi ehlola amaphonemesi. Njenganoma iyiphi enye insimu yolwazi, inezinsiza zayo zesikhashana.

Imibono yayo eyisisekelo ihlanganisa: i-phoneme, i-allophone, indawo ye-phoneme, i-hyperphoneme, i-archiphoneme nabanye. Cabangela okuyinhloko.

• I-Fonema iyinhlangano yelwimi elincane elingabonakali. Isebenza ekwakheni amafomu ezwi futhi yenza umsebenzi wokunquma incazelo. Kuye kwagcwaliseka ngosizo lwemisindo - izizinda. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kungabonakali kahle emithonjeni ethile yokukhuluma.
• I-Allophone iwukuqaphela i-phoneme ethile, kuye ngokuthi imvelo yayo yenzani.
• I-hyperphoneme - i-phoneme, ehlanganisa izimpawu zamabili amawele.
• I-Archiphoneme iyi-phoneme ene-set of signs of neutralizing phonemes.
• Isikhundla se-phoneme siyiqonda ngokukhuluma. Izikhundla zokuzibandakanya nezokuhlanganiswa ziyavela.
• Isikhundla somthethosisekelo ukuqaphela i-phoneme kuye ngokuthi indawo enkulumweni. Isibonelo, i-syllable egxilile noma egcizelelwe ama-vowels.

• Isikhundla sokuhlanganiswa - ukuqaliswa kuye ngokuthi imvelo yefoni. Isibonelo, ama-vowels esesimweni ngemuva kokuqhamuka okunzima noma okunethezeka anezici ezihlukile.
• Isikhundla esinamandla se-phoneme yindawo lapho kubonakala khona izimpawu zayo ngokucacile.
• Okubi (igama lesibili yisimo sokungathathi hlangothi) isikhundla lapho i-phoneme ingenzi umsebenzi ohlukile.
• I-neutralization - ukungahambi kahle kwama-phonemese ahlukene ku-allophone eyodwa.
• Izimpawu ezihlukene zamafonimoni yizibonakaliso ezihlukene ngazo.

Lokhu akulona uhlu oluphelele lwemigomo ye-phonology esebenzayo. Izilimi ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ezinye zazo kwezinye izingxenye - izingcingo, uhlelo lolimi.

Isakhiwo sefonti solimi lwesiRussia

Ulimi ngalunye luhlukaniswa nesistimu yayo ye-phonological. NgesiRashiya namuhla ama-phonemesi angu-43 avele. Kulezi, ama-6 angama-vowels kanti angu-37 angama-consonants.

Kulesi simo, ngamunye wabo ubhekene nokuba khona noma ukungabikho kwezimpawu ezithile.

Ama-phonemes we-vowel anesichungechunge esilandelayo sezimpawu zokusebenza: izinga lokunyuka, lapho ukuphakama okuphezulu, okuphakathi nendawo ephansi, ukungabikho noma ukutholakala kwe-labialization kuyahluka.

Ama-Consonants abe nohla oluhle kakhulu lwezici. Lapha kubonakala izimpawu ezilandelayo, eziningi zazo ezihlukaniswe ngezibili. Ngakho, ama-phonem

• Umsindo noma umsindo;
• Oyisithulu noma onomusa.

Ngokwemvelo yemfundo:

• Abokugcina;
• I-Affricates;
• Slotted;
• Ukuthuthumela;
• Labial;
• Amazinyo;
• I-Palatine;
• Kunzima noma kulula.

Lezi zici ziyaziwa kakhulu kulabo abafunda ulimi lwesiRussia. I-Phonetics, i-phonology yi-sciences esebenza kuloluphawu, futhi abafundi-abaphilologists abaphoqelelwe ukukhumbula ngekhanda lezi zici, kodwa futhi bayakwazi ukuwasebenzisa ngokuzikhandla, ukuhlukanisa ama-phonemesi athile ngokuya ngesimo sabo egameni.

Ukubhalwa kwe-phonological

Enye incazelo, esebenzayo le ngxenye yezilimi, i-phonological transcription. Lokhu kungenye yamakhono adingekayo, okufanele afundwe abafundi-philologists. Ukubhalwa kwamagama nge-phonological ukurekhodwa kokudluliswa kwemisindo ngezwi ngezibonakaliso ezikhethekile ezivamile ezibonisa amakhompi asetshenziswa ngamazwi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuphela i-phoneme enkulu egcinwe ephepheni, i-allophones ayibonwanga. Ukubhala, kokubili izinhlamvu zesiCyrillic kanye nesiLatini zisetshenzisiwe, kanye nezinombolo zamagama ezichazayo.

Iziphetho

I-phonology ingenye yezigaba eziyinhloko zezilimi. Le sayensi ihlola ukusebenza kwamaphonemesi, amayunithi amancane alimi. Linamakhulu angaphezu kwekhulu emlandweni, izixhobo zalo zesikhashana, imisebenzi kanye nesifundo socwaningo.

Abafundi-ophilologists bawufunda ngonyaka wokuqala weyunivesithi, ngaphambi kokuzijwayela ngefonitics noma ngokufanayo nayo. Ukukwazi okuyisisekelo salesi siyalo esikhathini esizayo kusiza nje ukuqonda uhlelo lolimi, kodwa futhi nemithetho yokupela isipelingi kanye ne-orthoepia.